考研英語五夜十篇

第一篇：英國鄉(xiāng)村Forthefirst第一篇：英國鄉(xiāng)村Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.”Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair.”Hill’spressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon’tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconsumesmoreofit.ItneedsconstantAtthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservatives’planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorizing“off-plan”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConsecutiveThesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonarealone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathat“housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEurope’smostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative—thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepolitical226.Britain’spublicsentimentaboutthecountryside didn’tstarttilltheShakespeareanhasbroughtmuchbenefittotheisfullybackedbytheroyalisnotwellreflectedin27.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsofthe26.Britain’spublicsentimentaboutthecountryside didn’tstarttilltheShakespeareanhasbroughtmuchbenefittotheisfullybackedbytheroyalisnotwellreflectedin27.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNational graduallyeffectivelyreinforced.largelyperly28.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraphLabourisunderattackforopposingTheConservativesmayabandon“off-plan”TheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalUkipmaygainfromitssupportforrural29.authorholdsthatGeorgeOsborne’s.highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressureshowshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareasstressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisisrevealsastrongprejudiceagainsturban30.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciation.sizeofpopulationinpoliticallifeintoday’senviableurbanlifestyleintown-and-countryplanningin3第二篇：英國福利Inorderto第二篇：英國福利Inorderto“changelivesforthebetter”andreduce“dependency”,GeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe“upfrontworksearch”scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefit—andthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker’sallowance.“Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon,”heclaimed.“We’redoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.”Help?Really?Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith“reforms”toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidizeslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor“fundamentalfairness”—protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirLosingajobishurting:youdon’tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency—permanentdependencyifyoucangetit—supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase“jobseeker’sallowance”isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa“jobseeker”whohadnofundamentalrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited“allowance,”conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,ataweek,oneoftheleastgenerousinthe4GeorgeOsborne’sschemewasintended [A]providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstoencouragejobseekers’activeengagementinjobGeorgeOsborne’sschemewasintended [A]providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstoencouragejobseekers’activeengagementinjobmotivatetheunemployedtoreport[D]guaranteejobseekers’legitimaterighttoThephrase“tosignon”(Para.2)mostprobably checkontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobacceptthegovernment’srestrictionsontheregisterforanallowancefromtheattendagovernmentaljob-trainingWhatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?[A]Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.[B]Aneagernesstoprotectthe[C]Anurgetobegeneroustothe[D]ApassiontoensurefairnessforAccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesone Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobably[A]TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers’Osborne’sreformswillreducetheriskofThejobseekers’allowancehasmettheiractual[D]Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemade5第三篇：GDPRobertF.第三篇：GDPRobertF.Kennedyoncesaidthatacountry’sGDPmeasures“everythingexceptthatwhichmakeslifeworthwhile.”WithBritainvotingtoleavetheEuropeanUnion,andGDPalreadypredictedtoslowasaresult,itisnowatimelymomenttoassesswhathewasreferringto.ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedpolicymakersforoverhalfacentury.Manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdonotmatterandmissesthingsthatdo.Bymostrecentmeasures,theUK’sGDPhasbeentheenvyoftheWesternworld,withrecordlowunemploymentandhighgrowthfigures.Ifeverythingwasgoingsowell,thenwhydidover17millionpeoplevoteforBrexit,despitethewarningsaboutwhatitcoulddototheircountry’seconomicprospects?Arecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthintowellbeingshedssomelightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163countriesmeasured,theUKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthistranslatedintomeaningfulimprovementsforitscitizens.RatherthanjustfocusingonGDP,over40differentsetsofcriteriafromhealth,educationandcivilsocietyengagementhavebeenmeasuredtogetamoreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareWhileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallenges,thereareanumberofconsistentthemes.Yes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoverysincethe2008globalcrash,butinkeyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducation,majoreconomieshavecontinuedtodecline.Yetthisisn’tthecasewithallcountries.SomerelativelypoorEuropeancountrieshaveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasuresincludingcivilsociety,incomeequalityandenvironment.Thisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnolongerregardedasthesolemeasureofacountry’ssuccess,theworldlooksverydifferent.SowhatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemostcommonmethodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnations,asameasure,itisnolongerenough.Itdoesnotincludeimportantfactorssuchasenvironmentalqualityoreducationoutcomes—allthingsthatcontributetoaperson’ssenseofwell-being.ThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworldandintheUKcouldleadtoadeclineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-beingandforgrowth.Butpolicymakerswhorefocuseffortsonimprovingwell-beingratherthanworryingaboutGDPfigurescouldavoidtheforecasteddoomandmayevensee6RobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecause [A]praisedtheforitsidentifiedwiththeroleof[D]hadalowopinionofItcanbeinferredRobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecause [A]praisedtheforitsidentifiedwiththeroleof[D]hadalowopinionofItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2 isreluctanttoremolditseconomicwillcontributelesstotheworldthemeasureofsuccessiswidelydefiedinthe[D]policymakersintheUKarepayinglessattentiontoWhichofthefollowingistrueabouttherecentannualItexcludesGDPasanItissponsoredby163ItscriteriaareItsresultsareInthelasttwoparagraphs,theauthorsuggests [A]theUKispreparingforaneconomichighGDPforeshadowsaneconomicitisessentialtoconsiderfactorsbeyond[D]itrequirescautiontohandleeconomicWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthe[A]HighGDPButInadequateWell-being,aUK[B]GDPFigures,aWindowonGlobalEconomic[C]RobertF.Kennedy,aTerminatorof[D]Brexit,theUK’sGatewaytoWell-7第四篇：州府之爭Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday—a第四篇：州府之爭Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday—amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates.InArizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’scontroversialplantohavestateandlocalpoliceenforcefederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.ArizonahadattemptedtofashionpoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalJusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberals,ruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthatCongresshaddeliberately“occupiedtheandArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedHowever,theJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenforcement.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenforcementandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalTwoofthethreeobjectingJustice—SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas—agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktotheAlienandSeditionActs.The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona'slawsconflictedwithitsenforcementpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalgovernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.Itneverdidso.TheAdministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.Justicerightlyrejectedthisremarkable8ThreeprovisionsofArizona’splanwereoverturnedbecause [A]oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationdisturbedthepowerbalancebetweenThreeprovisionsofArizona’splanwereoverturnedbecause [A]oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationdisturbedthepowerbalancebetweendifferentdeprivedthefederalpoliceofConstitutional[D]contradictedboththefederalandstateOnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoStates’independencefromfederalimmigrationFederalofficers’dutytowithholdimmigrants’States’legitimateroleinimmigrationCongress'sinterventioninimmigration ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandiolatedthestoodinfavorofthesupportedthefederalunderminedthestates'TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerof [A]outweighsthatheldbythe[B]isestablishedbyfederalisdependentonthestates’rarelygoesagainststateWhatcanbelearnedfromthelastImmigrationTheJusticeswantedareusuallydecidedbyisdominantoverimmigrationissues.strengthenitscoordinationwithCongress.[D]Justicesintendedtocheckthepowerofthe9第五篇：核電管控Adealisa第五篇：核電管控Adealisadeal—except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestate’sstrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot:challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.sastunningTheconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttotheVermontsapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentdidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsabouttheEnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.Buthadkeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidetheThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareThephrase“renegingon”(Line3,Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaning Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3,Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaning 27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintended [A]obtainprotectionfromVermontseekfavorfromthefederalacquireanextensionofitsbusinessgetpermissiontopurchaseapower28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswith [A]managerialpractices[B]technical[C]financial[D]businessIntheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewill Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitsnatureofstates’patchworkfederalauthorityovernuclearlimitsofstates’powerovernuclear[D]Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbetheauthorityoftheNRCwillbeEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouth[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbe第六篇：社會責任“Thereis第六篇：社會責任“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusinesses,”WroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,“Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits”.ButevenifyouacceptFiredman’spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders’money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggestsCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies—atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thatacompany’sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany’sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse“haloeffect,”wherebyitsdeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandPreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica’sForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany’sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloThestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirms’politicalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompany’srecordinCSR.“Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials,”saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostly31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman’sstatementaboutCSRwith 32.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanyby winningtrustfromguardingitagainstprotectingitfrombeingraising31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman’sstatementaboutCSRwith 32.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanyby winningtrustfromguardingitagainstprotectingitfrombeingraisingthequalityofits33.Theexpression“morelenient”(Line2,Para.4)isclosestinmeaningto prosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany’sCSRrecord hasanimpactontheircomesacrossasreliableincreasesthechanceofbeingpenalizedconstitutespartoftheinvestigation35.WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastItsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenThenecessaryamountofcompanies’spendingonitisCompanies’financialcapacityforithasbeenIthasbroughtmuchbenefittothebanking第七篇：新聞道德Twoyearsago，Rupert第七篇：新聞道德Twoyearsago，RupertMurdoch’sdaughter，Elisabeth，spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“it’sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.”Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:“It’sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose，ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.”ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadtelephoneAsthehackingtrialconcludes—findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebeccaBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge—thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.ThislongstorystillInmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebeccaBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefensewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday’sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskedquestions,gavenoinstructions—norreceivedtraceable,recordedAccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsettheconsequencesofthecurrentsorting companies’financiallossduetoimmoralAccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsettheconsequencesofthecurrentsorting companies’financiallossduetoimmoralgovernmentalineffectivenessonmoral[D]thewidemisuseofintegrityamongItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that [A]GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasamorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphoneAndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthephonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainTheauthorbelievesthatRebeccaBrooks’defense [A]revealedacunningcenteredontrivialwashardlywaspartofaTheauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrine [A]generallydistortedvalues[B]unfairwealthdistribution[C]amarginalizedlifestyle[D]arigidmoralWhichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastThequalityofwritingsCommonhumanityisMoralawarenessmattersofprimarytonewsreporting.editinganewspaper.[D]Journalistsneedstricterindustrial第八篇：科學發(fā)現(xiàn)Intheidealizedversionof第八篇：科學發(fā)現(xiàn)Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldaretobeobservedandcollectedtocarryouttheirwork.Butfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificintheeverydaypracticeofscience,andcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobewecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperiences.Priorinterestsinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,subsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,anddeceptionConsequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnewsearch,notresearch.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoninandeachother’sconceptionsof31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterized uncertaintyand31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterized uncertaintyandmisconceptionandlogicalityandsystematicnessand32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocess [A]strictsharedindividual[D]persistent33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafter attractedtheattentionofthegeneralbeenexaminedbythescientificreceivedrecognitionfr