Canada A chronology of key events加拿大編年史

Achronologyofkeyevents:

IceAge

-NorthAmerica'sfirsthumansmigratefromAsia.

11thCentury

-NorseexplorersreachNorthAmerica,establishingthefirstknownEuropeansettlementintheAmericasonNewfoundlandisland.

1497

-Italian-bornnavigatorJohnCabotreachesthecoastsofNewfoundlandandCapeBreton.

1534

-JacquesCartierexplorestheStLawrenceriver,andclaimstheshoresoftheGulfofStLawrenceforFrance.

1583

-NewfoundlandbecomesEngland'sfirstoverseascolony.

1600s

-FurtraderivalrybetweentheFrench,EnglishandDutch;theEuropeansexploitexistingrivalriesbetweenlocalpeoplestoformalliances.

1627

-CompanyofNewFranceestablishedtogovernandexploit"NewFrance"-France'sNorthAmericancolonies.

1670

-Hudson'sBayCompanyestablishedbyLondontraders.ThecompanyholdstradingrightsforregionswhoseriversdrainintoHudsonBay.

1701

-Thirty-eightindigenousgroupssignapeacetreatynearMontrealwiththeFrench.

Britishgains

1756

-SevenYears'WarbeginsbetweenNewFranceandthelargerandeconomically-strongerBritishcolonies.AfterearlyFrenchsuccesses,thesettlementofQuebecfallsin1759andtheBritishadvanceonMontreal.

1763

-UndertheTreatyofParis,BritainacquiresallFrenchcolonieseastoftheMississippiincludingNewFrance,whichbecomesthecolonyofQuebec.

1774

-TheQuebecActrecognisestheFrenchlanguageandtheRomanCatholicreligioninthecolony.

1776

onwards-LoyalistrefugeesfromtheAmericanWarofIndependencesettleinNovaScotia,PrinceEdwardIsland,QuebecandOntario.

1783

-FurtradersinMontrealsetuptheNorthWestCompany.Thecompanybuildsupanetworkoftradingpostsacrossthewestandnorth;itsexpeditionsreachthePacificcoast.

1800s

-Immigrationpicksup.ThousandsofnewcomersfromEngland,ScotlandandIrelandarriveeachyear.

1812-14

-Warof1812betweentheUSandBritain,largelyovertheeffectsontheUSofBritishblockadesofFrenchports.ActionincludesnavalbattlesintheGreatLakesandaUSattackonYork(present-dayToronto).ButtheUSfailstorealiseitsplanstoinvadeCanada.

1837/8

-ArmedrebellionsinUpperandLowerCanada,causedbydisaffectionwiththerulingelites,povertyandsocialdivisions.

UnionofCanada

1867

-BritishNorthAmericaActunitesOntario,Quebec,NovaScotiaandNewBrunswickintheDominionofCanada.

1870

-Manitobabecomesfifthprovince,followedbyBritishColumbiaandPrinceEdwardIsland.

1885

-CanadianPacificrailroadiscompleted.

1898

-GoldrushalongtheupperYukonRiver;YukonTerritorygivenseparatestatus.

1905

-AlbertaandSaskatchewanbecomeprovincesofCanada.

1914

-OutbreakofWorldWarI.CanadafightsonthesideofBritainandFrance.

AutonomyfromBritain

1931

-StatuteofWestminstergrantsBritishdominionscompleteautonomy.

1939

-OutbreakofWorldWarII:CanadianforcesareactiveinEurope,theAtlanticandothertheatres.

1947

-CanadaisdeclaredtobeofequalstatuswithGreatBritainwithintheCommonwealth.

1949

-CanadabecomesafoundermemberofNato.Newfoundland,untilthenaBritishdominion,becomesaprovinceofCanada.

1950

-WarinKorea.CanadianforcesparticipateintheUnitedNationswareffort.

1965

-ThepresentCanadianflagisadopted,replacingonewhichhadincorporatedtheBritishflag.

1967

-Expo67inMontrealprovidesimpetustoCanadiannationalidentity.FrenchPresidentCharlesdeGaullevisitsanddeclares'ViveleQuebeclibre'(LonglivefreeQuebec).

Trudeauera

1968

-PierreTrudeauoftheLiberalpartywinselectionsandgovernsuntil1984,withtheexceptionofaninemonthsin1979-80.PartiQuebecois(PQ)isformedtopushforcompleteindependenceforQuebec.

