WATER-SAFETY-PLANING-FOR-PERI-URBAN-SCHEMES-Hellen-：水安全計劃的planing為城郊傾斜資料教學(xué)課件

INTRODUCTIONTraditionallywaterqualityhasbeenmanagedbyprotectionofsourcesand/ortreatmentofwatersupplies.Asacheckonthecleanlinessofthesuppliedwater,watersamplesfromthesupplyaretestedfromtimetotime.Wherethismonitoringindicatesthatwaterqualityiscompromised,remedialmeasuresaretakentorectifythesituation.Inextremecaseswaterqualityproblemsmaybeidentifiedthroughmanifestationofdiseasessuchasdiarrhoea,dysentery,choleraortyphoidinthelocalpopulation.PROBLEMSWITHTHETRADITIONALAPPROACHRelyingonwaterqualitymonitoringand/oroutbreaksofdiseasemeansthatonceproblemsareidentifieditisalreadytoolateandthequalityofthesupplyisalreadycompromised.Treatingcontaminatedwatersources/supplieswithmitigationmeasuressuchaswidespreadchlorinationisa‘reactive’or‘curative’measureratherthana‘proactive’or‘preventative’anddoesnotgettotherootoftheproblem.Hencecontaminationcanbeexpectedtore-occurinfuture.AIMOFWATERSAFETYPLANNINGToassistthoseresponsiblefordrinkingwatersafetytobetterunderstandtheriskstotheirwatersourcesandwatersupplies,andimplementsimplechecksandmanagementmeasurestoensurewatersafety.ACTIVITIESINVOLVEDDescriptionofthewatersupplysystem;Identificationofriskstowatersafetye.g.throughuseofsanitarysurveillancetechniquesandmonitoringwaterqualityIdentificationofmeasurestocontrolthoserisks;AssigningresponsibilitiesforundertakingcontrolmeasuresIdentifyingcapacitybuildingrequirementsforresponsiblepersons/bodiesDevelopingaprocedureforcheckingtheWaterSafetyPlanisfunctioningeffectively.STAGESOFTHEWATERSAFETYPLANNINGEXERCISEPreparatory:ObtainNationalLevelcommitmentObtainWaterServiceBoardcommitmentforschemesintheirjurisdictionObtainWaterServiceProvidercommitmentfortheirparticularschemesUndertakeinstitutionalandorganisationalreviewforeachscheme(identifystakeholders)FormWaterSafetyTeamforeachschemeIdentifyhumanresourcecapacitygapsandwherethesecanbeovercomebycapacitybuildingDefinetoolsforsystemassessmentsofpipedwaterschemes

STAGESCONT…WaterSafetyPlanDevelopment:Conductsystemassessments(risk)DevelopWaterSafetyPlanmatrixIdentifyinfrastructure/supplygapsWaterSafetyPlanImplementation:Addressinfrastructure/supplygapsVerifyeffectivenessofWaterSafetyPlanthroughmonitoringandsurveillance(potentiallyinvolvingcommunities)ReviewandupdateWaterSafetyPlanFrequentTraining/capacitybuilding

