80T六梁橋式鑄造起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的畢業(yè)論文正稿

./80T六梁橋式鑄造起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的畢業(yè)論文摘要六梁鑄造起重機(jī)是橋式起重機(jī)的重要組成部分,是中大型起重設(shè)備,由四根主梁和兩根端梁組成。本設(shè)計(jì)采用偏軌箱型主梁,設(shè)計(jì)過程中從強(qiáng)度、剛度、穩(wěn)定性三個(gè)方面來計(jì)算,對(duì)于A7工作級(jí)別的起重機(jī)來說還要進(jìn)行疲勞強(qiáng)度校核,這就和A6以下工作級(jí)別的起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)有了很大的區(qū)別,在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)靜強(qiáng)度有很大的富余,在計(jì)算局部穩(wěn)定性的時(shí)候還要注意局部輪壓的作用,這時(shí)候需要驗(yàn)算加勁肋的區(qū)格驗(yàn)算,很有可能需要再次驗(yàn)算。設(shè)計(jì)中在滿足剛度、強(qiáng)度、穩(wěn)定性的前提下,探討了該機(jī)型金屬結(jié)構(gòu)受力的空間傳遞分配規(guī)律,推導(dǎo)出內(nèi)力計(jì)算公式。本文針對(duì)空間橋架內(nèi)力的傳遞進(jìn)行探討,在一定假定條件下,得出主、副梁及主、端梁間的傳遞規(guī)律。關(guān)鍵詞：鑄造起重機(jī),應(yīng)力,疲勞強(qiáng)度,穩(wěn)定性AbstractCastingsixbeamsoverheadcranesareanimportantcomponentpartofthemediumandlargeliftingequipment,bythefourmaingirderbeamsandtwo-component,thedesignbasedonthepartialtracksboxgirder,thedesignprocessfromthestrength,stiffness,Stabilitythreeaspects,fortheworking-levelA7cranewillrunforcalibration.Thisandthefollowingworking-levelA6cranedesignwithvastlydifferent,inthedesignwhentherearelargestaticstrengthofthesurplusinthecalculationofregionalstabilitybutalsotothepartialpressureoftheround,ThisneedstimecheckingSTIFFENERcheckingthegrid,islikelytobecheckedagain.Thestructureofthecraneiscomposedoftheprimarycentrolgirder,theassistantcentrolgirder,theprimarydead-endgirderandtheassistantdead-endgirderaccordingtothetraitofthecrane.Ontheadvanceoftheintensity,rigidityandstructuresupportingtheloadisstudiedmainly.Atthesametimewealsoincludetheformulatewhichisusedtocalculatetheinternalforce.Somekindsofconditionsareassuredinordertoholdtheinternalrelationbetweenthem.Keywords:rigidity,intensity,fatiguestrength,stability第一章總體方案設(shè)計(jì)§1.1原始參數(shù)起重量Q<主/副>180/50t跨度S22m工作級(jí)別AiA8起升高度H<主/副>20/22m起升速度V<主/副>4.5/11.4m/min運(yùn)行速度<主/副/大車>36/33.7/73.5m/min輪距<主/副/大車>4080/1850/9800mm軌距<主/副/大車>8700/3000/22000mm輪壓<主/副/大車>34500/19640/87600kg起重機(jī)重量220t§1.2總體結(jié)構(gòu)及設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)已給參數(shù),此橋式鑄造起重機(jī)噸位、跨度較大,為減少結(jié)構(gòu)的超靜定次數(shù),改善受力,方便運(yùn)輸,選用六梁鉸接式結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)構(gòu)框架如圖<1>圖<1>§1.3材料選擇及許用應(yīng)力根據(jù)總體結(jié)構(gòu),鑄造起重機(jī)工作級(jí)別A8為重級(jí),工作環(huán)境溫度較高,設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算時(shí)疲勞強(qiáng)度為其首要約束條件,選用Q235-A,考慮起重量較大,主/副梁均采用偏軌箱型梁。材料的許用應(yīng)力及性能常數(shù)見表1、表2。表1.1材料許用應(yīng)力板厚正應(yīng)力剪應(yīng)力mm>16370152.0167.9184.487.7696.94106.5370158.8175.4192.691.7101.3111.2表1.2材料性能常數(shù)表彈性模量E剪切彈性模量G密度§1.4各部件尺寸及截面性質(zhì)1.主主梁尺寸初選高度=1294~1571mm考慮大車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)安裝在主梁內(nèi),且主主梁與副主梁的高度差必須滿足一定得要求,故將主主梁取為大截面薄鋼板的形式,以達(dá)到節(jié)省材料、重量輕的要求。因此取腹板高度mm。為了省去走臺(tái),對(duì)寬型偏軌箱型梁,主主梁腹板內(nèi)側(cè)間距取mm>=440mm。