托福-33閱讀答案詳細(xì)解析tpo18r

Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingideasaboutEnglandand

IndustrializationintheNetherlandsandWhilesomeEuropeancountries,suchasEnglandcompleycompley

bythestartofthe

Germany,begantoindustrializeintheeighteenthcentury,theNeherlandsandtheScandinaviancountriesofDenmark,Theypossessed sofTheywereovertakeneconomicallybytheNeherlandsandScandinaviaduringtheearlynineteenthcentury.TheysucceededforthesamereasonsthattheNetherlandsandScandinaviadid.仔細(xì)讀文章啊Paragraph2suggestswhichofhefollowingaboutheimportanceofpopulationdensityintheIndustrializationoftheNeherlandsandItwasamoreimportantfactorthanpopulaionItwasmoreinfluentialhanherateofpopulationgrowItwasmoreimportantintheearlystagesthanitwasItwasnotasignificant推理題。錯(cuò)誤原因：當(dāng)時(shí)做題時(shí)，胡亂推理。想著人口多少也就是人口密度多少了。但這是兩個(gè)不同的東西，如此的話，esi應(yīng)該只是定位就明顯錯(cuò)了。不要臆斷?。?！仔細(xì)讀文章Accordingtoparagraphs2and3,whichofthefollowingcontributedsignificanlytohesuccessfuleconomicdevelopmentofheNetherlandsandofScandinavia?TherelativelysmallsizeoftheirpopulaTherapidrateatwhichtheirpopulationswereThelargeamountofcapitaltheyhadavailableforThehighproporionofheircitizenswhowereAccordingtoparagraph4,becauseoftheirlocationtheNetherlandsandtheScandinaviancountrieshadallofhefollowingadvantageswhentheybegantoindustrializeEXCEPTaccesstoshipbuildingmilitarycontrolofheTheword“exceptional”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningTheword“abolished”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph5,eachofthefollowingcontributedposiivelytoheindustrializationofTheNetherlandsandScandinaviaEXCEPT

Norway,andSwedendevelopedlater.Allfourofthesecountrieslaggedconsiderablybehindintheearlynineteenthcentury.However,theyindustrializedrapidlyinthesecondhalfofthecentury,especiallyinthelasttwoorthreedecades.Inviewoftheirlaterstartandtheirlackofcoal—undoubtedlymainreasontheywerenotamongheearlyindustrializers—itisimportanttounderstandthesourcesoftheirsuccess.Allhadsmallpopulaions.Athebeginningofhenineteenthcentury，DenmarkandNorwayhadfewerhan1millionpeople,whileSwedenandheNetherlandshadfewerthan25millioninhabitants.Allexhibitedmoderategrowthratesinthecourseofthecentury(DenmarkhehighestandSwedenthelowest),butallmorehandoubledinpopulationby1900.Densityvariedgreatly.TheNetherlandshadoneofthehighestpopulaiondensitiesinEurope,whereasNorwayandSwedenhadhelowest.DenmarkwasinbetweenbutclosertotheNe此段先是說(shuō)了人口數(shù)量變化，然后說(shuō)了人口密度變化Consideringhumancapitalasacharacteristicofpopulaionhowever,allfourcountrieswereadvantagedbythelargepercentagesoftheirpopulationswhocouldreadandwrite.Inboth1850and1914,heScandinaviancountrieshadthehighestlicyratesinEurope,orintheworld,andtheNeherlandswaswellabovetheEuropeanaverage.ThisfactwasofenormousvalueinhelthenationaleconomiesfindtheirnichesinheevolvingcurrentsofheinternationalLocationwasanimportantfactorforallfourcountries.Allhadimmediateaccesstothesea,andthishadimportantimplicationsfora2）significantinternationalresource,fish,aswellasfor1）cheaptransport,merchantmarines,andthe3）shipbuildingindustry.Eachtookadvantageofheseopportunitiesinitsownway.ThepeopleofheNetherlands,wihalongtraditionoffisheriesandmercanileship ,haddifficultyindevelogoodharborssuitablefor eventuallytheydidsoatRotterdamandAmsterdam,wihexceptionalresultsfortransittradewithGermanyandcentralEuropeandfortheprocessingofoverseasfoodstuffsandrawmaterials(sugar,tobacco,chocolate,grain,andeventuallyoil).Denmarkalsohadanadmirablecommercialhistory,particularlywithrespecttotrafficthroughheSound(thestraitseparaingDenmarkandSweden).In1857,inreturnforapaymentof63millionkronorfromohercommercialnations,DenmarkabolishedtheSoundtolldueshefeesithadcollectedsince1497fortheuseoftheSound.This,alongwithothershiftstowardtrade,resultedinasignificantincreaseintraffichroughtheSoundandintheportofThepoliicalinstituionsofhefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializaionoreconomicgrowh.4）Thenineteenhcenturypassedrelativelypeacefullyforthesecountries,wihprogressivedemocratizationtakingceingenerallyliberaltradehugeprojectsundertakenbytherelativelylittlesocialorpoliticalTheword“progressive”inhepassageisclosestinmeaning