STAKEHOLDERS

InaKenyancontextthelikelyWaterSafetystakeholdersareasfollows:MinistryofWaterandIrrigation(waterpolicy)MinistryofPublicHealthandSanitation(publichealthandsanitation)MinistryofMedicalServices(healthserviceprovision)WaterconsumerspossiblyrepresentedbyWaterUsersAssociations/CBOsWaterServiceProviders(waterserviceprovider)WaterServiceBoards(watersupplyinfrastructure,engagementandregulationofserviceprovider)WaterServicesRegulatoryBoard(overallwaterserviceregulator)WRMASUCCESSESDiscussionswithStakeholdersMOWI,MOPHS,Boards,WSP,WRMACommunitiesSystemdescription;37schemeswerecompletedSUCCESSESCONT’Identificationofriskstowatersafetye.g.throughuseofsanitarysurveillancetechniques;Identificationofmeasurestocontrolthoserisks;AssigningresponsibilitiesforundertakingcontrolmeasuresIdentifyingcapacitybuildingrequirementsforresponsiblepersons/bodiesDevelopingaprocedureforcheckingtheWaterSafetyPlanisfunctioningeffectively.WaterSafetyPlanDevelopment;Training/capacitybuilding,Conductsystemassessments,DevelopWaterSafetyPlanmatrix,Identifyinfrastructure/supplygapsCHALLENGESFewstaffandlackofwaterqualityknowledgeinwatersupplyGenerallywatertestingwasrarelydoneatthesupplyandthecompaniesMostwatersupplieswerepoorlymaintained.Therewerenolaboratoriesandlaboratoryequipmentinthewatersupplies.Schememapswerenotupdatedorwerenonexistent.CHALLENGESCONT….ElectricitycostsarehighWaterlossduetoleakagesarerampantRevenuecannotsupportservicesMaintenanceispoorMostoftheschemesareoldandneedmajorrehabilitation.LESSONSLEARNTImportanceoftheprocess;

Inoverall,thegeneralawareness-raisingregardingtheimportanceofwatersafety/waterqualitywasverybeneficialattheschemes.Inmostplaces,peopleunderstoodtheconcept.EngagingStakeholders;InvolvingallpartnerssuchasDPHO,PHO,WRMAandCBOs/NGOsintheprocesshasleadtobetterworkingrelationshiptowardsthesamegoal.StrengtheningthecapacityoftheWaterServiceProvidersformedunderthe2019WaterActwasveryurgentlyrequiredandhenceaveryusefulintervention.

LESSONSLEARNTCONT’InvolvementofPublicHealth,communities;

ThePublicHealthstaffhavebeenprovidedwithequipmentforroutinecheckingofthewaterqualitytheycanfeedbackresultstotheWSPsandact‘ontheground’asregulatorofthequalityofwatersuppliedCollectingDetailsontheEconomicsofSchemeOperation;

Oneunderlyingissuewastheeconomicviabilityoftheschemei.e.incomevexpenditure.thus,anumberofschemesnotcurrentlyeconomicallyviable,aredependantonexternalsupportsuchastheMoWIorlocalwell-wishersfortheirsurvivalThisisthecauseofmanyproblemsandpoorperformanceasregardsmaintenanceofphysicalinfrastructureandwatertreatmentanddisinfectionoperations.LESSONSLEARNTCONT’ApplicabilityoftheWaterSafetyPlanningApproachinKenyanContext;.DevelopmentofaWaterSafetyPlanassumesabasicleveloftechnicalknowledgeofthoseinvolved.ItwasnecessarytoraisetheleveloftechnicalknowledgeofstaffbeforeintroducingthecomplexitiesofaWaterSafetyPlan

Focuswasgivenfirsttotrainingonbasicprinciplesofwatertreatmentanddisinfection.operationandmaintenanceoftreatmentworksanddistributionsystemswaterqualitymonitoringandmitigation.LESSONSLEARNTCONT’TechnicalTraining;KEWIprovided‘onthejob’trainingattheschemeandtailoredeachtrainingtocoveroperationalissuesofimportancetotheparticularscheme.Thiswasbetterthanatheoretical,classroombasedtraining.SupplyofConsumables

Thereappearedtobearegularsupplyofconsumables,suchasalum,sodaashandchlorine,tothemajorityofschemesbyMoWIortheWSBPersonalProtectiveEquipmentforChemicalAttendantslackinginmajorityofschemesKEWITRAINING:WUNDANYI,MASENO-KOMBEWA,KAJULU&SIDINDILESSONSLEARNTCONT’Unaccountedforwaterishigh,eg,70-90%arecommon.Thisrepresentscosttowhichnoincomeisforthcoming.Causes:Oldandrun-downinfrastructureleadingtoexcessiveleakagesandburstsLackofwatermeteringandprevalenceofflatratewhereconsumerstakemorewaterthantheyactuallypayforLackofmastermetersorfaultymastermetersmeaningthevolumeofwateractuallysupplied/abstractedisoverestimatedCorruptionofwatersupplyoperativesi.e.‘turningablindeye’toillegalconnectionsorevencomplicityinsustainingillegalconnectionsforwhichnoincomeisforthcomingtothescheme