上下翼緣板厚度mm,上翼緣板長(zhǎng)2530mm,下翼緣板長(zhǎng)2326mm,主腹板厚度mm,副腹板厚度mm。上下翼緣板外伸部分長(zhǎng)不相同。有軌道一側(cè)上翼緣板外伸長(zhǎng)度mm,取250mm。其它翼緣外伸部分長(zhǎng)度mm。mm<焊縫厚度>取=50mm。軌道側(cè)主腹板受局部壓應(yīng)力,應(yīng)將板加厚,由局部壓應(yīng)力的分布長(zhǎng)度,設(shè)計(jì)離上翼緣板350mm的一段腹板板厚取為18mm。主主梁跨中截面尺寸如圖<2>圖<2>2．主主梁跨端截面尺寸高度mm要確定主主梁跨端截面尺寸,只需確定其高度,取=1300mm,跨端下翼緣板厚度為18mm。主主梁跨端截面尺寸如圖<3>3．截面性質(zhì)<1>主主梁跨中建立如圖示的坐標(biāo)系,計(jì)算形心位置=1256.851257mm。=1238.881239mm計(jì)算彎心位置mm彎心近似地在截面對(duì)稱形心軸上,其至主腹板中線的距離為1021mm。凈截面面積毛截面面積計(jì)算慣性矩對(duì)形心軸的慣性矩對(duì)形心軸的慣性矩<2>主主梁跨端截面性質(zhì)凈截面面積毛截面面積建立圖示的坐標(biāo)系,計(jì)算形心位置計(jì)算慣性矩,對(duì)形心軸的慣性矩對(duì)形心軸的慣性矩二、副主梁尺寸1.初選梁高=1294~1571mm,取腹板高度,上下翼緣板厚度,腹板厚度：主腹板,副腹板厚度,副主梁總高副主梁寬度,取腹板內(nèi)側(cè)間距且1100,主腹板一側(cè)上翼緣板外伸長(zhǎng)度,取外伸長(zhǎng),其余懸伸長(zhǎng)大于1.5倍的焊縫厚度,取。其尺寸如下圖圖<4>2.副主梁跨端截面尺寸的確定確定其高度,取腹板高度為800副主梁跨端截面尺寸如圖<5>圖<5>3.截面性質(zhì)<1>跨中建立圖示的直角坐標(biāo)系,求形心位置凈截面面積毛截面面積計(jì)算彎心位置A彎心距主腹板板厚中線的距離為計(jì)算慣性矩對(duì)形心軸的慣性矩：對(duì)形心軸的慣性矩：副主梁跨端截面性質(zhì)建立圖示的坐標(biāo)系,求截面形心位置凈截面面積毛截面面積對(duì)形心軸的慣性矩：對(duì)形心軸的慣性矩：三、端梁截面尺寸考慮大車車輪的安裝及臺(tái)車的形狀尺寸,端梁內(nèi)寬取為600。初設(shè)截面尺寸如下圖圖<6>形心即對(duì)稱中心對(duì)形心軸的慣性矩：凈截面面積毛截面面積四、各截面尺寸及性質(zhì)匯總表圖<7>尺寸匯總表1.3單位：mm主主梁跨中181814122530232622002400跨端181814122530232622001264副主梁跨中16161081270118011001500跨端1616108127011801100800端梁12121010660660600776截面性質(zhì)匯總表1.4凈面積毛面積主主梁跨中123912571512085351034跨端12376751216722837066副主梁跨中629782662001681244跨端62442753600904944端梁33040031360480680第二章橋架分析§2.1載荷組合的確定一、動(dòng)力效應(yīng)系數(shù)的計(jì)算1．起升沖擊系數(shù)0.9對(duì)橋式鑄造起重機(jī)2．起升動(dòng)載系數(shù)主主梁副主梁3．運(yùn)行沖擊系數(shù)為大車運(yùn)行速度=73.5,為軌道街頭處兩軌面得高度差,根據(jù)工作級(jí)別,動(dòng)載荷用載荷組合進(jìn)行計(jì)算,應(yīng)用運(yùn)行沖擊系數(shù)。§2.2橋架假定為了簡(jiǎn)化六梁鉸結(jié)橋架的計(jì)算,特作如下假定：根據(jù)起重機(jī)的實(shí)際工作情況,以主、副小車一起工作為最不利載荷工況。主主梁、副主梁的端部與端梁在同一水平面內(nèi)。由于端梁用鉸接分成5段,故副主梁的垂直載荷對(duì)相互間受力分析互不影響。將端梁結(jié)構(gòu)看作多跨靜定梁,主主梁受力作為基本結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)副主梁無影響；副主梁受力作為附屬部分對(duì)主主梁有影響。計(jì)算副主梁水平載荷時(shí),將鉸接點(diǎn)看成剛性連接?！?.3載荷計(jì)算1．主主梁自重由設(shè)計(jì)給出的主小車輪壓34500kg,選用車輪材料ZG35CrMnSi,車輪直徑,軌道型號(hào)QU120,許用值38700kg。由軌道型號(hào)QU120查得軌道理論重量,主小車軌道重量欄桿等重量主梁的均布載荷2．主小車布置,兩側(cè)起升機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)稱布置,重心位于對(duì)稱中心。吊具質(zhì)量起升載荷小車重量因主小車噸位較大,采用臺(tái)車形式八個(gè)車輪,可求實(shí)際主小車滿載時(shí)的靜輪壓一根主主梁上空載小車輪壓3．慣性載荷一根主主梁上小車慣性力主小車上主動(dòng)輪占一半,按主動(dòng)車輪打滑條件確定主小車的慣性力大車起、制動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的慣性力4．偏斜運(yùn)行側(cè)向力一根主主梁的重量為主主梁跨端焊接上兩塊耳板,與副主梁端梁連接,在計(jì)算時(shí),按假想端梁截面進(jìn)行計(jì)算。圖<8>與主主梁連接的端梁部分〔將超出軌距的一部分所假想而成的端梁截面尺寸其截面尺寸如下形心對(duì)形心軸的慣性矩：對(duì)形心軸的慣性矩：端梁凈截面積端梁毛截面積一根端梁?jiǎn)挝婚L(zhǎng)度重量一組大車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)重量司機(jī)室及其電氣設(shè)備的重量主主梁側(cè)假想端梁重滿載小車在主主梁跨中左側(cè)端梁總靜輪壓由下圖<12>計(jì)算由查圖3-8得,側(cè)向力為滿載小車在主主梁左端極限位置左側(cè)端梁總靜輪壓為此處省略

