考研英語翻譯及考研英語二 新題型 B 練習(xí)

PAGEPAGE11、翻譯下面的句子Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.參考譯文更難證實(shí)的是，這場商界人士自以為由他們主導(dǎo)的生產(chǎn)力革命是否真的存在。詞匯指南establish：vt.證實(shí)；建立。這里是“證實(shí)”的意思。hardertoestablish：[形容詞短語]更難證實(shí)的。harder是形容詞hard的比較級，toestablish補(bǔ)充說明harder在哪方面是更困難的。whether：conj.[連詞]是否。在這里引導(dǎo)名詞性從句whether…real，整個(gè)從句作表語，稱作[表語從句]。此外，whether還可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表達(dá)“無論…（是否…）”；引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)，還常與or搭配，whether…or…，表達(dá)“無論是…還是…”。theproductivityrevolution：生產(chǎn)力革命。businessman：n.商人。復(fù)數(shù)是businessmen。assume：vt.自以為，想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為；假設(shè)。presideover：v.主導(dǎo)；指揮。forreal：[固定搭配]真實(shí)存在的（地）；認(rèn)真的（地）。句子成分分析主句主干：主語（從句）Whatishardertoestablish/系動詞is/表語（從句）whether…real。主語從句主干：主語What/系動詞is/表語hardertoestablish。表語從句主干：主語theproductivityrevolution（帶有定語從句that…over）/系動詞is/表語forreal。定語從句主干：主語businessmen/謂語assume/賓語（從句）they…over。其中，賓語從句省略了引導(dǎo)詞that。賓語從句主干：主語they/謂語arepresidingover/賓語that（由于that又是整個(gè)定語從句that…over的引導(dǎo)詞，所以放在定語從句的開頭）。翻譯難點(diǎn)這句話的難點(diǎn)在于從句較多，且多層嵌套（表語從句中包含一個(gè)定語從句，定語從句中又包含一個(gè)賓語從句，且定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that在其中的賓語從句中作賓語）。在翻譯的時(shí)候需要逐層劃分從句，結(jié)合語法規(guī)則和邏輯意思找準(zhǔn)每個(gè)從句的終點(diǎn)。2、翻譯下面的句子His

argument

is

that

the

unusual

history

of

these

people

has

subjected

them

to

unique

evolutionary

pressures

that

have

resulted

in

this

paradoxical

state

of

affairs.參考譯文他的觀點(diǎn)是：這群人不同尋常的經(jīng)歷使他們承受了獨(dú)特的進(jìn)化壓力，從而導(dǎo)致了這種矛盾的狀態(tài)。詞匯指南argument：n.觀點(diǎn)，論點(diǎn)。

unusual：adj.不尋常的。

history：n.履歷，經(jīng)歷；歷史。

subject+人+to+事物：v.使某人承受/遭受某事。

unique：adj.獨(dú)特的。

evolutionary：adj.進(jìn)化的，進(jìn)化相關(guān)的。區(qū)別于revolutionary：adj.革命的。

pressure：n.壓力。

result

in：v.導(dǎo)致。

paradoxical：adj.互相矛盾的；悖論的。

state

of

affairs：n.[固定搭配]事態(tài)，狀態(tài)。

句子成分分析主句主干：主語His

argument

/

系動詞is

/

表語（從句）that…affairs。

表語從句主干：主語the

unusual

history（of

these

people修飾history）

/

謂語has

subjected

/

賓語them。其中，to

unique

evolutionary

pressures（后面的定語從句that…affairs修飾pressures）是與動詞subject搭配的介詞短語。

定語從句主干：主語that

/

謂語have

resulted

in

/

賓語this

paradoxical

state

of

affairs。3、翻譯下面的句子We

believe

that

if

animals

ran

the

labs,

they

would

test

us

to

determine

the

limits

of

our

patience,

our

faithfulness,

our

memory

for

locations.參考譯文我們認(rèn)為，如果動物們管理實(shí)驗(yàn)室，它們將通過測試來確定我們的耐心、忠誠和對方位記憶能力的極限。詞匯指南believe：vt.認(rèn)為。believe表示“認(rèn)為”時(shí)，一般用于較正式的語境。