ofthem.Theywerereasonablywellerned,2,3）withoutnotablecorrupionorgrandiosestateprojects,althoughinallofthemtheernmentgavesomeaidtorailways,andinSwedenhestatebuiltthemainlines.Assmallcountriesdependentonforeignmarkets,theyfollowed1）aliberaltradeinhemain,houghaprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden.InDenmarkandSwedenagriculturalreformstookcegraduallyfromthelateeighteenthcenturythroughthefirsthalfofhenineteenh,resulinginanewclassofpeasantlandownerswithadefinitemarketorientation.Theauthorincludestheinformaionthat“aprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden”inorderto

立樁標(biāo)出,置于監(jiān)視supporttheclaimthatthepoliticalinstitutionsofthefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializaionoreconomicgrowh。定位太遠(yuǎn)了identifyanexceptiontothegeneraltrendfavoringliberalexinwhySwedenindustrializedlessquicklythanheoherScandinaviancountriesandNetherlands。無(wú)中生有。provideevidencehatagriculturalreformstakecemorequicklyincountrieshathavealiberaltradethaninthosehatdoWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessenialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinhepassage?IncorrectchoiceschangehemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessenialinformationTheearlyindustrializescontrolledmostofheinternaionaleconomy,leavingthesecountriestostakeoutnewareasofspecializationalonghemargins.Aidedbyheirhighlicyratesthesecountrieswereable

Thekeyfactorinthesuccessofthesecountries(alongwithhighlicy,whichcontributedtoit)wastheirabilitytoadapttotheinternationaldivisionoflabordeterminedbytheearlyindustrializersandtostakeoutareasofspecializationininternationalmarketsforwhichtheywereespeciallywellsuited.ThismeantagreatdependenceonclaimkeyareasofspecializationwithinestablishedinternationalHighlicyratesenabledthesecountriestotakeoverinternationalmarketsandadaptheinternaionaldivisionoflabortosuittheirstrengths.因果倒置Theinternaionaldivisionoflaborestablishedbytheearlyindustrializeswassuitedtohesecountries,akeyfactorintheir是國(guó)際wassuitedto這些國(guó)家，明明就是反了！！