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN字起升質(zhì)量起升載荷起升鋼絲繩滑輪組的最大下放長(zhǎng)度為取,為吊具最小下放距離橋架跨中靜位移為查選用倍率,,由鋼絲繩靜拉力選用型鋼絲繩起升鋼絲繩滑輪組的靜伸長(zhǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量影響系數(shù)橋式起重機(jī)的垂直自振頻率4．水平動(dòng)剛度起重機(jī)水平動(dòng)剛度以物品高位懸掛,滿載小車位于橋架跨中的水平自振頻率來表征。半橋架中點(diǎn)的換算質(zhì)量為半剛架跨中在單位水平力作用下產(chǎn)生的水平位移為橋式起重機(jī)的水平自振頻率為§4.5橋架拱度橋架跨度中央的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)拱度值考慮制造因素,實(shí)取跨度中央兩邊按拋物曲線設(shè)置拱度,如下圖<34>距跨中為的點(diǎn),距跨中為的點(diǎn),距跨中為的點(diǎn),第五章端梁校核§5.1主主梁端部耳板設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算主主梁跨端結(jié)構(gòu)受力,工況：滿載小車位于主梁跨端,大小車同時(shí)運(yùn)行起制動(dòng)及橋架偏斜。1．垂直載荷主梁最大支承力因作用點(diǎn)的變動(dòng)引起的附加力矩為按假想端梁計(jì)算自重計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖<35>端梁支座反力如圖,截面1-1彎矩剪力截面2-2彎矩剪力2．水平載荷端梁的水平載荷有,,,,亦按簡(jiǎn)支梁計(jì)算,見圖<36>因作用點(diǎn)外移引起的附加水平彎矩為彎矩截面1-1剪切力截面2-2在,,,水平力作用下,2-2處水平反力3．主梁端部耳板設(shè)計(jì)截面性質(zhì)：建立如圖示坐標(biāo)系校核截面2-2處腹板中軸處切應(yīng)力合格截面1-1處銷軸所受剪應(yīng)力在驗(yàn)算端梁完計(jì)算,見后面?！?.2副主梁一側(cè)端梁的校核1.端梁校核載荷計(jì)算：副主梁與端梁看作是多跨靜定梁的附屬部分；主主梁對(duì)附屬部分無影響。工況：取滿載小車位于主梁跨端,大小車同時(shí)起、制動(dòng)及橋架偏斜。<1>垂直載荷主梁最大支承力因作用點(diǎn)的變動(dòng)引起的附加力矩為端梁自重端梁在垂直載荷作用下按簡(jiǎn)支梁計(jì)算端梁支反力截面1-1截面2-2<2>水平載荷端梁的水平載荷有,,,,按簡(jiǎn)支梁計(jì)算。因作用點(diǎn)外移引起的附加水平彎矩為先求支反力：端梁的水平反力水平剪切力彎矩截面1-1剪切力軸向力2．強(qiáng)度校核只需校核2-2截面截面角點(diǎn)①處應(yīng)力腹板邊緣的應(yīng)力翼緣板對(duì)中軸的靜矩為折算應(yīng)力為3．疲勞強(qiáng)度只考慮垂直載荷,工況：滿載小車位于跨中及跨端截面2-2。滿載小車在副主梁跨端時(shí),端梁截面2-2的最大彎矩和剪切力為空載小車位于跨中時(shí),端梁支反力下翼緣板焊縫應(yīng)力根據(jù)A8及Q235,下翼緣板采用雙面貼角焊縫,應(yīng)力集中等級(jí),查得焊縫拉伸疲勞許用應(yīng)力合格按查得取拉伸疲勞許用應(yīng)力合格4．穩(wěn)定性整體穩(wěn)定性〔穩(wěn)定局部穩(wěn)定性翼緣板〔穩(wěn)定腹板不需設(shè)置橫隔板。5．校核銷軸所受的力如圖<40>,耳板與端梁連接處銷軸1、4,所受垂直方向的剪力較大,而2、3受水平方向拉力,其在垂直方向幾乎不受力。只需校核受力較大的1、4銷軸。設(shè)計(jì)銷軸直徑為對(duì)銷軸合格對(duì)支撐板的擠壓應(yīng)力,設(shè)支撐板厚20mm。支撐板的擠壓力合格6．副主梁與端梁的連接副主梁與端梁采用連接板貼角焊縫連接,主梁兩側(cè)各用一塊連接板與端梁的腹板焊接,連接板厚,高度,取主梁腹板與端梁腹板之間留有的間隙,在組裝橋架時(shí)用來調(diào)整跨度。主梁翼緣板伸出梁端套裝在端梁翼緣板外側(cè)。用貼角焊縫,周邊焊住,必要時(shí)在主梁端部?jī)?nèi)側(cè),主、端梁的上下翼緣板處焊上三角板,以增強(qiáng)連接的水平剛度,承受水平剪力。副主梁最大支承力連接處需要的焊縫長(zhǎng)度為：〔合格至此橋架設(shè)計(jì)全部合格,橋架結(jié)構(gòu)施工圖見附圖。致謝經(jīng)過近三個(gè)月的設(shè)計(jì),我對(duì)橋式鑄造起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)步驟、內(nèi)容和方法有了更深入的了解,同時(shí)鞏固了已學(xué)的金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的相關(guān)知識(shí),為以后的工作學(xué)習(xí)打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。這次設(shè)計(jì)橋式鑄造起重機(jī)的突出特點(diǎn)是工作級(jí)別高、起重量大。在設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算時(shí)高工作級(jí)別的結(jié)構(gòu)所允許的疲勞強(qiáng)度許用值很低,疲勞強(qiáng)度成為設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算的首要約束條件,因此要重點(diǎn)校核疲勞強(qiáng)度。另一個(gè)收獲就是要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)受力的特點(diǎn)應(yīng)用材料,將材料用到該用的地方。而受力小的地方就盡可能少用材料。比如主腹板上側(cè)受局部壓應(yīng)力較大,則局部加厚主腹板上側(cè)部分,使其能夠承擔(dān)更大的應(yīng)力。這種有針對(duì)性的設(shè)計(jì)能最大限度地節(jié)省材料,更加合理。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中,得到了學(xué)院有關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的關(guān)心和支持,尤其是指導(dǎo)老師給了我們很大的幫助,在此對(duì)他們認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)的精神和付出的辛苦表示衷心的感謝。