run：vt.[過去式是ran，過去分詞是run]管理；經(jīng)營。ran是run的過去式，但此處不表示過去，而表示[虛擬語氣]，即從句if

animals

ran

the

labs所描述的情況是一種假設(shè)，而不是事實(shí)。

lab：n.[=laboratory]實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

would：[助動詞]將會。would本來是will的過去形式，但此處不表示過去，而表示[虛擬語氣]，因?yàn)橹骶鋞hey

would

test

us…locations所描述的情況是基于if從句的假設(shè)而推演出的一種虛擬情況，而不是事實(shí)。

test：vt.測試（通過試驗(yàn)了解人或事物的屬性）。

determine：vt.確定，判斷。

limit：n.限度；極限。

patience：n.耐心。

faithfulness：n.忠誠。

memory：n.記憶；記憶力。

location：n.位置。句子成分分析主句主干：主語We

/

謂語believe

/

賓語（從句）that…locations。

賓語從句各成分：條件狀語從句if…labs

/

主語they

/

謂語would

test

/

賓語us

/

目的狀語to

determine…locations。其中，our

patience,

our

faithfulness,

our

memory

for

locations三個(gè)短語并列作介詞of的介詞賓語，意思是“我們的耐心、忠誠和對方位記憶能力的”，修飾limits“極限”。

條件狀語從句主干：主語animals

/

謂語ran

/

賓語the

labs。知識小結(jié)【虛擬語氣】虛擬條件句的主/從句謂語形式的常見組合：

1.

[現(xiàn)在時(shí)虛擬語氣]

當(dāng)If從句與現(xiàn)在的（或永恒一般的）事實(shí)相反，且主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反時(shí)，則主從句的謂語形式分別是：

（If從句謂語）did，（主句謂語）should/would/could/might

+

do

2.

[過去時(shí)虛擬語氣]

當(dāng)If從句與過去事實(shí)相反，且主句與過去事實(shí)相反時(shí)：

（If從句謂語）had

done，（主句謂語）should/would/could/might

+

have

done

3.

[混合虛擬語氣]

當(dāng)If從句與現(xiàn)在（或永恒一般的）事實(shí)相反，主句與過去事實(shí)相反時(shí)：

（If從句謂語）did，（主句謂語）should/would/could/might

+

have

done

4.

[混合虛擬語氣]

當(dāng)If從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在（或永恒一般的）事實(shí)相反時(shí)：

（If從句謂語）had

done，（主句謂語）should/would/could/might

+

do

其中，should/would/could/might都含有各自的意思，通常分別是“應(yīng)該/將會/能夠/可能”。

注意：虛擬條件句中表示假定的“條件狀語”，不一定是if從句，也可能是副詞otherwise（如若不然）,介詞短語without…（如果沒有…；如果不是…）、

but

for…（要不是…）等結(jié)構(gòu)，或者句中不含有表示假定的條件狀語，而是把假設(shè)條件隱含在上下文中。4、翻譯下面的句子But

in

keeping

with

our

examination

of

southern

intellectual

life,

we

may

consider

the

original

Puritans

as

carriers

of

European

culture,

adjusting

to

New

World

circumstances.參考譯文但是，為了與我們對南部地區(qū)精神文化生活的考察保持一致，我們可以認(rèn)為最初的清教徒是適應(yīng)新大陸環(huán)境的歐洲文化承載者。詞匯指南in：prep.在…過程中；在…里。這里引申為“為了”。