internaionalcommerce,whichhadnotoriousfluctuations;butitalsomeanthighreturnstothosefactorsofproductionthatwerefortunateenoughtobewellcedintimesofprosperity.InSwedenexportsaccountedfor18percentofhenational ein1870,andin1913,22percentofamuchlarger e.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,Denmarkexported63percentofitsagriculturalproduction:butter,porkproducts,andeggs.Itexported80percentofitsbutter,almostalltoGreatBritain,whereitaccountedfor40percentofBritishbutterimports.句子簡(jiǎn)化題。錯(cuò)誤原因：因?yàn)樵膆hctdtot是在括號(hào)里，所有就被我跳過(guò)了，以為不是重要信息，所以在判斷b，c時(shí)，由于其關(guān)鍵信息都與icyes有關(guān)，所以直接忽視了。然后看了下a不對(duì)，就選了d。記住句子簡(jiǎn)化題一定要把原句好好的讀??！一字不漏?。￡P(guān)鍵還是仔細(xì)Accordingtoparagraph6,amajorproblemwithdependingheavilyoninternationalmarketswasthatheylackedwerenotwellsuitedtoagriculturalwerelargelycontrolledbytheearlyledtoslowergrowthoflocalAccordingtoparagraph6.whatadvantagecouldacountrygainfrombeingheavilyinvolvedininternationalcommerce?Asteadilyrising GreatercontrolovermarketHighreturnswhenthingswentAreducedneedfor細(xì)節(jié)題。錯(cuò)誤原因首先，詞匯！還是詞匯！return是收益！！不是??！是recall！受豐田影響太深了。。所以c就不是的東西了??！ 關(guān)鍵還是看仔WhilesomeEuropeancountries,suchasEnglandandGermany,begantoindustrializeintheeighteenthcentury,theNetherlandsandtheScandinaviancountriesofDenmarkNorway,andSwedendevelopedlater.Allfourofthesecountrieslaggedconsiderablybehindinheearlynineteenthcentury.■However,heyindustrializedrapidlyinhesecondhalfofhecentury,especiallyinhelasttwoorthreedecades■Inviewoftheirlaterstartandtheirlackofcoal—undoubtedlyhemainreasontheywerenotamongheearlyindustrializers—itisimportanttounderstandthesourcesofheirsuccess.■此處直接跟下文了Lookathefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencebeaddedtopassageDuringthisperiod,SwedenhadthehighestrateofgrowthoutputpercapitaofanycountryinEurope,andDenmarkwasWherewouldhesentencebest1234Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingheTHERRanswerchoiceshatexpressthemostimportantideasinhepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecauseheyexpressideashatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.AlthoughtheNetherlandsandScandinaviabegantoindustrializerelativelylate,theydidsoverysuccessfullyAlthoughthesecountriesallstartedwithsmall,uneducatedpopulationsindustrializaionledtosignificantpopulaiongrowhandhigherlicyrates.錯(cuò)了吧Becauseheyallstartedwihgoodharborsfor ships,hesecountriesstartedwithanimportantadvantageinthecompetiionfortransittrade.錯(cuò)了吧Thesecountriesweresuccessfulprimarilybecausetheirhighlicyrateshelpedthemfillspecializedmarketniches.Thankstotheirreadyaccesstohesea,thesecountriesenjoyedadvantagesinmercanileship,fishing,andshipbuilding.Thesecountrieswerehelpedbyhefactthatheirernmentswererelativelystableandhonestandgenerallysupportedliberaltradepolicies.Becauseheywereneverfullydependentoninternaionalcommerce,hesecountrieswereabletosurvivenotoriousfluctuaionsininternaionalmarkets.無(wú)關(guān)了參考答案BDDDAABCBBACCThankstoThesecountrieswerehelpedb?.Thesecountriesweresccessl?Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessenialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinhepassage?IncorrectchoiceschangehemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessenialinformationItistheconventionaltheorythatwhenpeopleareboredorsleepy,heyoftenexperienceadropinbloodoxygenlevelsduetoheirshallowbreathing。把原文信息亂湊在了一起。Theconvenionaltheoryisthatpeopleyawnwhenboredorsleepybecauseyawningraisesbloodoxygenlevels,whichinturnraisesAccordingtoconvenionalheory,yawningismorelikelytooccurwhenpeopleareboredorsleepythanwhenheyarealertandbreahingdeeply。完全錯(cuò)。Yawningaccordingtotheconventionaltheory,iscausedbyboredomorlackofsleepandcanbeavoidedthroughdeeperbreahing。完全錯(cuò)。