UNACCOUNTEDFORWATER(a)MarereWaterSupplyIntake(b)Leakageonthemainline,about100metresfromMarereWaterSupply(c)TreatedwaterpouringtowasteatMadabara1PumpingStationPHYSICALCONDITIONOFINFRASTRUCTUREDesignandconstructionqualityinmanycasesseemstohavebeengood,however,maintenanceandfurtherinvestmentovertheyearsarelackingLackofsolutiontanksanddosingequipmentforalum/chlorine;Filtermediarequiringreplacementhencefiltersbypassed;Lackofscourvalvesforgroundtanks;ExposedpipeworkincludingexposedPVCpipesininappropriateareas;iealongdrainageditches;Leakingvalves/lackofvalvechambersPoorqualityrepairstoburstpipese.g.withwrappingthepipewithapieceofrubber;Standposts/tapswithpoordrainageandlackofconcreteplatforms.

PHYSICALCONDITIONCONT.......Themajorityofschemeshadnoequipmentfortestingbasicwaterquality.Jartestingequipmentfordeterminingalumdosingwasabsentatthevastmajority.Majorityusedexperienceand‘trialanderror’.WeighingscalesformeasuringquantitiesofchemicalsfordosingarealsoabsentatthemajorityofschemesKnowledgeofchlorinedemand,theprinciplesofchlorinationandthenecessityofensuringresidualchlorinetopreventre-contaminationofwaterduringdistributionwaslimited.EquipmentformixinganddosingwatertreatmentanddisinfectionchemicalsaregenerallyimprovisedatthemajorityofschemesWELLCONSTRUCTEDBOREHOLE

VALVECONTAINEDINLOCKEDVALVECHAMBERWellprotectedvalve.LowriskWELLCONSTRUCTEDWATERKIOSK

WaterkioskGOODDESIGNS:RONGOWATERSUPPLY

VALVEWITHOUTVALVECHAMBERANDINUNSANITARYCONDITION:HIGHRISK

PIPEWORKINUNSANITARYCONDITIONSPipeingarbageUNSANITARYHOUSEHOLDTAP

PHYSICALCONDITIONOFDOZERSIMPROVISEDDOZERSCONT….OPERATIONALSTAFFWaterSupplyOperationalStaff;ThetechnicalcapacityofstaffoftheWaterServiceProvidersisveryvariable.Someschemeshavewellqualified,dedicatedandexperiencedop/staffi.eWaterOperators,PumpAttendants,ChemicalAttendants,PipeFittersandLinePatrollers.OtherschemesperhapshaveaqualifiedandexperiencedSchemeManager,butoperationalstaffwithlittleornotheoreticalknowledgeofoperationofawatersupply.PROBLEMSFACINGOPERATIONALSTAFFTransferofGovernmentstafftotheWaterServiceProvidersundertheSectorReformprocessseemstohavebeenvariablycompleted.ManyoftheactualstaffoperatingwatersuppliesarestillpermanentGovernmentemployees.OneupshotofthisisthatstaffareliabletotransferstootherpostswithintheGovernmentsystematanytime.LackofallegianceofMOWIstafftothecompanyandthescheme.lackofownershiporcommitmentofthestaffoftheWaterServiceProviders.

ThismaybepartlyduetothelackofassimilationofGovernmentstaffintotheWaterServiceProviders.NoincentivesACHIEVMENTSSOFAR..Awareness-raisingregardingtheimportanceofWSPsEngagingStakeholders

CollectingDetailsofeachscheme(systemsdescription)Training/capacitybuilding,Conductingsystemassessments,DevelopWaterSafetyPlanmatrix,Identifyinfrastructure/supplygapsStrengtheningthecapacityoftheWaterServiceProvidersformedunderthe2019WaterActtrainingonbasicprinciplesofwatertreatmentProvidingtestingequipmentto37waterschemesTestingwaterqualitycurrentlyper