由于時(shí)間較緊,而且我也是第一次完成這樣完整的設(shè)計(jì),由于實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的欠缺,在設(shè)計(jì)中一定有許多考慮不周的地方。需要在今后的學(xué)習(xí)和工作中總結(jié)提高。希望各位老師和同學(xué)批評(píng)指正。參考文獻(xiàn)[1]徐克晉主編《金屬結(jié)構(gòu)》北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社1982.[2]徐格寧主編《起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)》北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社1995.[3]XX起重機(jī)器廠編《起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》XX：XX人民出版社1979.[4]徐格寧主編《機(jī)械裝備金屬結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)》普通高等教育‘十一五’國(guó)家級(jí)規(guī)劃教材2008.9[5]起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編寫組《起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社1977.[6]倪慶興、王殿臣主編《起重輸送機(jī)械圖冊(cè)》北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社1992.[7]張質(zhì)文、王金諾主編《起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》北京：中國(guó)鐵道出版社1997.[8]陳道楠、盛XX主編《起重機(jī)課程設(shè)計(jì)》冶金工業(yè)出版社1982.[9]徐格寧、智浩編《XX重型機(jī)械學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)》1993年第4期第14卷《鑄造起重機(jī)橋架空間結(jié)構(gòu)分析與疲勞計(jì)算》1993.[10]劉鴻文主編《材料力學(xué)》高等教育出版社2003.附錄APortalpowerChina’srapideconomicgrowthinthepastdecadehasresultedinabigincreaseinfreighttrafficthroughthecountry’sseaports.OldportsarebeingexpandedandnewportsbuilttohandlethelargegrowthincontainerandbulkcargotrafficallalongtheChinesecoastline.China’sportexpansionprogrammehasprovidedastrongboosttothedomesticportequipmentindustry,whichhasenjoyedastrongincreaseindemandforportcranesofvarioustypes,includingcontainercranesandportalcranesalongwithbulkcargohandlingequipment.State-runChinaHarbourEngineering<group>CorporationLtd,establishedundertherulingStateCouncil,isChina’slargestsupplierofportcranesandbulkcargohandlingequipment.TheorganizationcontrolsbothShanghaiZhenhuaPortMachineryCoLtd<ZPMC>,theworld’slargestmanufacturerofquaysidecontainercranes,andShanghaiPortMachineryPlant<SPMP>,whichspecializesinthemanufacturerofportalcranesandothercranesusedinportsalongwithdrybulkcargohandlingequipment.SPMP’smainmarketisChina,althoughthecompanyislookingtoexpanditsoverseassales.AlthoughlesswellknownthanitsassociateZPMC,SPMPalsooperateslargemanufacturingfacilities,andisduetomovepartofitsproductionshortlytoChangxingIslandnearShanghaiwhereZPMCalreadyoperatesalargecontainercranefabricationplant.PortalandotherharbourcranesareSPMP’smajorproductionitem.Duringthepasttwoyears,thecorporationhaswoncontractsfor145portalcranesfromportauthoritiesthroughoutChina,bothfromnewportsunderconstructionandportsundergoingexpansion.Inrecentyears,SPMPhasalsosuppliedportalcranestotheUnitedStates,Iraq,andMyanmar.TheportRangoonofMyanmarinhaspurchaseda47m,40tportalcranewhileBIWoftheUnitedStateshaspurchasedthreecranes-15t,150t,and300