跨文化交際-space(課堂PPT)

11TheconceptsofSpace

Space,asoneimportantconceptinproxemics,andoneelementofnonverbalcommunicationisregardedasonepartofenvironmentallanguage.Differentconceptsofspacecanaffectpeople’scommunication,interpersonalfeelingandemotion.2TheCulturalPatterningOfSpace

Spaceisperceived(認(rèn)知）differentlyindifferentcultures.

不同的文化對(duì)空間有不同的感覺。1.Spatialperceptions

2.Eskimoculture

3.ChineseCulture

4.Differences

5.DifferentHousingStyles

3

Spatialperceptionsmaybeadaptationstospecificenvironments:thedegreeofpopulationdensity;theamountofarableland;theabsenceorexistenceofnaturalbarrierssuchastheseaormountains;theamountofdistinguishinglandmarksinaregion.空間觀也許是對(duì)特定環(huán)境的適應(yīng)：人口稠密的程度、耕地的多少、像海與山這樣的天然屏障的有無以及一個(gè)地區(qū)特征性陸標(biāo)的多少。4

5Eskimoculture

Eskimopeoples,whoseenvironmentisavastsnowplainwithfewlandmarksvisibleformostoftheyear,spatialperceptionishighlydeveloped.愛斯基摩人的環(huán)境是一片遼闊的雪原，幾乎終年見不到什么陸標(biāo)，于是他們的空間感就得到了極大的發(fā)展。6

TheEskimosmustlearntomakecarefuldistinctionsamongdifferentspatialelements,astheirlivesmayliterallydependonthesedistinctionswhentheyarehuntingfarfromhome.他們得學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分各空間元素之間的細(xì)微差別，因?yàn)檫@是他們遠(yuǎn)離家園外出打獵時(shí)賴以生存的技能。7ChineseCultureChinaiaagreatcountrywithahistoryof5000years.ChinesecultureisExtensiveandprofound.Chinesetraditionalculture,suchasConfucianism,BuddhismandTaoismaswellasWords,painting,architecture,sculpture,hasaprofoundimpactontheworld.中國(guó)是一個(gè)有五千年歷史的國(guó)家。中國(guó)文化博大精深。中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化，包括儒釋道思想以及文字、繪畫、建筑、雕刻對(duì)世界有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。TheGreatWallTheImperialPalace8

DifferencesSpatialconsciousnessinmanyWesternculturesisbasedonaperceptionofobjectsinspace,ratherthanofspaceitself.ButmanyAsianandothernon-Europeanculturesviewinnerexperienceasthebasisforone'sperceptionsofphysicalreality.西方許多國(guó)家對(duì)空間的意識(shí)基于對(duì)物體在空間的感覺，而不是對(duì)空間本身的感覺。而亞洲和非歐洲文化卻把內(nèi)在經(jīng)驗(yàn)看成是對(duì)有形的實(shí)體感覺的基礎(chǔ)。9

1.TheEastandtheWestaredifferentintheirpatterningofspace.Americansaretaughttoperceiveandreacttothearrangementofobjectsinspaceandtothinkofspaceasbeing"wasted"unlessitisfilledwithobjects,theJapanesearetrainedtogivemeaningtospaceitselfandtovalue"empty"space.美國(guó)人被教導(dǎo)在空間中感知物體的排列和做出反應(yīng)，會(huì)認(rèn)為除非空間中充滿物體，否則就是“被浪費(fèi)了”，而日本人卻被訓(xùn)練為對(duì)空間本身賦予意義，對(duì)“空曠”的空間賦于價(jià)值。10

2.Wecanalsoseecross-culturalvarietiesofspatialperceptionwhenwelookat

arrangementsofurbanspaceindifferentWesterncultures.當(dāng)我們觀察西方不同文化中城市規(guī)劃的時(shí)候，還體會(huì)各種各樣跨文化空間的感覺。IntheUnitedStates,citiesareusuallylaidoutalongagrid,withtheaxesgenerallynorth/southandeast/west.在美國(guó)，城市的布局通常是沿著一個(gè)網(wǎng)格展開，軸心一般是南北向和東西向。11

ButcitylikeParis,islaidoutwiththemainstreetsradiatingfromcenters.但是，巴黎的街道是從中央輻射開來的。12

3.Insomeculturesasignificantaspectofspatialperceptionisshownbytheamountof"personalspace"peopleneedbetweenthemselvesandotherstofeelcomfortableandnotcrowded.某些文化對(duì)于空間感覺的一個(gè)重要方面就體現(xiàn)于人們所需的彼此感覺舒適卻又不覺擁擠的“私人空間”。Differentculturesarenotonlymakingdiffrencesinpatterningofspace,butalsoinmodesofthinking.13