keep

with…：v.與…保持一致。

examination：n.檢查；考察。

southern：adj.南部的。這里結(jié)合上下文可知是指“美國南部地區(qū)的”。

intellectual：adj.智力的；腦力的。這里指“精神文化方面的”。

consider…as…：vt.認(rèn)為…是…。

original：adj.最初的；原始的。

Puritan：n.清教徒。

carrier：n.承載者。

adjust

to：vi.適應(yīng)。

New

World：n.（美洲）新大陸。

circumstance：n.環(huán)境。

句子成分分析主句主干：主語we

/

謂語may

consider

/

賓語the

original

Puritans

/

賓語補(bǔ)足語as

carriers

of

European

culture（后面的adjusting…circumstances修飾carriers）。句首的介詞短語in…life作狀語。5、翻譯下面的句子At

the

end

of

adolescence,

however,

the

brain

shuts

down

half

of

that

capacity,

preserving

only

those

modes

of

thought

that

have

seemed

most

valuable

during

the

first

decade

or

so

of

life.參考譯文然而，我們的大腦在青春期末期便會關(guān)閉其中一半的能力，只保留生命的大約前十年間看起來最有價(jià)值的思維方式。詞匯指南at

the

end

of…：prep.在…的最后。

adolescence：n.青春期。

however：adv.然而。這里作插入語，前后用逗號與主句隔開。注意：however表達(dá)“然而”時(shí)，只有副詞詞性，不能像but一樣連接兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列句；however表達(dá)“無論怎么…；無論如何…”時(shí)，可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語（從句）。

shut

down：v.關(guān)閉。

half：n.一半；adj.一半的；adv.一半地。這里是名詞，half

of…直譯是“…的一半”，可以翻譯成“一半的…”。

capacity：n.能力。

preserve：vt.保留；保護(hù)。

mode

of

thought：思維方式。

seem：[系動詞]似乎是；看起來是。

during：prep.在…期間。during…life在that從句中時(shí)間狀語，修飾從句謂語seemed。

decade：n.十年。the

first

decade：前十年。

or

so：大約，左右。用于數(shù)詞之后，表示約數(shù)，如，ten

years

or

so：十年左右。

life：n.生命；人生。

the

first

decade

or

so

of

life：生命的大約前十年。of

life修飾the

first

decade

or

so。句子成分分析主句主干：主語the

brain

/

謂語shuts

down

/

賓語half

of

that

capacity。此外，介詞短語At

the

end

of

adolescence作時(shí)間狀語；現(xiàn)在分詞短語preserving…life作伴隨狀語，表達(dá)在主句事件發(fā)生的同時(shí)，

preserving…life也在發(fā)生?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)：動詞現(xiàn)在分詞preserving

/

賓語those

modes

of

thought（thought帶有定語從句that…life）。定語從句主干：主語that

/

系動詞have

seemed

/

表語most

valuable。此外，介詞短語during…life在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語,因此修飾從句的謂語,即“在生命的大約前十年間看起來最有價(jià)值”。6、翻譯下面的句子Studies

of

both

animals

and

humans

have

shown

that

sex

hormones

somehow

affect

the

stress

response,

causing

females

under

stress

to

produce

more

of

the

trigger

chemicals

than

do

males

under

the

same

conditions.參考譯文對人與動物的研究都已經(jīng)表明，性激素以某種方式影響著生物體對壓力的反應(yīng)，它使雌性在承受壓力時(shí)比處于同等狀態(tài)下的雄性分泌（/產(chǎn)生）更多引發(fā)（抑郁和焦慮）的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。詞匯指南study：n.研究。

of：prep.對…的。

both…and…：[連詞短語]…和…都。

sex

hormones：n.性激素。

somehow：adv.以某種（尚不明確的）方式；不知怎地，莫名其妙地。

affect：vt.影響。

the

stress

response：（生物體）對壓力的反應(yīng)。

cause+賓語+to

do…：引起“賓語”做某事。

female：n./adj.雌性（的）；女性（的）。注意：這句話是涉及both

animals

and

humans，所以統(tǒng)一譯為“雌性”而不是“女性”更合適；male“雄性”的譯法同理。

under

stress：在壓力之下。在這里作females的后置定語。

more

of

(the)…：[慣用短語]更多的（既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞，被修飾詞前通常要加the）。[more

of+名詞]

可以替換成[more+名詞]。類似的，[many+名詞]=[many

of

the+名詞]，修飾可數(shù)名詞表達(dá)“許多的”；[much+名詞]=[much

of

the+名詞]

，修飾不可數(shù)名詞表達(dá)“許多的”；[most+名詞]=

[most

of

the+名詞]，表達(dá)“大多數(shù)的”，

既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。

trigger：n.（槍的）扳機(jī)；引發(fā)…的原因。the

trigger

chemicals指“引發(fā)（抑郁和焦慮）的化學(xué)物質(zhì)”?！?/p>

抑郁和焦慮”

