2025版高考英語總復(fù)習(xí)高考語法與寫作專題8定語從句教學(xué)案外研版

PAGEPAGE1專題八定語從句(一)語法講練——過學(xué)問關(guān)要點(diǎn)一關(guān)系代詞Eachgraduatestandingontheplayground,whowasaccompaniedbyaparent,wouldbeawardedadiplomabytheheadmaster.每個(gè)畢業(yè)生都由父親或母親陪伴著站在操場上，等待校長給他們頒發(fā)畢業(yè)文憑。Mydaughter,whosejobrequireshertodoalotoftravelling,isalwaysawayfromhome.我的女兒總不在家，她的工作須要常常出差。1．關(guān)系代詞that與which的用法(1)限制性定語從句中只用that不用which的狀況：①先行詞是不定代詞或者先行詞被不定代詞所修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞通常只用that。Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosayforyourself?你有什么要為自己說的嗎？②先行詞被序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級(jí)，theonly，thevery，thejust,thelast等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞通常只用that，不用which。ThisisoneofthemostexcitingfootballgamesthatIhaveeverseen.這是我見過的最激烈人心的足球競賽之一。Thisistheonlythingthatwecandonow.這是我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事情。③先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只用that，不用which。Thescientistandhisachievementsthatyoutoldmeaboutareadmiredbyusall.我們?nèi)咳硕季磁迥愀嬷业哪俏豢茖W(xué)家和他所取得的成就。④定語從句出現(xiàn)在which或who的特別疑問句中時(shí)用that。Whichisthebikethatyoulost?哪輛是你丟的自行車？⑤有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用which，另外一個(gè)宜用that。Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.他們偷偷地建了一家小工廠，這家工廠生產(chǎn)可能會(huì)造成污染的東西。⑥當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時(shí)Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.上海不再是過去的那座城市了。(2)只用which不用that的狀況：①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,which,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.海倫對(duì)她最小的兒子比對(duì)其他的兒子好得多，這當(dāng)然讓其他的兒子很嫉妒她的小兒子。②關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)介詞的賓語，且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前。ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.這是魯迅曾住過的房子。③引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，代替主句所表示的整體或部分概念。ThepresidentoftheWorldBanksayshehasapassionforChina,whichheremembersstartingasearlyashischildhood.世界銀行主席說他對(duì)中國有一種情結(jié)，他記得這種情結(jié)始于他的兒童時(shí)代。Theresultwasnotthesameastheyhadexpected,whichwasratherdisappointing.結(jié)果與當(dāng)時(shí)預(yù)料的不一樣，這讓人覺得很悲觀。2．which與as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)分whichas位置上只能放在主句的后面位置敏捷，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有時(shí)還可插入主句中搭配上無動(dòng)詞的限制謂語動(dòng)詞通常是表示感覺或心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等意思上意為“這一點(diǎn)”意為“正如……，正像……的那樣”Shemarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.她再婚了，這是始料不及的。Shemarriedagain,asweexpected.正如我們預(yù)料的那樣，她再婚了。[名師指津]as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句常用于下列句式：such＋名詞＋as(像……一樣的，像……之類的)；such(pron.)＋as(像……一樣的，像……之類的)；thesame＋名詞＋as(和……同樣的)。Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.我們已經(jīng)找到了像他們工廠里用的那種材料。Ihavethesamebookashehas.我和他有同樣的書。[熱點(diǎn)即訓(xùn)]Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2024________showedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.[解析]考查定語從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞為astudy，且定語從句中缺少主語，故填關(guān)系代詞that/which。[答案]that/which2．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005—whenthegovernmentstartedasoil－testingprogram________givesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers—and2011,fertilizerusedroppedby7.7milliontons.[解析]考查定語從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，asoil－testingprogram是先行詞，指物，且定語從句中缺主語，所以應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞that或which。