Jonathan-Swift喬納森-斯威夫特-(課堂PPT)

JonathanSwift1BackgroundJonathanSwift(1667.11.30–1745.10.19)wasanAnglo-Irishsatirist,essayist,politicalpamphleteer(firstfortheWhigs,thenfortheTories),poetandclericwhobecameDeanofStPatrick’sCathedral,Dublin.2

3HewasthesecondchildandonlysonofJonathanSwift(1640–67).Hisfather,anativeofGoodrich,Herefordshire(赫里?？?/p>

),accompaniedhisbrotherstoIrelandtoseektheirfortunesinlawaftertheirRoyalistfather'sestatewasbroughttoruinduringtheEnglishCivilWar.Swift'sfatherdiedatDublinbeforehewasborn,andhismotherreturnedtoEngland.Hewasleftinthecareofhisinfluentialuncle,Godwin,aclosefriendandconfidanteofSirJohnTemple,whoseson(SirWilliamTemple)lateremployedSwiftashissecretary.

4TimeTable1688AftergraduatinginTrinityCollege,hebecamethesecretaryofSirWilliamTemple.1694Hehadbeenacountryparsonforoneyear.Atthesametime,hebegantoweitesatiresonthepoliticalandreligiouscorruption,suchasATaleofaTubandTheBattleoftheBooks.1710HejoinedtheconservativeTorypartyduetohisallegiancetothechurch.5aslumpinhercareer

In1714,althoughhewasfamousforhiswritings,Swiftfelloutfavor.TheTorygovernmentwasoutofpower.ReturningtoDublin,hebecamethedeanofSt.Patrick’s.SwifthadbecomefriendswithwriterssuchasAlexanderPopeinEngland.AfterhisreturntoIreland,SwiftbecameastaunchsupporteroftheIrishagainstEnglishattemptstoweakentheireconomicandpoliticalpower,writingpamphletssuchasthesatiricalAModestProposal.6

theAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason

啟蒙時(shí)代或理性時(shí)代7

The18thcenturyEnglandisknownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichpurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Theenlightenerscelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Theyheldthatrationalityorreasonshouldbetheonly,thefinalcauseofanyhumanthoughtandactivities.Theycalledforareferencetoorder,reasonandrules.Theybelievedthatwhenreasonservedastheyardstickforthemeasurementofallhumanactivitiesandrelations,everysuperstition,injusticeandoppressionwastoyieldplaceto“eternaltruth,”“eternaljustice”and“naturalequality”.8Inthisera,thoughtwasmoreimportantandsignificantthanemotion,andtheliteratureofthedayreflectedthatchange.ThekeyconcernsofthenewEnlightenmentphilosophywereperfectionofsociety,optimism,reasonvs.rationality,order,andindividualism.Swift'swritingwasareactionagainsttherapidlychangingviewpointsoftheseventeenthcentury.9Thenewscienceraisedseriousdoubtsinthemindsofthosemoralistswhodidnotsharetheoptimisticassumptionsofthenewnaturalscientists,becausetheythoughtitthreatenedtheimportantconceptofvirtue.ThisreactionislinkedtomanyofthegreatestwritersinEnglishliterature.AfewofthemostfamouswereJonathanSwift,AlexanderPope,RomanCatholic,andSamuelJohnson,Swift,amongothers,waslargelyagainstthemoderntrends.Hisfavoritemethodofattackwassatireandhismoodwaslargelypessimisticorcynical.10Swift’sSatires

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WhatissatireAcommonformofthe18thCentury,basicallytheridiculingofanyobjectsthroughlaughterwhichwillsoftentheblowDifferenttypesanddegrees:lightorharsh諷刺是一種文學(xué)手法，用于暴露對(duì)象的缺點(diǎn)和可笑之處，常采用夸張或反諷（irony）等方式，從而產(chǎn)生幽默的效果。當(dāng)然也可以用拙劣模仿,作戲,并列,對(duì)比,類似,類推等也經(jīng)常用于諷刺手法種。如果說反話（反諷）就是諷刺的話，是一個(gè)很大的錯(cuò)誤。嚴(yán)格來說，諷刺（satire）是一種俗稱類型；而反諷（irony）則是一種比較具體的修飾手法

12Swiftisarealistwriter.Theplotofhissatiresisfromimagination.Thefeatureofhissatireisoutwardgravityandanapparentearnestness,whichmakehissatireallthemorepowerful.Thedemocraticideasareshowninhisworks,whichsetsagoodexampleforthelaterwriters,suchasFielding,Sheridan,ByronandBernardShaw.Hislanguageissimple,clearandvigorous.Justaswhathesays,“properwordsinproperplace,makesthetruedefinitionofastyle”.Therearefewornamentsinhiswriting,butitcomeshometothereader.Heseemstohavenodifficultyinfindingwordstoexpressexactlytheimpressionhewishestoconvey.Insimple,directandpreciseprose,SwiftisalmostunsurpassedinEnglishliterature.13Swift’smasterpieceTheBattleoftheBooks(writtenin1697butpunishedin1704)ATaleofaTub(punishedin1704)Gulliver’sTravel(writtenin1726)14Swift'sfirstmajorprosework,ATaleofaTub,demonstratesmanyofthethemesandstylistictechniqueshewouldemployinhislaterwork.Itisatoncewildlyplayfulandfunnywhilebeingpointedandharshlycriticalofitstargets.Initsmainthread,theTalerecountstheexploitsofthreesons,representingthemainthreadsofChristianity,whoreceiveabequestfromtheirfatherofacoateach,withtheaddedinstructionstomakenoalterationswhatsoever.However,thesonssoonfindthattheircoatshavefallenoutofcurrentfashion,andbegintolookforloopholesintheirfather'swillthatwillletthemmaketheneededalterations.Aseachfindshisownmeansofgettingaroundtheirfather'sadmonition,theystrugglewitheachotherforpoweranddominance.Insertedintothisstory,inalternatingchapters,thenarratorincludesaseriesofwhimsical"digressions"onvarioussubjects.