是根據(jù)原文的上文中推測出的。

than：conj.[連詞]

比（用于形容詞、副詞的比較級之后，引出比較的對象）。than后面的比較對象可以是詞、短語或句子。

do：[助動詞]

這里do無具體詞義，用來代指前面出現(xiàn)過的動賓短語produce

trigger

chemicals，這是為了避免重復(fù)用詞，以求語言簡練。注意：than之后發(fā)生了主謂倒裝，詳見[三、句子成分分析]。

the

same：adj./pron.同一個(gè)（的）；同樣的。

under…condition(s)/under

the

condition

of…：在…的情況下。在這里作males的后置定語。句子成分分析主句主干：主語Studies（帶有后置定語of

both

animals

and

humans）

/

謂語have

shown

/

賓語（從句）that…conditions。

賓語從句主干：主語sex

hormones

/

謂語affect

/

賓語the

stress

response。此外，現(xiàn)在分詞短語causing…conditions作狀語，表達(dá)cause…是由主句事件引發(fā)的動作。

現(xiàn)在分詞短語主干：動詞現(xiàn)在分詞causing

/

賓語females（帶有后置定語under

stress）

/

賓語補(bǔ)足語to

produce

more

of

the

trigger

chemicals。此外，than引出了比較的對象do

males…conditions；注意：than之后發(fā)生了主謂倒裝，倒裝原因是主語males

under

the

same

conditions太長，謂語do太短，英語中常常會為了避免句子“頭重腳輕”而作倒裝（如果不倒裝也并不算語法錯(cuò)誤）。

【of的翻譯】介詞of連接兩個(gè)名詞類的結(jié)構(gòu)（構(gòu)成[A

of

B]）時(shí)，A與B之前的邏輯關(guān)系有很多種可能（如：“A是B的一個(gè)部分”，或“A是表達(dá)動作含義的名詞，B是這個(gè)動作的發(fā)出者/承受者”，或“A是數(shù)詞或量詞，B是被A修飾的名詞”，或“與B相關(guān)的A”等等），可以查查權(quán)威的雙解詞典，大概了解of的各種用法，在閱讀中遇到時(shí)，還需要根據(jù)語境推測[A

of

B]的準(zhǔn)確含義。7、翻譯下面的句子Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.參考譯文只有當(dāng)人類開始更有效率地獲取食物時(shí)，才有時(shí)間去考慮其它事情。詞匯指南only：adv./adj.只有；僅有（的）。這里作副詞修飾狀語從句when…way，并放在句首引起了主句的“部分倒裝”。humanity：n.人類；人性；人道；仁慈；人文學(xué)科。這里指“人類”。begintodo…/begindoing…：v.開始做某事。in(a/an)…way(s)：[介詞短語]以…的方式。productive：adj.多產(chǎn)的；有效率的，有成效的。moreproductive是其比較級形式，意思是“更有效率的”。for：prep.用來…的；供…用的。這里forotherthings修飾time。句子成分分析主句主干：謂語（therebe句型，倒裝句）wasthere/主語timeforotherthings。此外，副詞only修飾時(shí)間狀語從句when…way，并放在句首，從而引起主句“部分倒裝”，即把謂語部分的was提到there之前。該句的正常語序是：Therewastimeforotherthingsonlywhen…way.時(shí)間狀語從句主干：主語humanity/謂語began/賓語togetitsfoodinamoreproductiveway。其中，賓語部分toget…way是一個(gè)不定式短語，其中，介詞短語inamoreproductiveway修飾getitsfood這個(gè)動作?！総herebe句型】“therebe句型”表達(dá)“（某處）存在某人或某物”，構(gòu)成方法是“therebe+主語（+副詞/介詞短語）”，且be的形式，根據(jù)后面的主語而變。例：Thereisatableintheroom.房間里有一張桌子。（這句話中atable是主語，thereis可以看作是謂語部分，intheroom是地點(diǎn)狀語）Therearetwotablesintheroom.房間里有兩張桌子。（這句話與上一句話相比，主語變成了復(fù)數(shù)twotables，于是謂語部分也隨之變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式thereare）注意：“therebe句型”由倒裝的“主系表”句式演變而來，但由于太常用，且它的很多句式變換方式（如疑問句、倒裝句）都與一般的“主系表”句子有區(qū)別，所以可以把“therebe句型”看作是獨(dú)立于“主謂賓”和“主系表”之外的第三種句子結(jié)構(gòu)，把therebe看作謂語。8、翻譯下面的句子Not

long

ago,

with

the

country

entering

a

recession

and

Japan

at

its

pre-bubble

peak,

the

U.S.