ThemysteryofAccordingtoconventionaltheory,yawningtakescewhenpeopleareboredorsleepyandservesthefunctionofincreasingalertnessbyreversing,throughdeeperbreathing,thedropinbloodoxygenlevelsthatarecausedbytheshallowbreathingthat panieslackofsleeporboredom.Unfortunay,thefewscienificinvestigationsofyawninghavefailedtofindanyconnectionbetweenhowoftensomeoneyawnsandhowmuchsleeptheyhavehadorhowiredheyare.Abouttheclosestanyresearchhascometosupportinghetirednesstheoryistoconfirmhatadultsyawnmoreoftenonweekdaysthanatweekends,andthatschoolchildrenyawnmorefrequenlyintheirfirstyearatprimaryschoolthanheydoin句子簡(jiǎn)化題。錯(cuò)誤原因：沒(méi)有看出來(lái)原句有兩層意思，一是哈欠發(fā)生在在人們無(wú)聊和想睡覺(jué)時(shí)（并沒(méi)有說(shuō)這兩者引起了哈欠），能（哈欠通過(guò)深呼吸，反轉(zhuǎn)了的ldxgenleel，這個(gè)是由于少眠引起的淺呼吸，最終提高了aleess。）前，會(huì)遺失大量關(guān)鍵信息。日。。然后我們說(shuō)說(shuō)b。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，哈欠發(fā)生在無(wú)聊和想睡覺(jué)時(shí)，這是因?yàn)楣诽岣吡薼dygenlevel，這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)而調(diào)高alertnes。呵呵。文章哪選。【特注】其實(shí)讓我們來(lái)仔細(xì)理解下原句“哈欠有提高aleess是通過(guò)反轉(zhuǎn)已經(jīng)下降的血中氧氣完成的。這個(gè)反轉(zhuǎn)是通過(guò)深呼吸。這個(gè)血氧下降是由于少眠和無(wú)聊”。如此的話，我們就說(shuō)得通了。因?yàn)檠跸陆凳怯捎谏倜撸返墓δ苡质翘岣哐?。所以就形成了“因?yàn)楣房梢蕴岣哐酰ㄟ@個(gè)血氧變化與少眠有關(guān)），所以哈欠發(fā)生在少眠和無(wú)聊時(shí)”關(guān)鍵是把原句看完整，看仔細(xì)。同時(shí)選也要看仔細(xì)inparagragh1,whatpointdoesheauhormakeaboutheevidenceforhetirednessheoryofyawning？ThereisnoscientificevidencelinkingyawningwithTheevidenceiswide-rangingbecauseitcoversmultipleage-Theevidenceisreliablebecauseitwascollectedoveralongperiodofime.Theevidenceisquestionablebecauseheyawningpatternsofchildrenandadultsshouldbedifferent完全無(wú)關(guān)內(nèi)容heword”flaw”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningintheparagraph2whydoestheauthornotehatherewerephysiologicalchangeswhensubjectsopenedtheirmouthsorbreahedTopresentanargumentinsupportofhetirednessTocastdoubtonthereliabilityoftheteststhatmeasurementheartrate,muscletensionandskinconductance.Toargueagainstthehypothesisthatyawningprovidesaspecialwaytoimprovealertnessorraisephysiologicalactivity.Tosupportheideahatopeningthemouhorbreathingdeeplycanaffectbloodoxygenlevels.