tportalcranes.Elsewhere,SPMPhassupplied12portalcranestoseveralportsinIraqsincetheendoftheSaddamregime.InChina,SPMP’srecentmajorordersforportalcranesincludeeight40t,45mradiuscranesforTianjinOverseasMineralTerminal,whileYanTaiPortBureauinGuangdonginsouthernChinahaspurchasedsix40t,45mradiuscranes.Otherlargeordersincludeseven10t,25mradiuscranesforZhenjiangPortGroupandanorderof1025t,33mradiuscranesfromFangchengPortBureau,whiletheYingkouPortGrouphasordered1325t,35mradiuscranesalongwithtwo40t,44mradiusportcranes.MANYCRANESBUILTTOORDERSPMPalsosuppliesothercranesusedinportsandharbours,manyofwhicharebuilttoorderforclients.QuaysidecontainercraneshavebeensuppliedtoanumberofforeignclientsincludingBangkokPortinThailand,KaohsiungPortinTaiwan,andPortofVancouverinCanada.InChina,SPMPhassuppliedquaysidecontainercranestoShanghaiPort,TianjinPort,YinKouPort,YanTaiPortandothers.Thecompanyalsosuppliesrubber-tyredcontainergantrycranestodomesticandoverseasclients.CustomersforothercranesusedinportsincludeGuangzhouPortinGuangdong,whichpurchaseda25tfloatingcranewhileZhonggangPorthasboughttwodoubletrolley125/63tgantrycranes,alongwitha700toverheadcrane,In2003ZhonggangPortawardedacontracttoSPMPfora2,600tfloatingcrane,whichiisthelargestcranethecompanyhasmadeinrecentyears.OthercustomersincludeZhongyuanNanytongShipyardofJiangsuProvincehaspurchasedtwo300tgoliathcranesforuseinitsshipyard,whileShanghaiWaigaoqiaoShipyardusestwoofSPMP’s600tgoliathcranesforitsshipbuildingoperations.SPMPhastwofactories.TheShanghaiplantemploys2,000workerswhileafactoryinJiangsuProvinceemploys1,500workers.Thecombinedtotalof3,500workersincludes800technicalandmanagementstaffinvolvedindesigning,developing,andbuildingportalandothercranesalongwithdrybulkcargoloadingandunloadingequipment.Currently,SPMPispreparingtovacateitsShanghaifactorysiteasthecompany’sexistingplotoflandispartofariversideareaearmarkedbytheShanghaiExpoin2010.SPMP’sShanghaifactorywillcloseattheendof2006,andmovetoanewsiteonnearbyChangxingIsland."Thenewfactorywillbemuchbiggerthanthepresentplant,"Lisaid."Phase1willbereadyforuswhenwemoveattheendof2006."InadditiontomovingtheShanghaifactorytoanewsite,SPMPexpectsfuturebusinessoperationwithZPMC.OfficialsatChinaHarbourEngineering<Group>CorporationareunderstoodtohavetoldSPMPofplantsforSPMPandZPMCtoco-operatemoreinbiddingforprojectsinfuture.Bothcompaniesareexpectedtoretaintheirindividualmanufacturingcapability,however,withprecisedetailsoffutureco-operationstillsomewayfrombeingfinalised.Meanwhile,SPMPassociatecompanyZPMCisstrengtheningitspositionastheworld’slargestmanufacturerofship-to-shorecontainercranes,supplyingslightlymorethanhalftheannualinternationalcontainercranemarket.Inadditiontooperatingfourcraneproductioncomplexesforitscranemanufacturingandotherbusinesses.ZPMC’sfullrangeofproductsincludesquaysidecontainercranes,rubber-tyredgantrycranes,