workforce

was

derided

as

poorly

educated

and

one

of

the

primary

causes

of

the

poor

U.S.

economic

performance.參考譯文不久前，美國進(jìn)入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期，而日本正處在經(jīng)濟(jì)泡沫破裂前的繁榮期，人們嘲諷美國的勞動力受教育程度低，并認(rèn)為這是美國經(jīng)濟(jì)低迷的主要原因之一。詞匯指南ago：adv.[僅用于被修飾詞之后]…之前，…以前。常用于修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞，整個(gè)短語作時(shí)間狀語，如：two

days

ago

兩天前；

long

ago

很久以前；

not

long

ago

不久前。

with：prep.伴隨著…。整個(gè)短語with…peak是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作伴隨狀語，表達(dá)在主句事件（即the

U.S.

workforce…performance）發(fā)生的同時(shí)，the

country

正在enter

a

recession，而Japan正處于at

its

pre-bubble

peak的狀態(tài)。

the

country：根據(jù)原文上文可知，這里the

country指的是“美國”。

recession：n.衰退期；經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條。

at：prep.在（某時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)）。

pre-bubble

peak：adj.經(jīng)濟(jì)泡沫破裂前的高峰期。

workforce：n.勞動力。

deride：vt.嘲笑。deride…as…：嘲笑…是…（樣子的）。

poorly：adv.

拙劣地；不充分地。修飾educated。

educated：adj.受過教育的。poorly

educated意思是“受教育程度低”。

one

of…：pron.

[后面只接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)]…之一。

primary：adj.主要的。

poor

economic

performance：直譯是“糟糕的經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)”，也就是“經(jīng)濟(jì)低迷”。句子成分分析主句主干：主語the

U.S.

workforce

//

謂語was

derided

//

主語補(bǔ)足語as…performance。其中，as是介詞“作為；是（什么什么樣子的）”，poorly

educated(前面省略了being)與one

of

the

primary

causes...performance

并列作as的介詞賓語。此外，Not

long

ago作時(shí)間狀語，with…peak作伴隨狀語?！惊?dú)立主格】獨(dú)立主格的構(gòu)成是[名詞/代詞

+

現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/介詞短語/副詞/形容詞/名詞]；獨(dú)立主格的功能類似于狀語從句（原因/條件/方式/伴隨狀語等），具體作哪種狀語需要根據(jù)句意判斷，當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作伴隨狀語時(shí)，前面可以加

with也可以不加。如：*[名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞]

Sweat

running

down

his

cheeks,

he

continued

climbing

towards

the

peak.汗水從他的臉頰流下，他繼續(xù)向頂峰爬去。（其中，Sweat

running

down

his

cheeks是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，名詞Sweat是run的邏輯主語。）*[名詞+過去分詞]

With

his

eyes

closed,

the

manager

sat

quietly

in

the

office.

經(jīng)理閉著眼睛，靜靜地坐在辦公室里。（其中，With

his

eyes

closed是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，his

eyes是be

closed的邏輯主語。）*[名詞+不定式]

A

number

of

officials

followed

the

emperor,

some

to

hold

his

robe,

others

to

adjust

his

girdle,

and

so

on.許多官員跟在帝王身后，有的人提著他的長袍，另一些人給他整理腰帶，等等。（其中，some

to

hold

his

robe,

others

to

adjust

his

girdle是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，代詞some和others分別是hold

his

robe和adjust

his

girdle的邏輯主語。注意：[名詞+不定式]這種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不太常用。）*[名詞+（being+）介詞短語/副詞/形容詞/名詞]

The

door

open,

he

left

the

house.他離開了房子，門沒有關(guān)。（其中，The

door

open是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，The

door是be

open的邏輯主語。）[獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)]

與

[非謂語動詞作狀語]