做簡(jiǎn)化題看來(lái)還是要用排除法Anotherflawoftheirednessheoryishatyawningdoesnotraisealertnessorphysiologicalactivity,ashetheorywouldpredict.1）Whenresearchersmeasuredtheheartrate,muscletensionandskinconductanceofpeoplebefore,duringandafteryawning,heydiddetectsomechangesinskinconductancefollowingyawning,indicaingaslightincreaseinphysiologicalacivity.However,similarchangesoccurredwhenhesubjectswereaskedsimplytoopenheirmouthsortobreahedeeply.Yawningdidnohingspecialtoheirstateofphysiologicalactivity.3）Experimentshavealsocastseriousdoubtonhebeliefthatyawningistriggeredbyadropinbloodoxygenorariseinbloodcarbondioxide.Volunteersweretoldtothinkaboutyawningwhiletheybreahedeihernormalair,pureoxygen,oranairmixturewithanabove-normallevelofcarbondioxide.Iftheheorywascorrect,breahingairwihextracarbondioxideshouldhaveyawning,whilebreahingpureoxygenshouldhavesuppressedyawning.Infact,neitherconditionmadeanydifferencetothefrequencyofyawning,whichremainedconstantatabout24yawnsperhour4）Anoherexperimentdemonstratedthatphysicalexercise,whichwassufficienlyvigoroustodoubleherateofbreahing,hadnoeffectonthefrequencyofyawningAgaintheimplicaionishatyawninghaslittleornohingtodowithoxygen.目的是tirednessheory，而非對(duì)這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的可靠性做否定，且bTheword“triggered”inhepassageisclosestinmeaningparagraph2answersallofhefollowingquesionsaboutyawningdoesthinkingaboutyawningincreaseyawningovernotthinkingaboutyawning?Doestheamountofcarbondioxideandoxygenintheairaffecttherateatwhichpeopleyawn?Doestherateofbreathingaffecttherateatwhichpeople

Acompleydifferenttheoryholdsthatyawningassistsinhephysicaldevelopmentofhelungsearlyinlife,buthasnoremainingbiologicalfuncioninadults.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthatyawningand mightservetoclearouthefetus'sairways.Thelungsofafetussecretealiquidhatmixeswithitsmother'samnioicfluid.Babieswihcongenitalblockagesthatpreventthisfluidfromescafromheirlungsaresometimesbornwihdeformedlungs.Itmightbethatyawninghelpstoclearoutthelungsbyperiodicallyloweringthepressureinhem.Accordingtohistheory,yawninginadultsisjustadevelopmentalfossilwithnobiologicalfuncion.But,whileacceptinghatnoteverythinginlifecanbeexinedbyDarwinianevoluion,thereareTheword“periodically”inhepassageisclosestinhemeaning reasonsforbeingskepticalofheorieslikehisone,

heissueofwhatyawningdoesforadults.Yawningis ing,consumesenergyandtakestime.Itisalmost ngsomehingsignificantinadultsaswellasin Whatcoulditdaccordingtothedevelopmentaltheoryofyawningpresentedinparagraph3.Whatistheroleofyawning?ItcausedhiccupswhichaidinthedevelopmentofheItcontrolsheamountofpressurethelungsceonoherdeveloorgans原文那個(gè)them就是lungs，所以沒(méi)有其他的IpreventsamnioticfluidfromenteringtheItremovesapotentiallyharmfulfluidfromhe原文多次提到clearParagraph3supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouthedevelopmenttheoryofyawning?exintheThetheoryisattractivebecauseitexinsyawningfromexintheThetheoryisunsaisfactorybecauseitcannotdeformitiesofinfants.ThetheoryisquestionablebecauseitdoesnotexinwhyauselessandinconvenientbehaviorwouldconinueintoadulhoodThetheoryis pletebecauseitdoesnotexinalltheevolutionarystagesinhedevelopmentofyawning.

Theempiricalevidence,suchasitis,suggestsanaltogeherdifferentfunctionforyawning—namely,thatyawningpreparesusforachangeinacivitylevel.Supportforthistheorycamefromastudyofyawningbehaviorineverydaylife.Volunteersworewrist-mounteddeviceshatautomaticallyrecordedheirphysicalacivityforuptotwoweeks:thevolunteersalso

