歷屆考研英語(yǔ)模擬試題

真題PartⅠCloseTestDirections：Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)①I(mǎi)fafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.②Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain1consumingallhisgrainimmediately.③Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily2heproducesasurplus.④Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance3theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto4oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto5thesoil.⑤Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation6andimprovehisfarminotherways.⑥Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe7.⑦Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor8extrafundsintheformofloans.⑧Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow9ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot10obtainable.［139words］1.［A］otherthan ［B］aswellas ［C］insteadof ［D］morethan2.［A］onlyif ［B］muchas ［C］longbefore ［D］eversince3.［A］for ［B］against ［C］of ［D］towards4.［A］replace ［B］purchase ［C］supplement ［D］dispose5.［A］enhance ［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise6.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］paths ［D］channels7.［A］self-confident ［B］self-sufficient ［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained8.［A］search ［B］save ［C］offer ［D］seek9.［A］proportion ［B］percentage ［C］rate ［D］ratio10.［A］genuinely ［B］obviously ［C］presumably ［D］frequentlyPartⅡReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Passage1①Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.②WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.③Itsscientistsweretheworldsbest;itsworkersthemostskilled.④(11)AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.①I(mǎi)twasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.②Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.③Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.④SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.⑤By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.⑥(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’sLGElectronicsinJuly.)⑦（12）Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.⑧Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.①Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.②Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.③Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.④Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’sindustrialdecline.⑤Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.①Howthingshavechanged!②In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.③（14）FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.④Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.⑤“Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,”accordingtoRichardCavanaugh,executivedeanofHarvard’sKennedySchoolofGovernment.⑥“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.⑦AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”［429words］11.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarIIbecause.［A］ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal［B］itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore［C］thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors［D］theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy12.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican.［A］TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket［B］semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises［C］machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions［D］autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket13.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?［A］Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.［B］Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.［C］Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.［D］Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.14.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe.［A］turningofthebusinesscycle ［B］restructuringofindustry［C］improvedbusinessmanagement ［D］successineducationPassage2①（15）Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.②Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.③Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.④Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.⑤Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.⑥Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.⑦Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.⑧Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.①Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.②Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.③Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.④Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.⑤Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.⑥（16）Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.⑦Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.⑧Thegrandmediocrityoftoday—everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring—meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.②Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.③Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.④Butinthepast100,000years—eventhepast100years—ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.⑤（17）Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.⑥D(zhuǎn)arwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“l(fā)ookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.”⑦Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.［406words］15.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?［A］Alackofmates. ［B］Afiercecompetition.［C］Alowersurvivalrate. ［D］Adefectivegene.16.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?［A］Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.［B］Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.［C］Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.［D］Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.17.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause.［A］lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance［B］thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining［C］ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution［D］thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing18.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?［A］SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution.［B］WaysofContinuingMan’sEvolution.［C］TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature.［D］HumanEvolutionGoingNowhere.Passage3①（20）Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.②WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe—evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight—itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.①This,inbrief,iswhattheFuturistsays:foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.②Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.③（21）Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.④Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.⑤Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.⑥Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.①Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.②ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver—andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:“Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.”①（22）This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.②Allthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.③Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?［334words］19.Thispassageismainly.［A］asurveyofnewapproachestoart［B］areviewofFuturistpoetry［C］aboutmeritsoftheFuturistmovement［D］aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature20.Whenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtryto.［A］determineitspurposes ［B］ignoreitsflaws［C］followthenewfashions ［D］accepttheprinciples21.Futuristsclaimthatwemust.［A］increasetheproductionofliterature［B］usepoetrytorelievemodernstress［C］developnewmodesofexpression［D］avoidusingadjectivesandverbs22.TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis.［A］basedonreasonableprinciples［B］newandacceptabletoordinarypeople［C］indicativeofabasicchangeinhumannature［D］moreofatransientphenomenonthanliteraturePassage4①（23）AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.②ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.③Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing,butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon’tknowwheretheyshouldgonext.①Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.②Inarecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.③Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.②（25）“Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores—personality,ability,courageorhumanity—arecompletelyignored,”saysToshikiKaifu,chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty’seducationcommittee.③“Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.”④LastyearJapanexperienced2，125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.⑤Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.⑥LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe“Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents.”①（26）ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles.②“InJapan,”sayseducatorYokoMuro,“it’sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.”③Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofJapan’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.④UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.⑤Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,whilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.［447words］23.IntheWesterners’eyes,thepostwarJapanwas.［A］underaimlessdevelopment ［B］apositiveexample［C］arivaltotheWest ［D］onthedecline24.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety?［A］Women’sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.［B］Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.［C］Excessiveemphasishasbeenplacedonthebasics.［D］Thelife-stylehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternvalues.25.