類似，但有本質(zhì)的區(qū)別，即：非謂語動詞作狀語的時(shí)候，該動詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語；而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，[（be+）現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/介詞短語/副詞/形容詞/名詞]

的邏輯主語并不是主句主語，而是帶有自己的邏輯主語。9、翻譯下面的句子Online

culture

thinks

highly

of

the

notion

that

the

information

flowing

onto

the

screen

comes

there

by

specific

request.參考譯文網(wǎng)上文化推崇這樣一種理念，即屏幕上不斷顯示的信息是按照（用戶的）具體要求呈現(xiàn)的。詞匯指南*

online：adj.在線的，網(wǎng)上的。

*

think

highly

of：v.[慣用搭配]推崇；高度評價(jià)，贊揚(yáng)。

*

notion：n.觀點(diǎn)，理念。

*

flow：vi.涌現(xiàn)；涌入。這里指“（信息）源源不斷地顯示（在屏幕上）”。

*

onto：prep.到…上面。注意區(qū)別于on“在…上面”。

*

screen：n.屏幕。

*

come：vi.出現(xiàn)；到來。

*

by：prep.依據(jù)；按照。

*

specific：adj.具體的，詳細(xì)的；特定的；明確的。

*

request：n.要求。句子成分分析主句主干：主語Online

culture

//

謂語thinks

highly

of

//

賓語the

notion（從句that…request是notion的同位語）。

同位語從句主干：主語the

information（現(xiàn)在分詞短語flowing

onto

the

screen作information的后置定語）

//

謂語comes。此外，副詞there和介詞短語by

specific

request作狀語，在從句中修飾謂語comes。翻譯難點(diǎn)【同位語從句置后翻譯】這句話中同位語從句修飾notion，進(jìn)一步說明了notion“理念”的具體內(nèi)容。翻譯時(shí)如果按照修飾關(guān)系，把這個(gè)從句部分放在“理念”之前，即，“網(wǎng)上文化

//

推崇

//

屏幕上不斷顯示的信息是按照（用戶的）具體要求呈現(xiàn)的

//

的理念?！?，則會導(dǎo)致定語過長，漢語讀起來太繞口。因此可以把這個(gè)從句放在主句后面，作為補(bǔ)充說明，即參考譯文的譯法。10、翻譯下面的句子This

development

is

boosting

wholesale

demand

from

the

food

service

segment

by

4%

to

5%

a

year

across

Europe,

compared

with

growth

in

retail

demand

of

1

to

2

percent.生詞部分

boost:

提高；促進(jìn)；增加

wholesale

demand:

批發(fā)需求

food

service

segment：餐飲服務(wù)業(yè)

