2022年考研外語考試真題及答案69

2022年考研外語考試真題及答案

一、UseofEnglish

1>TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexico

wasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconJune11,2022.Itisthefirst

worldwideepidemic[Bl]bytheWorldHealthOrganization

in41years.

Theheightenedalert[B2]anemergencymeetingwithflu

expertsinGenevathatassembledafterasharpriseincases

inAustralia,andrising[B3]inBritain,Japan,Chile

andelsewhere.

Buttheepidemicis”[B4]"inseverity,accordingto

MargaretChan,theorganization，sdirectorgeneral,[B5]

theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsexperiencingonly

mildsymptomsandafullrecovery,ofteninthe[B6]of

anymedicaltreatment.

Theoutbreakcametoglobal[B7]inlateApri12022,when

Mexicanauthoritiesnotedanunusuallylargenumberof

hospitalizationsanddeaths[B8]healthyadults.Asmuch

ofMexicoCityshutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbegan

to[B9]inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStates

andaroundtheworld.

IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade[B10]warmer

weatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2022,officialsreported

therewas[Bll]fluactivityinalmosteverystateand

thatvirtuallyal1the[B12]testedarethenewswineflu,

alsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,it

has[B13]______morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmore

than600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.

Federalhealthofficials[B14]Tamifluforchildrenfrom

thenationalstockpileandbegan[B15]______ordersfromthe

slatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,which

isdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is[B16]ahead

ofexpectations.Morethanthreemilliondosesweretobemade

availableinearlyOctober2022,thoughmostofthose[B17]

doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot

[B18]forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewith

breathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralother[B19]

.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinother

high-riskgroups;healthcareworkers,people【B20]

infantsandhealthyyoungpeople.

[Bl]

A.criticized

B.appointed

C.commented

D.designated

2、

[B2]

A.proceeded

B.activated

C.followed

D.prompted

3、

[B3]

A.digits

B.numbers

C.amounts

D.sums

4、

[B4]

A.moderate

B.normal

C.unusual

D.extreme

5、

3

[B5]

A.with

B.in

C.from

D.by

6、

[B6]

A.progress

B.absence

C.presence

D.favor

7、

[B7]

A.reality

B.phenomenon

C.concept

D.notice

8、

[B8]

A.over

B.for

C.among

工4

D.to

9、

[B9]

A.stayup

B.cropup

C.fillup

D.coverup

10、

[BIO]

A.as

B.if

C.unless

D.until

11、

[Bill

A.excessive

B.enormous

C.significant

D.magnificent

12、

[B12]

A.categories

5

B.examples

C.patterns

D.samples

13、

[B13]

A.imparted

B.immersed

C.injected

D.infected

14、

[B14]

A.released

B.relayed

C.relieved

D.remained

15、

[B15]

A.placing

B.delivering

C.taking

D.giving

16、

目6

[B16]

A.feasible

B.available

C.reliable

D.applicable

17、

[B17]

A.prevalent

B.principal

C.innovative

D.initial

18、

[B18]

A.presented

B.restricted

C.recommended

D.introduced

19、

[B19]

A.problems

B.issues

C.agonies

7

D.sufferings

20、

[B20]

A.involvedin

B.caringfor

C.concernedwith

D.wardingoff

二、ReadingComprehension

1、Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistory

endedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,

BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever,atSotheby，sinLondonon

September15th2022.Al1buttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan

￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalast

victory.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneof

theoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedfor

bankruptcy.

Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumfora

whileafterrisingbewilderinglysince2022.Atitspeakin2022

itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founder

ofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm一doublethefigurefive

yearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.

Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecause

itbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passion

andcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.

IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst'ssale,spending

ofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable.Intheartworldthat

meantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.

Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemost

overheatedsector,theyweredownbynearly90%intheyearto

November2022.Withinweekstheworld'stwobiggestauction

houses,Sotheby，sandChristie,s,hadtopayoutnearly$200m

inguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.

Thecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincethe

JapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989.This

timeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeak

onaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorefluctuant.ButEdward

Dolman,Christie，schiefexecutive,says:〃I'mpretty

confidentwe'reatthebottom.”

Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthat

therearestillbuyersinthemarket.Almosteveryonewhowas

interviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggest

problematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgood

worktosell.ThethreeDs—death,debtanddivorce一still

deliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothave

toselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.

Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredto

as"alastvictory"because.

A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictories

B.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighest

bids

C.BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpieces

D.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancial

crisis

2、

Bysaying''spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”

(Line1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat.

A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-market

auctions

B.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfrom

galleries

C.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreat

extent

D.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywere

notworthbuying

3、

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2022to

2022.

B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.

C.Theartmarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.

D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.

4、

ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare.

A.auctionhouses'favorites

B.contemporarytrends

C.factorspromotingartworkcirculation

D.stylesrepresentingimpressionists

5、

Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe.

A.FluctuationofArtPrices

B.Up-to-dateArtAuctions

C.ArtMarketinDecline

D.ShiftedInterestinArts

6、IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginia

livingroom一awomen'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.

Throughouttheevening,onemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,

frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesat

silentlybesidehimonthecouch.Towardtheendoftheevening,

_____Q

qii

Icommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbands

don'ttalktothem.Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.He

gesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,"She'sthetalkerinour

family."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzled

andhurt."It'strue,“heexplained."WhenIcomehomefrom

workIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn，tkeeptheconversation

going,we'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence.

ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmen

tendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoften

talklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwith

marriage.

ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHacker

inthelate1970s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessman

reportsinhernewbookDivorceTalkthatmostofthewomenshe

interviewed一butonlyafewofthemen一gavelackof

communicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhe

currentdivorcerateofnearly50percent,thatamountsto

millionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear一avirtual

epidemicoffailedconversation.

Inmyownresearch,complaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbands

mostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashaving

givenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohis,

ordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportwork

likecleaning,cookingandsocialarrangements.Instead,they

focusedoncommunication;"Hedoesn'tlistentome.""He

doesn，ttalktome."Ifound,asHackerobservedyearsbefore,

thatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobe,firstandforemost,

conversationalpartners,butfewhusbandssharethis

expectationoftheirwives.

Inshort,theimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisis

thestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthe

breakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisface,

whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.

Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?

A.Talkingtothem.

B.Trustingthem.

C.Supportingtheircareers.

D.Sharinghousework.

7、

Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase"wreakinghavoc”(Line

2,Para.2)mostprobablymeans

A.generatingmotivation

B.exertinginfluence

C.causingdamage

D.creatingpressure

8、

AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT.

A.mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthanwomen

B.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailed

conversation

C.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetween

couples

D.afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse

9、

Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthis

text?

A.Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.

B.Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsexinequalities.

C.Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheir

marriage.

D.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.

10、

Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthor

willmostprobablyfocuson.

A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalk

B.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoon

C.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.

s.

D.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrew

Hacker

11、Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedthe

artofcreatingautomaticbehaviors一habits一amongconsumers.

Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollars

whencustomerseatsnacksorwipecountersalmostwithout

thinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdaily

cues.

“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirty

handsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecause

wecan,tfigureouthowtochangepeople'shabits,“saidDr.

Curtis,thedirectoroftheHygieneCenterattheLondonSchool

ofHygieneTropicalMedicine."Wewantedtolearnfromprivate

industryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically'"

ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto一ProcterGamble,

Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever一hadinvestedhundredsof

millionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers5lives

thatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.

Ifyoulookhardenough,you'11findthatmanyoftheproducts

weuseeveryday—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,

disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,health

snacks,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins一are

resultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeople

regularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,

becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,many

Americanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesa

cavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crest

oroneoftheotherbrands.

Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn'tdrinkwateroutsideof

ameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproduction

offar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysip

bottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarily

byadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreath

freshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skin

moisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,

slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.