細(xì)節(jié)題。2nd首先可以排除理論有所懷疑，然后用了限制性定從，“這個(gè)理論回避了解釋哈欠對(duì)成年人的作用”。所以如果用對(duì)應(yīng)的話也可以找出答案??！c沒(méi)有給寫出continue前有沒(méi)有什么時(shí)間，所以continueintoadult行為繼續(xù)存在于adult（可能意思就是，從進(jìn)化論上來(lái)講，一個(gè)無(wú)用的東西會(huì)，但這個(gè)無(wú)用的東西卻繼續(xù)存在于成年期）關(guān)鍵還是仔細(xì)Theword“empirical”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningBasedoncommonBasedon

recordedtheiryawnsbypressingabuttononhedeviceeachtimetheyyawned.Thedatashowedhatyawningtendedtooccurabout15minutesbeforeaperiodofincreasedbehavioralactivity.Yawningborenorelationshiptosleeppatterns,howeverThisaccordswihanecdotalevidencehatpeopleoftenyawninsituationswhereheyareneiherirednorbored,butarepreparingforimpendingmentalandphysicalacivity.Suchyawningisoftenreferredtoas"incongruous"becauseitseemsoutofce,atleastonthetirednessview:soldiersyawningbeforecombat,musiciansyawningbeforeperforming,andathletesyawningbeforecompeting.Theiryawningseemstohavenothingtodowithsleepinessorboredom—quitethereverse—butitdoesprecedeachangeinacivitylevel.observationorexperiment。這里不人理解的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義。。Thestudyofyawningbehaviordiscussedinparagraph4supportswhichofhefollowingconclusions?YawningisassociatedwihanexpectaionofincreasedphysicalacivityYawningoccursmorefrequentlywhenpeopleareaskedtorecordheiryawningPeopletendtoyawnaboutfifteenminutesbeforehey iredorboredMentalorphysicalstresstendstomakepeoplewhydoestheauthormenion“soldiersyawningbeforecombat,musiciansyawningbeforeperforming,andahletesyawningbeforeToarguethatjusttheexpectationofphysicalactivitycanmakesomepeoplefeeltiredToexnhowtheviewthatpeopleyawnbecausetheyareiredaccountsforyawningbeforestressfulsituaionsTosupportheviewhatyawninghelpsprepareaformentalorphysicalexertionToprovideanecdotalevidencehatswihtheexperienceofhevolunteersinthestudy段落主旨

Anotherflawofthetirednessheoryisthatyawningdoesnotraisealertnessorphysiologicalactivity,asheheorywouldpredict.Whenresearchersmeasuredtheheartrate,muscletensionandskinconductanceofpeoplebefore,duringandafteryawning,theydiddetectsomechangesinskinconductancefollowingyawning,indicaingaslightincreaseinphysiologicalactivity.However,similarchangesoccurredwhenthesubjectswereaskedsimplytoopenheirmouhsortobreathedeeply.Yawningdidnothingspecialtoheirstateofphysiologicalacivity.Experimentshavealsocastseriousdoubtonhebeliefthatyawningistriggeredbyadropinbloodoxygenorariseinbloodcarbondioxide.■Volunteersweretoldtothinkaboutyawningwhileheybreathedeithernormalair,pureoxygen,oranairmixturewithanabove-normallevelofcarbondioxide.■Ifheheorywascorrect,breahingairwihextracarbondioxideshouldhavetriggeredyawning,whilebreathingpureoxygenshouldhavesuppressedyawning■Infact,neithercondiionmadeanydifferencetohefrequencyofyawning,whichremainedconstantatabout24yawnsperhour.■Anotherexperimentdemonstratedthatphysicalexercise,whichwassufficientlyvigoroustodoubletherateofbreahing,hadnoeffectonhefrequencyofyawningAgainheimplicationishatyawninghaslitleornothingtodowihoxygen.lookathefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentenceshouldbeaddedtothepassageThis,however,wasnotthe

句子插入題錯(cuò)誤原因：大概是3周沒(méi)做題目了，有點(diǎn)不會(huì)了。題干明明就是轉(zhuǎn)折，a??？？？a前有expeient，a后就是整個(gè)expeient的內(nèi)容了。1234Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingheTHERRanswerchoiceshatexpressthemostimportantideasinhepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.Thetirednesstheoryofyawningdoesnotseemtoexinwhyyawningoccurs.