compared

with：與……相比較

retail

demand：零售需求參考譯文

在歐洲，這種發(fā)展將食品服務(wù)業(yè)的批發(fā)需求每年提高4%至5%，相比而言，零售需求的增長是1%至2%。結(jié)構(gòu)解析

這是一個(gè)簡單句，句子的主干為This

development

主語/is

boosting謂語/

wholesale

demand賓語/。

from

the

food

service

segment作wholesale

demand的后置定語。

by

4%

to5%作狀語，表程度。

介詞結(jié)構(gòu)compared

with...作比較狀語。11、翻譯下面的句子FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.（選自1998年真題）參考譯文很少有人會質(zhì)疑（“反科學(xué)”）這個(gè)詞適用于郵包炸彈恐怖主義者，他在1995年發(fā)表的宣言中表達(dá)了對科學(xué)的蔑視和對回歸前技術(shù)時(shí)代的烏托邦社會的向往。詞匯指南*few：adj./pron.[代詞]幾乎沒有；很少人或事物（少到可以忽略不計(jì)）。注意few只修飾或代指可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，單獨(dú)使用時(shí)表達(dá)否定含義，區(qū)別于afew（表達(dá)肯定含義“幾個(gè)，一些”）。*would：[情態(tài)動詞]會（表示相信或期待）。*dispute：vt.對…提出質(zhì)疑。*theterm：這個(gè)術(shù)語。這里代指上文提到的anti-science一詞。*applyto：v.適用于。*whose：pron.他/她/它的；他/她/它們的。在這里代指“theUnabomber’s（郵包炸彈恐怖主義者的）”引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中作manifesto（從句主語）的定語。*manifest：n.宣言，聲明。*publish：vt.發(fā)表；出版。這里published是其過去分詞形式，與in1995構(gòu)成過去分詞短語，作manifesto的后置定語。這個(gè)短語前后的逗號表示說話節(jié)奏的停頓，便于讀者分清句子結(jié)構(gòu)。*scorn：vt.蔑視，鄙視。*longfor：v.[固定短語]渴望。*return：n.返回。注意這里的return是名詞，作介詞for的賓語；介詞短語toapre-technologicalutopia作return的后置定語，介詞to表示方向“往，向，到”。*theUnabomber是universityandairlinebomber的縮略形式，指的是美國郵包炸彈殺手TheodoreKaczynski(西奧多?凱辛斯基)。*pre-technological：adj.前技術(shù)時(shí)代的。*utopia：n.理想社會；烏托邦。句子成分分析*主句主干：主語Few//謂語woulddispute//賓語從句that…utopia。*賓語從句主干：主語theterm//謂語appliesto//賓語theUnabomber（whose…utopia是定語從句修飾Unabomber）。*定語從句主干：主語whosemanifesto（whose修飾manifesto；后面的publishedin1995作whosemanifesto的后置定語）//謂語（1）scorns+賓語（1）science//連詞and//謂語（2）longsfor+賓語（2）return（介詞短語toapre-technologicalutopia作return的后置定語）英語二新題型練習(xí)（一）

Directions:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyreadinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MakeyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)“Universityhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedintheworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,”wrotetheVictorianThomasCarlyleWell,notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavoritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromourforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspiration.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDebinsIllustribus-onFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,hechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders.Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthoroftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessoftheartist’spersonexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianauthorSamuelSmilewroteself-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplorers.“Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-help,ofpatientpurposeresoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrity,issuingintheformationoftrulynobleandmanlycharacter,exhibit.”wroteSmile,“whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself.”HisbiographiesofJamesWatt,RichardArkwrightandJosianWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.Noteveryonewasconvincedbysuchbombast.“Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles,”wroteMarxandEngelinTheCommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing,itpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:“Itisman,livingmanwhodoesallthat.”Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle,Assuch,itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,givenandtransmittedfromthepast.”Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding-fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies-wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs.[A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes41.Petrarchhighlightedthepublicgloryoftheleadingartists.42.NiccolòMachiavelli[C]focusedonepochalfigureswhoseliveswerehardtoimitate.43.SamuelSmiles[D]openedupnewrealmsofunderstandingthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.44.ThomasCarlyle[E]heldthathistoryshould45.MarxandEngels[F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccessfulleaders.