[答案]that/which3．(2024·浙江卷)Manywesterners________cometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.[解析]考查定語從句。依據(jù)語境并分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞是Manywesterners，故填關(guān)系代詞who/that。[答案]who/that4．(2024·天津卷改編)Kate,________sisterIsharedaroomwithwhenwewereatcollege,hasgonetoworkinAustralia.[解析]考查定語從句。依據(jù)句意：凱特到澳大利亞去工作了。讀高校的時(shí)候我和她的姐姐住一個(gè)寢室。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)看，本空須要關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞為Kate，且關(guān)系代詞在從句中作定語，因此用關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)這個(gè)定語從句。[答案]whose5．(2024·北京卷改編)Sheandherfamilybicycletowork,________helpsthemkeepfit.[解析]考查定語從句。依據(jù)句意：她和她的家人騎自行車上班，這有助于他們保持健康。依據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處用which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代前面的事。[答案]whichⅡ.單句改錯(cuò)1．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)Intheirsparetime,theyareinterestedinplantingvegetablesintheirgarden,thatisontherooftopoftheirhouse.____________[解析]分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，其次個(gè)逗號(hào)后面為一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，先行詞為前面句子中的garden，定語從句中缺少主語，故用which。[答案]that→which2．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Likeanything,itispossibletohavetoomuchofboth,thatisnotgoodforthehealth.____________[解析]句意：“像其他任何事情一樣，兩者可能攝入過多，這一點(diǎn)對(duì)健康沒有好處?！狈治鼍渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)，由逗號(hào)以及句意可知，此處是非限制性定語從句，從句中缺少主語，且意為“這一點(diǎn)，這件事”，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which指代前面整個(gè)句子。[答案]that→which3．(2024·四川卷改編)ThedisheswhatIcookedwereMom'sfavorite.____________[解析]依據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為定語從句，先行詞為Thedishes，關(guān)系詞在從句中作動(dòng)詞cooked的賓語，所以用關(guān)系代詞that/which引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)也可以省略。[答案]what→that/which或去掉what4．(2024·北京卷改編)Ilivenextdoortoacouplewhochildrenoftenmakealotofnoise.____________[解析]句意：我住在一對(duì)夫妻的隔壁，他們的孩子總是很吵鬧。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處是定語從句修飾acouple，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作定語，故用關(guān)系代詞whose。[答案]who→whose5．(2024·江蘇卷改編)Manyyoungpeople,mostofwhichwerewell－educated,headedforremoteregionstochasetheirdreams.____________[解析]定語從句的先行詞是youngpeople，most表示他們中的大多數(shù)，因此應(yīng)當(dāng)運(yùn)用mostofwhom。[答案]which→whom要點(diǎn)二關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞先行詞句法功能when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語where地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語why緣由緣由狀語(只引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句)Thereasonwhyhefailedintheexamwasthathedidn'tstudyhard.他考試失敗的緣由是他學(xué)習(xí)不努力。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.我還記得第一次來北京的那一天。[名師指津]當(dāng)先行詞為situation,case,stage,point等表示抽象意義的詞，且關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞where。Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.他們已經(jīng)到了必需分手的地步。[熱點(diǎn)即訓(xùn)]Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．(2024·江蘇卷改編)Self－drivingisanarea________Chinaandtherestoftheworldareonethesamestartingline.[解析]考查定語從句?？仗幰龑?dǎo)定語從句，先行詞是area，關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語，因此用where，相當(dāng)于inwhich。[答案]where2．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ改編)ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid－1980s,________IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter.[解析]考查定語從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處在此引導(dǎo)定語從句，且在從句中作時(shí)間狀語，故填關(guān)系副詞when。