1424Althoughearlierscientificstudiesstronglysupportedhetirednessheorynewhascastdoubtonthese原文說(shuō)的是Accordingtoconventionaltheory，似乎不能和earlier對(duì)應(yīng)吧。stronglysupported好像也是原文沒(méi)有先關(guān)支撐的內(nèi)容吧。原文只是提到了下。Somehaveproposedhatyawningysaroleinthedevelopmentofhelungsbeforebirthbutthatitservesnopurposeinadult。p3Newstudies,alongwithanecdotalevidence,haveshownthathefrequencyofyawningincreasesduringextendedperiodsofEvidencehasshownthatyawningisalmostcompleyunrelatedtoamountofoxygeninhebloodandisunrelatedtosleepFluidsinthelungsofthefetuspreventyawningfromoccurring,whichdisproveshedevelopmentalheoryofyawning.亂七八糟Thereissomeevidencethatsuggeststhatyawningpreparesthebodyandmindforachangeinactivitylevelp4參考答案BAACDBCDCDACCSomehaveproposeat?.Thereissomeeidece?.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingtakeceinthedevelopmentofaflashoflighteningexceptGreattensionbetweentwoopposiychargedAnincreaseinnegativelychargedpariclesoverposiivelychargedOpposiychargedparticlescomingThereleaseofelectricalenergyintheformofvisibleTheword“tremendous”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph2,whatcausesicecrystalto CollisionswithiceCollisionswithnegativelychargedicecrystalsatthebaseofheingconcentratedinthecentralregionoftheFormingatatemperaturegreaterthan15℃Theword【acquireinthepassageisclosestinmeaning

Lightningisabrilliantflashoflightproducedbyanelectricaldischargefromastormcloud.Theelectricaldischargetakescewhentheattractivetension1）betweenaregionofnegativelychargedparticlesandaregionofpositivelycharged essogreatthathechargedparticlessuddenlyrushtogeher.3）Thecomingtogetherofheopposiychargedparticlesneutralizesheelectricaltensionand4）releasesatremendousamountofenergy,whichweseeaslightning.TheseparationofposiivelyandnegaivelychargedparticlestakesceduringhedevelopmentofthestormTheseparationofchargedparticlesthatformsinastormcloudhasasandwich-likestructure.Concentraionsofposiivelychargedparticlesdevelopatthetopandbottomofhecloud,butthemiddleregion esnegaivelycharged.Recentmeasurementsmadeinhefieldtogeherwithlaboratorysimulationsofferapromisingexnationofhowhisstructureofchargedpariclesforms.Whathappensishatsmall(millimeter-tocentimeter-size)pelletsoficeforminhecoldupperregionsofhecloud.Whentheseicepelletsfall,someofthemstrikemuchsmallericecrystalsinthecenterofthecloud.4）Thetemperatureatthecenterofthecloudisabout-15℃orlower.Atsuchtemperatures,thecollisionbetweentheiceAccordingtoparagraph2,whyarepositivelychargedicepelletsproducedinhelowerpartofhecloud?increaseinCollisionsbetweenicecrystalsandincreasein（無(wú)中生有）inhelowerpartoftheThelowerpartofthecloudissmaller（比較?。。﹉antheregionaboveitMoreicepellets（無(wú)中生有的比較）hanicecrystalsreachthelowerpartofthecloudTemperatureinhelowerpartofthecloudarewarmerthan-