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?［A］Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.［B］Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.［C］Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.［D］Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.26.ThechangeinJapaneselife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat.［A］theyoungarelesstolerantofdiscomfortsinlife［B］thedivorcerateinJapanexceedsthatintheU.S.［C］theJapaneseenduremorethaneverbefore［D］theJapaneseappreciatetheirpresentlifePassage5①（27）Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition—wealth,distinction,controloverone’sdestiny—mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’sbehalf.②Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.③（28）Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.④Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition—ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.⑤Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped—withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.①Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.②Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs—thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.③（29）Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.④Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.⑤Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,“Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious.”①Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.②Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.③Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.④Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.⑤Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.［431words］27.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif.［A］itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrifices［B］itisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpower［C］itsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterial［D］itissharedbytherichandthefamous28.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis.［A］customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwords［B］toolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletout［C］dishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoal［D］impracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambition29.Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause.［A］theythinkofitasimmoral［B］theirpursuitsarenotfameorwealth［C］ambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefits［D］theydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptible30.Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained.［A］secretlyandvigorously ［B］openlyandenthusiastically［C］easilyandmomentarily ［D］verballyandspirituallyPartⅢEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.31）Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.32）Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.33）Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,34）intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization—withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed—wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.35）Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.［390words］SectionⅣWriting(15points)36.Directions:A.Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayofatleast150words.B.YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1）Describethepictures.2）Deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepictures.3）Suggestcounter-measures.

2000年英語(yǔ)試題答案PartⅠClozeTest1.C 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.DPartⅡReadingComprehensionPassage111.C 12.D 13.B 14.APassage215.C 16.B 17.A 18.DPassage319.B 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage423.B 24.D 25.C 26.APassage527.A 28.C 29.D 30.BPartⅢEnglish-ChineseTranslation31.在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的集中控制措施，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和運(yùn)籌學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)家的協(xié)助。32.再者，顯而易見(jiàn)的是一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高則又有賴(lài)于各種科技人員的努力。33.大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展使各地的人們不斷感到有新的需求，不斷接觸到新的習(xí)俗和思想。由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。34.在先期實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國(guó)家中，其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來(lái)的各種深刻的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)變革，持續(xù)了大約一個(gè)世紀(jì)之久，而如今一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家在十年左右就可能完成這個(gè)過(guò)程。35.由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流動(dòng)(現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動(dòng)相對(duì)容易)造成的種種問(wèn)題也會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)造成新的壓力。SectionⅣWriting(15points)36.見(jiàn)分析