[答案]when3．(2024·天津卷)Wewillputoffthepicnicintheparkuntilnextweek,________theweathermaybebetter.[解析]分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處在此引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞為nextweek，且關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，故用when。[答案]when4．(2024·廣東卷)Whenharvestcamearound,hewasalreadysellingherbs,vegetablesandcottoninthemarket________peoplefromthetownsmetregularly.[解析]________peoplefromthetownsmetregularly是定語從句，修飾market，where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。[答案]whereⅡ.單句改錯(cuò)(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Theyalsohadasmallpondwhichtheyraisedfish.____________[解析]考查定語從句。本句中定語從句的先行詞是pond，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故應(yīng)在which前加in或把which改為where。[答案]在which前加in或which→where要點(diǎn)三“介詞＋關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句1．“介詞＋關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句構(gòu)成句法功能用法指津名詞(代詞)＋介詞＋關(guān)系代詞主語可轉(zhuǎn)化為“whose＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)詞(形容詞最高級(jí))＋of＋關(guān)系代詞主語數(shù)詞還可以被some,many,most,each等不定代詞替換介詞(短語)＋關(guān)系代詞狀語關(guān)系代詞只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可與關(guān)系副詞互換介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＋名詞狀語關(guān)系代詞常用which和whose介詞＋關(guān)系副詞狀語有時(shí)為了表達(dá)清晰，還可以在關(guān)系副詞where/when前加介詞from或toRecently,Iboughtanancientvase,thepriceofwhichwasveryreasonable.最近，我買了一個(gè)古代花瓶，它的價(jià)格很合理。Wearelookingforthepersontowhomthebookbelongs.我們正在找尋這本書的主子。Lilymightpossiblycome,inwhichcaseI'llaskher.莉莉可能會(huì)來，要是那樣的話我就去問她。Thereisabigwindowinmyroom,fromwhereIcanseetherailwaystation.我的房間有一個(gè)大窗戶，透過它我可以看到火車站。2．“介詞十關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句的2個(gè)考查點(diǎn)(1)考查該結(jié)構(gòu)中關(guān)系代詞的選用若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)常用whom，指物時(shí)常用which。(2)考查該結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選用一般來說，確定關(guān)系代詞前的介詞，可以從以下三方面入手：先行詞和介詞的搭配習(xí)慣；從句中動(dòng)詞或形容詞與介詞的搭配習(xí)慣；句子意思表達(dá)的須要。[熱點(diǎn)即訓(xùn)]Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．(2024·北京卷改編)Thetimeisn'tfaraway________youwillhavetotaketheCollegeEntranceExamination.[解析]句意：參與高校入學(xué)考試的時(shí)間不遠(yuǎn)了。此句為分隔式定語從句，先行詞為thetime，從句中缺乏時(shí)間狀語，要用關(guān)系副詞when。[答案]when2．(2024·浙江卷改編)Scientistshaveadvancedmanytheoriesaboutwhyhumanbeingscrytears,noneof________hasbeenproved.[解析]依據(jù)句意：科學(xué)家已經(jīng)提出了很多關(guān)于人類為什么會(huì)流淚的理論，其中沒有一個(gè)得到了證明。該句中的先行詞是manytheories，關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作of的賓語，應(yīng)當(dāng)用關(guān)系代詞which，noneofwhich共同構(gòu)成從句的主語。[答案]which3．(2024·安徽卷改編)Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskillupon________schooleducationdepends.[解析]分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞是skill，關(guān)系代詞可用that或which，但dependupon(依靠，依靠，取決于)為固定短語，此處介詞upon提前，而that不行以用在介詞后，故填which。[答案]which4．(2024·上海卷改編)Aliceaskedthepolicemanwith________heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.[解析]此題考查介詞＋關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句，workwithsb和某人一起工作，whom作介詞的賓語，用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾policeman。[答案]whom5．(2024·重慶卷改編)Johninvitedabout40peopletohiswedding,mostof________arefamilymembers.[解析]先行詞為40people，定語從句中of缺少賓語，故運(yùn)用whom。[答案]whomⅡ.單句改錯(cuò)1．(2024·天津卷改編)Hewroteabout200novels,ofthatthisisthemostsuccessful.____________[解析]考查定語從句，of為介詞，先行詞為novels，介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用which，不用that。