bulkmaterialshiploadersandunloaders,bucket-wheelstackersandreclaimers,portalcranes,floatingcranes,andengineeringvessels.Thecompanyhasalsodiversifiedintomanufacturingotherlargesteelstructuresincludinglargesteelbridges.ZPMCEXPANDINGPRODUCTIONZPMC’scranesandotherproductsareinuseatover150shippingterminalsin37countriesandregionsworldwide.BytheendofDecember2005,ZPMChadsupplied705quaysidecontainercranes,andhadordersinhandtodeliveranother128quaysidecontainercranesin2006.Inaddition,attheendof2005ZPMChaddelivered1,148rubber-tyredgantrycranestocustomersworldwideandhadordersinhandtodeliver308rubber-tyredgantrycranestocustomersin2006.ZPMCisexpandingproductionfacilitiesinexpectationthatthevolumeoforderswillgrowinfuture.ThecompanyownsfourcraneproductioncomplexesinShanghaiandthesurroundingareaatJiangyin,Changzhou,ZhangjiangandChangxingIsland.TheChangxingproductionsite,whichwascompletedin2001,coversonemillionsqm,andhasa3.5kmcoastline.Thefacilityiscapableofmanufacturing160quaysideship-to-shorecontainercraneseachyearalongwith300rubber-tyredgantrycranesand200,000metrictonsoflargesteelbridgestructures.Planscallforafuther3millionsqmoflandtobereclaimedatChangxing,whichZPMCwilldeveloptobecomeitslargestproductioncentre.KorealooksinwardInafragmentedglobalportcraneindustry,KoreanmanufacturersarebeingforcedtolookformorebusinessintheirdomesticmarketsSouthKorea’scontainercraneandportcraneequipmentmanufacturingindustryhasbecomemorefocusedonthedomesticmarketinrecentyearsasmanufacturershavefacedtoughpricecompetitionfromZPMCofChinainmajorforeignmarkets.Theproblemisthesameasthatfacedbyotherportcranemanufacturersaroundtheworld,noneofwhichaccountformorethanaboutan8%shareoftheworldcontainercranemarket.AswellasZPMC,competitionfromEuropeanandJapaneseequipmentsuppliersisalsostrong,bothforquaysidecontainercranesandforrubber-tyredgantrycranecontracts.WhileSouthKoreanfirms-includingHyundaiHeavyIndustries,SamsungHeavyIndustries,DoosanHeavyIndustries,andHanjinHeavyIndustries–continuetobidforinternationalcontracts,winninglargeordershasbecomeincreasinglyrare.DoosanHeavyIndustries&ConstructionCoLtdisbelievedtobetheonlySouthKoreanportcranemakertohavewonalargecontainercranecontractduringthepastfewyears,withmostordersbookerbyKoreanmanufacturersbeingforlessthan10craneunits.Doosanrecentlycompleteddeliveryofa42-unitrubber-tyredgantrycrane<RTGC>ordertothePortofSingaporeAuthorityPSNthatwasawardedin2004.Includingarecentcontract.DoosanhasreceivedorderstosupplythePortofSingaporewithatotalof120RTGCssince1997.TherecentbatchofRTGCsisdesignedforincreasedsafety.EschoftheRTGCsisfittedwith16wheelsinsteadoftheusualeight."Wehavesuppliedcontainercraneslocallyandoverseas.Mostprojectsareoneortwounits,butSingaporehasbeen120units,"commentedasourceinDoosanHeavyIndustries’materialhandlingequipmentdivision."Containercranescanliftoneortwocontainersdependingontheclient