[G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineerindustrialistsandexplorers.練習(xí)（二）Directions:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)A.BesillyB.HavefunC.AskforhelpD.Expressyouremotions.E.Don’toverthinkitF.BeeasilypleasedG.NoticethingsActYourShoeSize,NotYourAge.(1)Asadults,itseemsthatwe’reconstantlypursuinghappiness,oftenwithmixedresults.Yetchildrenappeartohaveitdowntoanart-andforthemostparttheydon’tneedself-helpbooksortherapy.Instead,theylookaftertheirwellbeinginstinctivelyandusuallymoreeffectivelythanwedoasgrownups.Perhapsit’stimetolearnafewlessonsfromthem.41___________.(2)Whatdoesachilddowhenhe’ssad?Hecries.Whenhe’sangry?Heshouts.Scared?Probablyabitofboth.Aswegrowup,welearntocontrolouremotionssotheyaremanageableanddon’tdictateourbehaviours,whichisinmanywaysagoodthing.Buttoooftenwetakethisprocesstoofarandendupsuppressingemotions,especiallynegativeones.That’saboutaseffectiveasbrushingdirtunderacarpetandcanevenmakeusill.Whatwefeelappropriatelyandthen-again,likechildren-moveon.42__________.AcoupleofChristmasesago,myyoungeststepdaughter,whowas9yearsoldatthetime,gotaSupermanT-shirtforChristmas.Itcostlessthanafiverbutshewasoverjoyed,andcouldn’tbiggerhouseorbettercarwillbethemagicsilverbulletthatwillallowustofinallybecontent,buttherealityisthesethingshavelittlelastingimpactonourhappinesslevels.Instead,beinggratefulforsmallthingseverydayisamuchbetterwaytoimprovewellbeing.43__________.Haveyouevernoticedhowmuchchildrenlaugh?Ifweadultscouldindulgeinabitofsillinessandgiggling,wewouldreducethestresshormonesinourbodies,increasegoodhormoneslikeendorphins,improvebloodflowtoourheartsandeverhaveagreaterchanceoffightingoffinfection.Allofwhichwould,ofcourse,haveapositiveeffectonourhappinesslevels.44__________.Theproblemwithbeingagrownupisthatthere’sanawfullotofseriousstufftodealwith-work,mortgagepayments,figuringoutwhattocookfordinner.Butasadultswealsohavetheluxuryofbeingabletocontrolourowndiariesandit’simportantthatwescheduleintimetoenjoythethingwelove.Thosethingsmightbesocial,sporting,creativeorcompletelyrandom(dancingaroundthelivingroom,anyone?)-itdoesn’tmatter,solongasthey’reenjoyable,andnotlikelytohavenegativesideeffects,suchasdrinkingtoomuchalcoholorgoingonawildspendingspreeifyou’reonatightbudget.45__________.Havingsaidalloftheabove,it’simportanttoaddthatweshouldn’ttrytoohardtobehappy.Scientiststellusthiscanbackfireandactuallyhaveanegativeimpactonourwellbeing.AstheChinesephilosopherChuangTzuisreportedtohavesaid:“Happinessistheabsenceofstrivingforhappiness.”Andinthat,oncemore,weneedtolooktotheexampleofourchildren,towhomhappinessisnotagoalbutanaturalbyproductofthewaytheylive.練習(xí)（三）Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Livelikeapeasant[B]Balanceyourdiet[C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends[D]Remembertotreatyourself[E]Sticktowhatyouneed[F]Planningisevervthing[G]Wastenot,wantnotThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.Afterbills,Tonyhas￡60aweektospend,￡40ofwhichgoesonfood,but10yearsagohewasearning￡130,000aIyearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon'sbetftrestaurants'"atleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagain,toacertaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI'dlost.Butit'sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe'slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He'sfeelingpositive,buthe'llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestate,withbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"-buteatingwellonabudget.Here'shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.41._____________________Impulsivespendingisn'tanoption,soplanyourweek'smenuinadvance,makingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfast,lunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it'snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It'salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweekly,because,being-human,you'llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.42____________________________________________________________Thisiswheresupermarketsandthci;anonymitycomeinhandy.Withthem,there'snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperly,you'llknowthatyouonlyneed,say,350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller.43_________Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-that'snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou'lldoavegetablesoup,andallfruitsthreateningto"gooff'willbecookedorjuiced.44___________________________________Everyonesaysthis,butitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchers,delisandfish-sellersregularly,evenforsmallthings,andbesuperfriendly.Soonyou'llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey'veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,orbeefbones,chickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhich,moreoftenthannot,Theyilletyouhaveforfree.

45__________________Youwon'tbeeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant-￡1.75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou￡21-morethan"enoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.It's￡16.95there-or￡12.99foralargepizzafromDomino's:IknowwhichI'drathereat.練習(xí)（四）Directions:Readthefollowingtextanddecidewhethereachofthestatementsistrueorfalse.ChooseTifthestatementistrueorFitthestatementisnottrue.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftFuelBOTHBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft,the787andA350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluse,anditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,andaseminalpaperbyaGermanresearchercalledCarlWieselsberger,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation—aV-shape,echelonorotherwise—expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabirdswingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips,aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrKrooandhisteammodelledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandLasVegasweretorendezvousoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formation,occasionallyswapplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(withaconcomitantreductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereare,ofcourse,kinkstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellinginconvoy?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnauticalmiles,andwouldnotbeintheunnervinglycosygroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviation.Organisationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,theplanes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflights.Asithappens,America’sarmedforcesareonthecasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.Therearereportsthatsomemili