試題精解PartⅠCloseTest一、文章總體分析本文是一篇短小的論證性文章，其主題是強(qiáng)調(diào)農(nóng)民儲(chǔ)存余糧的必要性。文章①句提出論點(diǎn)：農(nóng)民想成功，就必須努力保持消費(fèi)和生產(chǎn)之間有較大的差距。②句對(duì)①句進(jìn)行具體的解釋?zhuān)杭此仨毚鎯?chǔ)大量的糧食。③④⑤從正面論述儲(chǔ)存余糧的必要性：③句總說(shuō)可以養(yǎng)家糊口；④⑤句具體說(shuō)可以留作播種、應(yīng)對(duì)惡劣天氣影響及作為商品賣(mài)掉以滿足農(nóng)業(yè)再生產(chǎn)等需要。⑥⑦⑧句論述沒(méi)有余糧的危害:不能自給自足，從反面論證儲(chǔ)存余糧的必要性。二、試題具體解析1.\[A\]otherthan不同于，除了…… [B]aswellas也，又（表示附加）[C]insteadof而不是……（表選擇） [D]morethan比……更多（表比較）本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：邏輯關(guān)系。正確率：72%［快速解題］文章首句的含義是：一個(gè)農(nóng)民要想成功，就必須努力保持其消費(fèi)和生產(chǎn)之間較大的差距。接著文章提到了兩種正好相反的做法，一種是storealargequantityofgrain（存儲(chǔ)大量的糧食），另一種是consumingallhisgrainimmediately（立即把他所有的糧食都消費(fèi)完）。顯然前一種做法是農(nóng)民可以成功的做法，因此空格處需要一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)來(lái)否定后面部分，而且其后能跟現(xiàn)在分詞。選項(xiàng)中，只有介詞短語(yǔ)insteadof符合要求，意為“他必須存儲(chǔ)大量的糧食而不是立即把所有的糧食都消耗完”。［篇章分析］①句為文章主旨句，核心內(nèi)容是“保持消費(fèi)和生產(chǎn)之間的差距”。②句承接①句，具體闡述如何保持這個(gè)差距：儲(chǔ)存大量的糧食。［空格設(shè)置］insteadof是連接性介詞，體現(xiàn)上下文語(yǔ)義上的邏輯關(guān)系。insteadof表選擇關(guān)系，意為“代替，作為……的替換，而不是…”，在兩種做法中肯定前者，否定后者。如：Iwillstayathomeinsteadofgoingout.我將待在家里，不出門(mén)。其他連接性介詞還包括becauseof（因?yàn)椋?，despite（盡管），besides（除了）等。［干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置］其他項(xiàng)的短語(yǔ)都可用于連接前后并列的兩部分。otherthan常用于否定句中，實(shí)際上是對(duì)后面部分的肯定，如：Idon’tknowanyFrenchpeopleotherthanyou.除了你，我不認(rèn)識(shí)別的法國(guó)人。其他例句：Theeditorsaswellastheproofreadersareworkingovertime.編輯和校對(duì)者都在加班工作。Ilikehermorethanherhusband.我比較喜歡她，不太喜歡她丈夫。2.[A]onlyif只要，只有(表?xiàng)l件) [B]muchas盡管，雖然(表讓步)[C]longbefore早在…以前(表時(shí)間) [D]eversince自從(表時(shí)間)本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：邏輯關(guān)系。正確率：62%［快速解題］考生需判斷空格前后部分之間的邏輯關(guān)系。顯然，heproducesasurplus是hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily的前提條件。備選項(xiàng)中只有onlyif引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，代入句中，意為“只有生產(chǎn)有剩余，農(nóng)民才能繼續(xù)養(yǎng)活自己及家人”。這兩個(gè)分句繼續(xù)強(qiáng)調(diào)儲(chǔ)存糧食的必要性，符合上下文意。［篇章分析］②句提到農(nóng)民必須要儲(chǔ)存糧食，③句進(jìn)一步解釋這樣做的目的：養(yǎng)活自己及家人。②句的storealargequantityofgrain和③句的producesasurplus是近義復(fù)現(xiàn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了句子之間的語(yǔ)義銜接。［空格設(shè)置］onlyif體現(xiàn)了主從句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，而且onlyif是if的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，在文中用于強(qiáng)調(diào)存儲(chǔ)糧食的必要性。onlyif用于句首時(shí)，主句一般要倒裝，如：Onlyiftheredlightcomesonisthereanythingwrongwiththemachine.只要紅燈一亮，就表示機(jī)器出毛病了。②句中的考點(diǎn)還包括：一，熟詞僻義。句中support意為toprovideeverythingnecessary,esp.money,sothatsb/sthcanliveorexist“養(yǎng)活，贍養(yǎng)，維持”，如：Markhastosupporttwochildrenfromhisfirstmarriage.馬克得供養(yǎng)他第一次婚姻生的兩個(gè)孩子。Heturnedtocrimetosupporthisdrughabit.他為維持吸毒的惡習(xí)而走上犯罪的道路。二，根據(jù)上下文選詞。句中surplus為名詞，意為“過(guò)剩（量），剩余（額）”，如：agriculturalsurpluses過(guò)剩的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。它和上文storealargequantity相呼應(yīng)。［干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置］其他項(xiàng)也是主從復(fù)合句的連接詞。例句：Muchassheneededthejob,shehadtorefuse.雖然她非常需要這份工作，她只能拒絕。ShehadseenthefilmabroadlongbeforeitwasshowninBeijing.早在這部電影在北京上映之前，她就在國(guó)外看過(guò)了。Shehadbeenworryingeversincetheletterarrived.自從接到那封信后她就一直焦慮不安。3.[A]for為了，至于，對(duì)于，適用于[B]against反對(duì)，靠著，相反，對(duì)…不利,預(yù)防[C]of……的，關(guān)于，對(duì)于[D]towards向，朝，接近，有助于本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：介詞的用法+習(xí)慣搭配。正確率：62%［快速解題］④句提到，農(nóng)民可以將余糧用于三種用途：asseed，asaninsurance和asacommodity?？崭裉幪钊氲慕樵~與名詞短語(yǔ)theunpredictableeffectsofbadweather搭配，做insurance的后置定語(yǔ)，意為“作為…惡劣天氣影響的保障”。insurance的常見(jiàn)含義是“保險(xiǎn)，保障”，也可意為“（防備不測(cè)的）保障措施”，常與介詞against搭配。余糧當(dāng)然是一種預(yù)防惡劣天氣影響的保障措施，能表達(dá)“預(yù)防”含義的介詞只有against。［篇章分析］③句和④⑤句是并列關(guān)系，共同支持②句的觀點(diǎn)：必須儲(chǔ)存糧食。③句闡述儲(chǔ)存余糧的目的；④⑤句介紹余糧的用途。④句主干為Hemustusethissurplus，介詞短語(yǔ)inthreeways做狀語(yǔ)，冒號(hào)后三個(gè)并列的as...介詞結(jié)構(gòu)列舉了使用余糧的三種方式。［空格設(shè)置］against作為常用介詞，其含義和用法非常豐富。against意為“反對(duì)，違反；對(duì)…不利；倚靠；預(yù)防”，如thefightagainstevil反對(duì)邪惡的斗爭(zhēng)；Theevidenceisagainsthim.證據(jù)對(duì)他不利；Putthepianoagainstthewall.把鋼琴緊靠著墻；precautionsagainstfire防火措施。文中取其“預(yù)防”的含義。其他考點(diǎn)包括：熟詞僻義。本句中insurance意為“（防備不測(cè)的）保障措施，安全保證”，如：Atthattimepeoplehadlargefamiliesasaninsuranceagainstsomechildrendying.那時(shí)人們養(yǎng)的子女很多，以防有孩子夭折。［干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置］其他項(xiàng)都是常用的介詞。for可指“以幫助，為了……”，如：soldiersfightingfortheircountry為祖國(guó)出征的軍人；或表示目的或用途，如：amachineforslicingbread（用于）切面包片機(jī)。toward可指“對(duì)，對(duì)于；以……為目的或目標(biāo)，用于”，如：ourattitudetowardsdeath我們對(duì)死亡的態(tài)度；Themoneywillgotowardsanewschoolbuilding.這筆資金將用于修建新校舍。of可指“……的”。它們的中文釋義都有干擾，要注意各自的用法。4.[A]replace取代，替換；更新，更換[B]purchase購(gòu)買(mǎi)[C]supplement補(bǔ)充，增補(bǔ)；附錄[D]dispose排列，安排；（~of）處置，部署本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：邏輯語(yǔ)義+動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。正確率：70%［快速解題］空格所在部分談到農(nóng)民把余糧作為商品（asacommodity）出售的目的之一是：4oldagriculturalimplements，空格處填入的動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明對(duì)“舊農(nóng)具”施加的動(dòng)作。出售余糧不應(yīng)該是為了補(bǔ)充（supplement）或購(gòu)買(mǎi)（purchase）舊農(nóng)具，更不可能是為了處置、安排（dispose）舊農(nóng)具。只有replace表達(dá)的“用余糧換得的錢(qián)來(lái)買(mǎi)新農(nóng)具以更換舊農(nóng)具”符合邏輯。［篇章分析］此處commodity后跟有which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，