1970

-MembersofaradicalQuebecseparatistgroup,theFrontdeLiberationduQuebec,kidnapaBritishtradeofficialandmurderaQuebecminister.

1976

-PQwinselectionsinQuebec.

1980

-AreferendumontheseparationofQuebecisdefeated.

1982

-TheUKtransfersfinallegalpowersoverCanada.Thecountryadoptsitsnewconstitution,whichincludesacharterofrights.

1984

-Trudeauretires.ElectionsarewonbytheProgressiveConservativesunderBrianMulroney.MulroneyrealignsforeignpolicytowardsEuropeandtheUS.

1991

-CanadianforcesparticipateintheGulfWarfollowingIraq'sinvasionofKuwait.

1992

-Canada,USandMexicofinalisethetermsoftheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(Nafta).

Conservatives'electiondisaster

1993

June-KimCampbellsucceedsBrianMulroney,becomingCanada'sfirstfemaleprimeminister.SheleadstheProgressiveConservativestodisasterattheOctoberelection,leavingitwithonlytwoseatsoutofitsprevioustallyof169.JeanChretienoftheLiberalsbecomesprimeminister.

1995

-AreferenduminQuebecrejectsindependencebyamarginofonly1%.

1999

-TerritoryofNunavut(meaning"ourland"intheInuitlanguage)iscreatedinnorthernCanada.Thevastself-governingregionintheArcticisthefirstCanadianterritorytohaveamajorityindigenouspopulation.

2002

January-CanadasendsfirstcontingentofregulartroopstoAfghanistanaspartofthepost-Talibanstabilisingmission.

2003

March-CanadaoptsnottojointheUS-ledcoalitionagainstIraq.Themovesparksfiercedomesticpoliticaldebate,andPrimeMinisterChretiencomesunderfirefromWashington.

2003

April-LiberalPartybeatsthePartiQuebecoisinprovincialelectionsinQuebec,endingnineyearsofrulebythepro-independenceparty.

2003

December-FormerfinanceministerPaulMartinissworninasprimeministerasJeanChretienretiresafter10yearsinoffice.

Conservativesreturn

2005

November-Acommissionsetuptoinvestigatea2004scandalinvolvingmisspentgovernmentmoneyexoneratesPaulMartin,butcriticiseshispredecessorJeanChretien.

2006

January-StephenHarper'sConservativesdefeatPaulMartiningeneralelections,ending12yearsofLiberalgovernment.

2006

June-Inamajoranti-terroroperation,17peoplearearrestedinTorontoonsuspicionofplanningattacks.Anofficialsaysthemenwereinspiredbyal-Qaeda.

2006

November-ParliamentagreesthattheQuebecoisshouldbeconsidereda"nation"withinCanada.TheproposalwasputforwardbyPrimeMinisterStephenHarper.

2010

January-CanadahostsWinterOlympics.

SuspectedringleaderofIslamicextremistgroupisjailedforlifeforplottobombTorontostockexchange.

2010

June-RwandanjailedunderCanada'snewwarcrimesactallowingcourtstoconsiderwarcrimescommittedabroad.

Truthandreconciliationcommissionbeginshearingsintopolicywhichforcedindigenouspeopletoabandontheirculturalidentity.

2011

April-Torontopoliceman'sremarkthatwomencanavoidrapebyavoidingdressinglike''sluts'',promptsaglobalphenomenon:aslutwalkprotest.

2011

December-CanadabecomesthefirstcountrytoformallywithdrawfromtheKyotoProtocolonreducingemissionsofgreenhousegasses.

2012

September-OnepersoniskilledinashootingatavictoryrallyinMontrealfortheseparatistPartiQuebecois,whichisprojectedtowinprovincialpollsinQuebec.

2014

August-CanadalaunchesamissiontomaptheArcticseabed,insupportofitsitsbidtoextenditsterritoryuptotheNorthPole.

2014

October-CanadajoinstheUS-ledcoalitioncarryingoutairstrikesagainstIslamicStatemilitantsinIraq.

TwoIslamist-inspiredterroristattacks-oneinQuebecandoneatParliamentHillinOttawa-leavetwoCanadiansoldiersdead.

2015

February-SupremeCourtrulesthatdoctorscanprovidemedicalhelpineuthanasiacases,reversingabanimposedin1993.

Libera