,butthetwinspreaderdesignisnormalnow.OurbiggestcontractbeforewaswithPusanPortforover10containercranes."BUILDINGPOWERPLANTSDoosanHeavyIndustries’majoractivitiesincludethedesignandconstructionofpowerplants.Apartfromsupplyingprotectionequipment,Doosanalsomanufacturesturbinesandgeneratorsets.Doosanhasalargecastingsandforgingdivision.OthermajoractivitiesincludetheconstructionofdesalinationplantsintheMiddleEast.ContainerporthandlingequipmentisproducedbyDoosan’smaterialhandlingequipmentdivision,whichsuppliescoalhandlingequipmentandbulkcargohandlingfacilitiesforotherindustries.PortofSingaporeAuthorityisthelargestcustomerforRTGCs.OtherrecentclientsincludeSouthernGatewayTerminalsinColombo,SriLanka,andKoreaExpressinthePortofPusan.Doosanalsosuppliesshiptoshorecontainercranes.RecentquaysidegantrycraneclientsincludeJakartaContainerTerminalinIndonesia,JawaharlalNehruPortnearMumbaiinIndia,andFrazerTerminalinVancouver."Prospectsforourportcranesalesarenotbright.ZPMCisdominatingtheworldmarketduetoprice,"thesourcecommented."WearelookingforprojectsnotinvovingZPMCastheyarenotconcernedwithallprojects.WegotcontractsinSingaporein2004and2005.Wehadnosuccessanywhereelse,butwearestillbiddingonvarioustenders."DoosanisexpectedtobeoneofthebiddersforcontainercranestobeinstalledinSouthKorea’splannedKwangyangBayPortexpansion.Thecompany’sR&Ddivisionisinvolveddevelopingnewautomatedcontrolsthatwillberequiredforquaysidecontainercranesinstalledintheportexpansion."Containercranesarewelldevelopedintechnicalterms.Thereisnothingelsetodevelopexceptforautomation,"thesourcesaid."Wearedevelopingmoreautomatedcontrols,butthenewfeaturesarenotcommercializedyet.OurgovernmenthasaplanforKwangyangBay3-2terminalproject,whichtheyannouncedwillbedevelopedasanautomatedterminal.Wehavetoadapttothis.Thetenderhasbeenpostponedforaboutsixyears.Weexpecttheprojectwillbetenderedagainin2007or2008."SouthKorea’sothercontainercranemanufacturersalsoareexpectedtobidfortheKwangyangBayproject,whichislikelytobeawardedtoalocalsupplier.HyundalSamhoHeavyIndustrieswillbeamongthebiddershavingrecentlycommissionedfiveautomatedrailmountedgantrycranes<RMGCs>alsoknownasautomatedtransfercranesatPusanEastContainerTerminal<PECT>.TheterminalhasbecomethefirstterminalinKoreatoinstallautomatedcranes,whichareinserviceatnewberthsfourandfive.Thecranesstacknine-widebetweena28.5mrailgauge,andhavedualcantileverscoveringtworoadlanes.Stackheightis1over6by9ft6inhighandoperationalspeedsare150m/minforthegantry,120m/minforthetrolleyand75-80m/minfortheemptyhoist.AmongotherrecentordersthatHyundaihaswonisacontractforfourquaysidecontainercranesfromHutchisonPortHoldingsandoneforUamPort.CompetitionfromZPMCremainsthemainchallengeinwinningoverseascontractsaccordingtoHyundaiHeavyIndustriessalesmanagerLeeYongTae:"Wearetryingtogetmoreprojects,butZPMChasaverylowprice.Wewilltrytocutourpricebutwethinkitwillleadtoabadsituationinfuture.""ifcustomersthinkthatqualityisimportantthenweareok,butiftheyjustthinkaboutpricewecannotwintheproject.Wehaveexperienceofbuildingcranestoliftoneortwocontainers.WebuythemaincranecontrolssystemfromABBandthenuseaKoreanfabricator."