pelletsandheicecrystalscauseselectricalchargestoshiftsothatheicepelletsacquireanegativechargeandtheice epositivelycharged.1）Thenupdraftwindcurrentscarrythelight,positivelychargedicecrystalsuptohetopofthecloud.2）Theheaviernegativelychargedicepelletsarelefttoconcentrateinhecenter.Thisprocessexinswhythetopofthecloud espositivelycharged,whilethe esnegativelycharged.Thenegativelychargedregionislarge:severalhundredmetersthickandseveralkilometersindiameter.Belowthislarge,cold,negaivelychargedregion,thecloudiswarmerthan-15℃,andathesetemperatures,collisionsbetweenicecrystalsandfallingicepelletsproducepositivelychargedicepelletshatthenpopulateasmallregionatthebaseofhecloud.好好定位Accordingtoparagraph2,themiddleregionofacloud negativelychargedduetoallofhefollowingexceptAshiftofelectricalchargedbetweenicepelletsandiceNegativelychargedicepelletshatremainintheAtemperatureof-15℃orThedevelopmentofapositivechargeatthebaseoftheTheauthorremarkshat【Lightningthatstrikesthegroundisthemostlikelytobedestructive】inordertoexinwhyThisformoflightninghasbeeninvestigatedsoThisformoflightningisnotascommonaslightningwithoutaScientificunderstandingofthisformoflightningisThebuildupofpositivechargeonthegroundbeneahastormcloudcanhaveseriousconsequences.

Mostlightningtakescewihinacloudwhenthechargeseparaionwihinthecloudcollapses.However,ashestormclouddevelops,thegroundbeneaththecloud posiivelychargedandlightningcantakeceintheformanelectricaldischargebetweenhenegaivechargeofthecloudandheposiivelychargedground.Lightningthatstrikesthegroundisthemostlikelytobedestructive,soeventhoughitrepresentsonly20percentofalllightningithasreceivedalotofscienificattenUsinghigh-speedphotography,scientistshavedeterminedhattherearetwostepstotheoccurrenceoflightningfromacloudtotheground.First,achannel,orpath,isformedthatconnectsthecloudandthegroundThenastrongcurrentofelectronsfollowsthatpathfromthecloudtoheground,anditishatcurrentthatilluminateshechannelasthelightningwesee.beeninvestigated?；氐皆闹械脑?，somuch和alotof也完全對(duì)應(yīng)了仔細(xì)看原文??！不 臆斷??！找最緊密的句子好好對(duì)應(yīng)Theword仔細(xì)看原文??！不 臆斷！！找最緊密的句子好好對(duì)應(yīng)

Theformaionofthechannelisinitiatedwhenelectronssurgefromthecloudbasetowardtheground.WhenastreamofAccordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueofhestreamofchargedparticlesfromhegroundItpreventsstreamsofelectronsfromthecloudfromstrikingheItcompletesachannelhatconnectsthestormcloudwithheItproducesastreamofelectronsfromtheIwidensthepathmadebytheinitialstreamofelectronsfromheWhichofthefollowingclaimsaboutlightningstrikescanbeinferredfromparagraph5?DuringalightningstrikethediameterofthechannelheelectronsfollowisconsiderablyenlargedbeyondafewcentimetersAbuildingisunlikelytobehitbylightningunlessitisatleast100meterstail。亂拼湊的信息。AbuildingishitbyalightningstrikebecausethebuildingitselfhasfirstdeterminedhepahthelighteningthentakestoitThelightofalightningstrikefirst無(wú)中生有appearsatthepointwherethestreamsofnegativeandposiiveparticlesmeet。

thesenegaivelychargedelectronscomeswithin100metersofthegrounditismetbyastreamofpositivelychargedparticlesthatcomesupfromtheground.Whenhenegativelyandposiivelychargedstreamsmeet,acompletechannelconnectinghecloudandthegroundisformed.Thechannelisonlyafewcenimetersindiameter,buthatiswideenoughforelectronstofollowthechanneltohegroundinthevisibleformofaflashoflightning.Thestreamofpositiveparicleshatmeetshesurgeofelectronsfromthecloudoftenarisesfromatallpointedstructuresuchasametalflagpoleoratower.Thatiswhythesubsequentlightninghatfollowsthecompletedchanneloftenstrikesatallstructure.Onceachannelhasbeenformed,itisusuallyusedbyseverallightningdischarges,eachofthemconsistingofastreamofelectronsfromhecloudmeetingastr