“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweekly

patterns,"saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwho

recentlyretiredfromProcterGamble,thecompanythatsold

$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.”

Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingour

consumers'lives,andit'sessentialtomakingnewproducts

commerciallyviable.”

Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.

Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertain

behaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.As

thisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshave

eruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionable

beautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.

AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith

soap.

A.shouldbefurthercultivated

B.shouldbechangedgradually

C.aredeeplyrootedinhistory

D.arebasicallyprivateconcerns

12、

Bottledwater,chewinggumandskinmoisturizersarementioned

inParagraph5soasto.

A.revealtheirimpactonpeople;shabits

B.showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities

C.indicatetheireffectonpeople(sbuyingpower

D.manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits

13、

whichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelp

createpeople,shabits?

A.Tide.

B.Crest.

C.Colgate.

D.Unilever.

14、

Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumers，habitsare

developeddueto.

A.perfectedartofproducts

B.automaticbehavior,creation

C.commercialpromotions

D.scientificexperiments

15、

theauthor'sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisement

onpeople'shabitsis.

A.indifferent

B.negative

C.positive

D.biased

16>ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcrete

expressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingthe

principlesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualifications

ofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;

thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentative

crosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedenied

therighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,

ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialby

theirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscience

ofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejury

isalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectrather

thanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizens

taketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelecting

representativestogovernforthem.

Butasrecentlyasin1968,juryselectionprocedures

conflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,for

example,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedly

superiorintelligence,education,andmoralcharacter.

AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibited

intentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearly

asthe1880caseofStrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeof

selectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovideda

convenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws。

Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuries

untilthemid-20thcentury.Althoughwomenfirstservedon

statejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthat

amajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Even

thenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjuryduty

unlesstheypersonallyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedon

thejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthat

womenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentative

ofwomenthroughthe1960s.

In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJury

SelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocratic

reformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducational

requirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobe

selectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.

Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupreme

Courtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentative

ofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylor

decisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectionto

beunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesame

proceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.

FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearn

that.

A.bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries

B.defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers

C.noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice

D.judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic

17、

Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968

showed.

A.theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws

B.theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces

C.theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures

D.thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjudges

18、

Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsome

statesbecause.

A.theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws

B.theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications

C.theyweresupposedtoperform,domesticduties

D.theytendedtoevadepublicengagement

19、

AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed,

A.sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutional

andhadtobeabolished

B.educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidinthe

selectionoffederaljurors

C.jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeofthe

entirecommunity

D.statesoughttoconform,tothefederalcourtinreforming

thejurysystem

20、

IndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson.

A.itsnatureandproblems

B.itscharacteristicsandtradition

C.itsproblemsandtheirsolutions

D.itstraditionanddevelopment

21、PartB

CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftFuel

BothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheir

newestaircraft,the787andA350respectively.Theirclever

designsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.

ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlan

Kroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamore

naturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluse,anditwouldnot

requirethemtobuynewaircraft.

Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,

scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation—a

V-shape—expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird's

wingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips,aphenomenonknownas

upwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduced

drag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.Peter

Lissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechand

theUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthata

formationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.

Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantially

different.DrKrooandhisteammodelledwhatwouldhappenif

threepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFrancisco

andLasVegasweretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninverted

V-formation,occasionallychangeplacessoallcouldhavea

turninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.

Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel

(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).

Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsofthe

flightfellbyaroundaquarter.

Thereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.Oneconsideration

issafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengers

feelcomfortabletravellingincompanion?DrKroopointsout

thattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnauticalmiles,

andwouldnotbeintheintimategroupingsfavouredbydisplay

teamsliketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindow

mightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparation

distancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-control

regulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupatthe

InternationalCivilAviationOrganisationhasincludedthe

possibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornew

operationalguidelines.

Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheair

flowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesof

increasedturbulence,theplanes;wakeswilldecaymorequickly

andtheeffectwilldiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneofthe

areashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehard

forairlinestoco-ordinatethe