15《桶的故事》《桶的故事》是一部意義深遠(yuǎn)的杰出的諷刺作品。斯威夫特把矛頭指向教會(huì)，通過三兄弟的形象淋漓盡致的諷刺了天主教會(huì)、英國(guó)國(guó)教和喀爾文教派（英國(guó)清教徒）自認(rèn)為是基督教的正宗，遵照《圣經(jīng)》行事，事實(shí)上卻陽奉陽違，同時(shí)作品對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)貧乏的學(xué)術(shù)、淺薄的文學(xué)批評(píng)和社會(huì)惡習(xí)也予以了抨擊。《桶的故事》是英國(guó)啟蒙主義者批評(píng)教會(huì)的重要作品之一，也是斯威夫特第一部重要的文學(xué)作品。1617Gulliver'sTravels,alargeportionofwhichSwiftwroteatWoodbrookHouseinCountyLaois,waspublishedin1726.Itisregardedashismasterpiece.Aswithhisotherwritings,theTravelswaspublishedunderapseudonym,thefictionalLemuelGulliver,aship'ssurgeonandlateraseacaptain.SomeofthecorrespondencebetweenprinterBenj.MotteandGulliver'salso-fictionalcousinnegotiatingthebook'spublicationhassurvived.Thoughithasoftenbeenmistakenlythoughtofandpublishedinbowdlerizedformasachildren'sbook,itisagreatandsophisticatedsatireofhumannaturebasedonSwift'sexperienceofhistimes.Gulliver'sTravelsisananatomyofhumannature,asardoniclooking-glass,oftencriticizedforitsapparentmisanthropy.Itasksitsreaderstorefuteit,todenythatithasadequatelycharacterizedhumannatureandsociety.Eachofthefourbooks—recountingfourvoyagestomostly-fictionalexoticlands—hasadifferenttheme,butallareattemptstodeflatehumanpride.CriticshailtheworkasasatiricreflectionontheshortcomingsofEnlightenmentthought.

181920Yahoo一詞發(fā)明于《格列佛游記》的作者JonathanSwift。在小說里，它代表一個(gè)在外表和行為舉止上都非常討厭的家伙-列胡。Yahoo！的創(chuàng)始人楊致遠(yuǎn)和雅虎聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人DavidFilo（大衛(wèi)·費(fèi)羅）選擇這個(gè)名字的原因就是他們覺得自己就是Yahoo。還有一種說法，DavidFilo和楊致遠(yuǎn)堅(jiān)持他們選擇這個(gè)名稱的原因是他們喜歡字典里對(duì)Yahoo的定義“粗魯，不通世故，粗俗”。21Essays,tracts,pamphlets,periodicals

"AMeditationuponaBroomstick"(1703–1710):"ACriticalEssayupontheFacultiesoftheMind"(1707–1711)TheBickerstaff-PartridgePapers(1708–1709):"AnArgumentAgainstAbolishingChristianity"(1708–1711):UofAdelaideTheIntelligencer(withThomasSheridan)(1719–1788):ProjectGutenbergTheExaminer(1710):Texts:O,ProjectGutenberg"AProposalforCorrecting,ImprovingandAscertainingtheEnglishTongue"(1712):Fulltexts:JackLynch,UofVirginia"OntheConductoftheAllies"(1713)"HintsTowardanEssayonConversation"(1713):"ALettertoaYoungGentleman,LatelyEnteredintoHolyOrders"(1720)"ALetterofAdvicetoaYoungPoet"(1721):Drapier'sLetters(1724,1725):Fulltext:ProjectGutenberg"BonMotsdeStella"(1726):acuriouslyirrelevantappendixto"Gulliver'sTravels""AModestProposll",perhapsthemostnotablesatireinEnglish,suggestingthattheIrishshouldengageincannibalism.(Writtenin1729)"AnEssayontheFatesofClergymen":JaffeBros"ATreatiseonGoodMannersandGoodBreeding"22

Poems"OdetotheAthenianSociety",Swift'sfirstpublication,printedinTheAthenianMercuryinthesupplementofFeb14,1691.PoemsofJonathanSwift,D.D.TextsatProjectGutenberg"BaucisandPhilemon"(1706–1709):"ADescriptionoftheMorning"(1709):"ADescriptionofaCityShower"(1710):"CadenusandVanessa"(1713):"Phillis,or,theProgressofLove"(1719):Stella'sbirthdaypoems:"TheProgressofBeauty"(1719–1720):"TheProgressofPoetry"(1720):"ASatiricalElegyontheDeathofaLateFamousGeneral"(1722):"ToQuilca,aCountryHousenotinGoodRepair"(1