DifferentHousingStyles1415P1TherearemanydifferencesbetweenAmericanhomesandtraditionalChinesehomes.AnAmericanhouseusuallyhasayard,largeorsmall.Itmayhaveahedge,butrarelyisthereawallsohighthatapasser-bycannotseethewindows.Usuallytheinteriorisshieldedfromexteriorviewonlybywindowcurtainsorblinds.16However,theimageofatraditionalChinesehouseisonewithinfourhighwalls.ThisisstilltrueinmanyplacesinthenorthifChinatoday.Thewallsareoftensohighthatonlytheroofsarevisiblefromtheoutside.Solidgatesseparatetheinteriorgroundsfromtheoutsideworld.Inaddition,thereisusuallyawallplaceddirectlyinfrontofthegates.Itisbelievedthatthisshadowwallkeepsthehomefromdirectexposuretotheunseenspiritswhenthegatesareopen.17TypicalChinesebuildingsinancienttimes18

personalspace

personalspacepersonalspaceistheregionsurroundingapersonwhichtheyregardaspsychologicallytheirs.Mostpeoplevaluetheirpersonalspaceandfeeldiscomfort,anger,oranxietywhentheirpersonalspaceisencroached（侵犯）.Permittingapersontoenterpersonalspaceandenteringsomebodyelse'spersonalspaceareindicatorsofperceptionoftherelationshipbetweenthepeople.personalspace

Thereisanintimatezone

reservedforlovers,children

andclosefamilymembers.

Thereisanotherzoneused

forconversationswithfriends,

tochatwithassociates,andin

groupdiscussions;afurtherzone

isreservedforstrangers,newly

formedgroups,andnewacquaintances.

personalspaceThesizeofthepersonalspace

Aperson'spersonalspace(andthecorrespondingphysicalcomfortzone)ishighlyvariableanddifficulttomeasure.EstimatesforanaverageWesterner,forexample,placeitatabout60centimetersoneitherside,70centimetersinfrontand40centimetersbehind.personalspace

Twopeoplenotaffectingeachother'spersonalspace

Reactionoftwopeoplewhosepersonalspaceareinconflictpersonalspace

Personalspaceishighlyvariable,andcanbeduetoculturaldifferencesandprivateexperiences.Forexample,thoselivinginadenselypopulatedplacestendtohavealowerexpectationofpersonalspace.ResidentsofIndiaorJapantendtohaveasmallerpersonalspacethanthoseintheMongoliansteppe（蒙古草原）,bothinregardtohomeandindividualspaces.personalspace

Difficultiescanbecreatedbyfailuresofinterculturalcommunicationduetodifferentexpectationsofpersonalspace.Foramoredetailedexample,seeBodycontactandpersonalspaceintheUnitedStates.personalspace

InEuropeanculture,personalspacehaschangedhistoricallysinceRomantimes,togetherwiththeboundariesofpublicandpersonalspace.ThistopichasbeenexploredinAHistoryofPrivateLife(2001),underthegeneraleditorshipofGeorgesDuby(Frenchscholar).personalspace

Comparedwithchildrenofchina,thechildrenofwesterncountrytrendtoneedmorepersonalspace.ChineseprefertolivewiththeirparentspersonalspaceFactorsthataffectpersonalspaceMood:Withthechangesofpersonalfeelings,personalspacechanges,suchasanxiety,peopleneedmorethantheaverageperson'spersonalspace.Age:Theageofpersonalspaceneedsarealsodifferent.Environment:Aperson'spersonalspaceneedstoincreasewiththereductionofthesizeoftheroom.Peoplefeelastrongsenseofcontroltofacilitatetheevacuation,theremustbesatisfiedwitharelativelysmallpersonalspace.PublicSpaceThewaypeoplearrangeandusepublicspacealsoreflectsculturalattitudetowardspaceandprivacy

CompanyLogoCulturespaceInArabculturesapublicspaceisaplacewherepeoplecancometogether,ofteninvarylargenumbers,totalk,dobusiness,socialize,Theseareoftenverybusy,activeplaces,withlotsofthingsgoingonatonceCompanyLogoCulturespaceU.S.andEuropeanrequirementsonthedistanceseemstobegreaterthaninothercountriesandcultures.Rememberthatwhenpeoplewhotalkwithyougetbackalittle,donottrytoreducethisdistance.CompanyLogoCulturespaceGenerally,chineseintheprocessofcommunicationkeepsasmalldistancewitheachother,Classmates,friendsandfamilylikestosittogetherinpublicplaces,intimateandfun.Theyevenhandinhandtoshowfriendshipandclose.

SeatingSpace

Cultureinfluencesevenmannerandmeaninginseatingarrangements.

IntheUnitedStates

Americanstendtotalkwiththoseoppositethem,ratherthanthosebesidethem.Leadersusuallytakethechairattheheadofthetable.InChinaTheChineseoftenexperiencealienationanduneasinesswhentheyfacesomeonedirectly,orsitontheoppositesidesofadeskortablefromsomeone(feelasiftheyareontrial.)CompanyLogoSeatingSpaceInJapan

Seatingarrangementsatanyformalorsemiformalfunctionarealsobasedonhierarchy.Themostimportantpersonsitsatoneendoftherectangulartable,withthosenearestinrankattherightandleftofthisseniorposition.InKoreaSeatingarrangementsreflectstatusandroledistinctions.CompanyLogo

Furniture

arrangementspaceInAmerica(aswellasinChina),thefurnitureinthelivingroomispointedtowardstheTVset.WhileinFrance,ItalyandMexico,conversationisimportant,andfacingchairstowardaTVscreenstiflesconversation.Sofurnitureisarrangedtoencourageconversation.Furniturearrangementathomecommun