附錄B港口起重機(jī)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在過去的高速增長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)大幅增加了本國(guó)港口貨流量,以至于不斷擴(kuò)大老港口以及不斷修建新的港口以應(yīng)對(duì)快速增長(zhǎng)的集裝箱業(yè)務(wù)以及大宗貨物的流通。中國(guó)的港口擴(kuò)展進(jìn)程對(duì)本國(guó)港口裝備行業(yè)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈的刺激,這一進(jìn)程強(qiáng)烈需要大量的各種各樣的港口起重機(jī)的迅猛增加,包括集裝箱起重機(jī)、橋門式起重機(jī)以及其他能夠處理散料貨物的裝卸設(shè)備。由國(guó)資委掌控的中國(guó)港口工程集團(tuán)有限公司是中國(guó)最大的港口起重機(jī)和散料裝卸設(shè)備的供應(yīng)商。該集團(tuán)包括世界最大的港口集裝箱起重機(jī)生廠商振華港口機(jī)械有限公司〔ZPMC和精于生產(chǎn)用于港口的橋門式起重機(jī)以及干散貨物的裝卸設(shè)備的上海港口機(jī)械廠〔SPMP。上海港口機(jī)械廠主要市場(chǎng)是中國(guó)本地,雖然它在尋求擴(kuò)大海外銷售。盡管它沒有同行振華港口機(jī)械有限公司出名,上海港口機(jī)械廠擁有很多的大型生產(chǎn)設(shè)施,它計(jì)劃不久將一部分生產(chǎn)線轉(zhuǎn)移到上海附近的長(zhǎng)興島。振華港口機(jī)械有限公司已經(jīng)在那里建立了一個(gè)大型集裝箱起重機(jī)組裝廠。上海港口機(jī)械廠主要的生產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目是橋門式起重機(jī)和其它用途的港口起重機(jī)。在過去的兩年里,該公司已經(jīng)獲得了來自全國(guó)港務(wù)局的的145份橋門式起重機(jī)的合同,這其中包括正在建設(shè)的新港口和正在擴(kuò)張的港口。最近幾年,上海港口機(jī)械廠已經(jīng)向美國(guó),伊拉克以及緬甸提供橋門式起重機(jī)。緬甸的仰光港口購(gòu)買了一座跨度為47米,起重量為40噸的橋門式起重機(jī),然而美國(guó)的BIW購(gòu)買了三臺(tái)起重量分別為15t,150t,和300t起重機(jī)。另外,上海港口機(jī)械廠已向伊拉克的一些港口提供了12臺(tái)起重機(jī)自從薩達(dá)姆下臺(tái)后。在中國(guó),上海港口機(jī)械廠最近的主要訂單是橋門式起重機(jī),這其中包括天津海外礦產(chǎn)航運(yùn)碼頭的8臺(tái)起重量為40t,回轉(zhuǎn)半徑為45m的起重機(jī),然而,位于中國(guó)南部的XX鹽田港務(wù)局已經(jīng)購(gòu)買了6臺(tái)這樣的起重機(jī)。其它一些大的訂單包括XX港務(wù)集團(tuán)的7臺(tái)起重量為10t,回轉(zhuǎn)半徑為25m的起重機(jī)和XX務(wù)局的10臺(tái)起重量為25t,回轉(zhuǎn)半徑為33m的起重機(jī),而XX港務(wù)局已經(jīng)13臺(tái)起重量為25t,回轉(zhuǎn)半徑為35m和2臺(tái)起重量為40t,回轉(zhuǎn)半徑為44m的橋門機(jī)。許多起重機(jī)按照訂單在建上海港口機(jī)械廠也提供港口和海灣其它用途的起重機(jī),這些大多數(shù)按照客戶的要求建造。它已經(jīng)向許多國(guó)外客戶提供岸邊集裝箱起重機(jī),這其中包括泰國(guó)的曼谷港,XX的高雄港和加拿大的溫哥華港。在中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi),該公司已向上海港,天津港,XX港以及其他的一些港口提供岸邊集裝箱起重機(jī)。該公司也向國(guó)內(nèi)外客戶提供輪胎式龍門起重機(jī)。訂購(gòu)其它港口起重機(jī)的公司包括XX的XX,它購(gòu)買了一臺(tái)25t的浮吊,而中港港口已購(gòu)買了兩臺(tái)125/63t雙小車龍門起重機(jī)和一臺(tái)700t的橋式起重機(jī)。20XX,中港港口與上海港口機(jī)械廠簽訂一臺(tái)2600t的浮吊合同,這是該公司近些年做的最大噸位的起重機(jī)。其它的一些用戶包括XX省的中原XX造船廠,它已經(jīng)購(gòu)買了兩臺(tái)300t用于船塢的戈利亞特起重機(jī),而上海外高橋船廠已將上海港口機(jī)械廠的兩臺(tái)600t戈利亞特起重機(jī)用于船舶建造中。上海港口機(jī)械廠有兩個(gè)廠區(qū)。在上海的廠區(qū)有2000名工人,XX的廠區(qū)有1500名工人。在這3500名工人中,有800名技術(shù)人員和管理人員從事于設(shè)計(jì),開發(fā),建造港口類和其它類起重機(jī)以及大宗干散貨物的裝卸設(shè)備。目前,該公司正準(zhǔn)備遷出它在上海的廠區(qū),因?yàn)樵搮^(qū)是預(yù)留給2010上海世博會(huì)的一塊濱水區(qū)。該公司的上海分廠將于20XX年底關(guān)閉,它將遷移到一個(gè)在上海附近長(zhǎng)興島的新廠區(qū)。"新廠區(qū)將比現(xiàn)有的廠區(qū)大,"李說,"當(dāng)20XX年底我們遷出時(shí),我們將做好第一階段的準(zhǔn)備工作。"除了將上海的廠區(qū)遷移到新址外,該公司希望將來能與振華在業(yè)務(wù)上合作。中國(guó)港灣建設(shè)〔集團(tuán)總公司的高層們