[答案]that→which2．(2024·天津卷改編)Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriends,whoweenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.____________[解析]句意：我和摯友們走上山頂，在那里我們觀賞了壯美的湖景。先行詞是thetopofthehill，先行詞與定語從句被withmyfriends分隔開了。先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的詞，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故用where引導(dǎo)定語從句。[答案]who→where(二)語法寫作——過應(yīng)用關(guān)定語從句在書面表達(dá)中的增分點(diǎn)[增分技法]1．a(chǎn)s作關(guān)系代詞很有用。起初，我認(rèn)為李老師有點(diǎn)怪，因?yàn)樗偸菃栆恍]人能回答的問題。Atfirst,IthoughtMr.Liwaskindofodd,becausehewasalwaysaskingsuchquestionsasnoonecouldanswer.2．a(chǎn)s,which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。①我發(fā)覺一個(gè)老人躺在公路上，我乘出租車馬上把他送到了醫(yī)院，這就是那天上午我遲到的緣由。IfoundanoldmanlyingonthegroundandItookhimtohospitalinataxiimmediately,whichwaswhyIwaslatethatmorning.②正如一句諺語所說，“只工作，不玩耍，聰慧孩子也變傻?！盇sasayinggoes，“AllworkbutnoplaymakesJackadullboy.”3．運(yùn)用非限制性定語從句，是寫出長的高級(jí)句子的最常用方法。①我們的學(xué)校，位于內(nèi)鄉(xiāng)西北角，有34年歷史。Ourschool,whichislocatedinthenorthwestofNeixiang,hasahistoryofthirty－fouryears.②我們學(xué)校里的老師，大多數(shù)都是三十多歲，把他們的一切都奉獻(xiàn)給了我們。Theteachersofourschool,mostofwhomareintheirthirties,havedevotedalltheirlivestous.[巧用增分]①他不是這樣一個(gè)把今日能做的事拖到明天做的人。(suchaman，putoff...untiltomorrow)He_isn't_such_a_man_as_put_off_what_he_can_do_today_until_tomorrow.②正如圖表所顯示的那樣，這個(gè)城市的空氣質(zhì)量在過去兩年越來越糟。(asisshowninthechart,theairquality)As_is_shown_in_the_chart,_the_air_quality_of_the_city_has_become_worse_and_worse_in_the_past_two_years.③在漢語演講競賽中獲得一等獎(jiǎng)，這是我做夢也沒有想到的。(winthefirstprize,Chinesespeechcompetition,beyondmywildestdreams)I_won_the_first_prize_in_the_Chinese_speech_competition,_which_was_beyond_my_wildest_dreams.[專題過關(guān)訓(xùn)練]Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Getyourselffamiliarwithlocallawsandcustomsofthecountriesto________youaretravelling.[答案]which2．AtthattimeIwasinTexasandIhadafriend________familybusinesswasrunninghotels.[答案]whose3．(2024·河北雞澤一中模擬)Thiswomanhassetagoodexampletoherson,________isareallyluckyguy.[答案]who4．Thewatch,________wasagiftfromhisfather,wasveryimportanttohimandhewasdeterminedtofindit.[答案]which5．(2024·河南新鄉(xiāng)一中模擬)Thesettlementishometonearly1,000people,manyof________lefttheirvillagehomesforabetterlifeinthecity.[答案]whom6．(2024·福建泉州模擬)Everywheretherearenewfree－ways,tunnelsandbridges________carrytheeverincreasingtrafficunderorovertheriver.[答案]which/thatⅡ.單句改錯(cuò)1．(2024·華南師大附中模擬)Readinghasalotofadvantages,oneofthemisthatithelpsyoudevelopreadingskills.____________[答案]them→which2．First,theplacewherewe'vedecidedtovisit—theForestParkisnotfarawayfromthecity.____________[答案]where→which/that或去掉where3．(2024·黑龍江肇東一中模擬)FromthisexperienceIhavelearntthatquestioningcanserveasabridgehelpsustoseekthetruth.____________[答案]在bridge后加that/which4．Atthesametime,anotherstudent,thatsaweverything,wentuptohelp.____________[答案]that→who5．(2024·遼寧沈陽模擬)Myfatherwaseasilycheated,whatsurprisedme.____________[答案]what→which6．(2024·安徽合肥一中模擬)Actually,itisimportantforustocommunicatewithourparentsbecausetheyarethedearestpeopleinourlife,whomcareforusallthetime.____________[答案]whom→whoⅢ.寫作訓(xùn)練1．運(yùn)用語法寫靚句①正如人們所發(fā)覺的那樣，很多語言學(xué)習(xí)是在生命的第一年進(jìn)行的，所以在那個(gè)時(shí)期父母應(yīng)當(dāng)多跟孩子說話。(languagelearning,bediscovered,happen,talkmuch)______________________________________________________________②正如人們所知的一樣，中國是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家。(as,know)______________________________________________________________③這篇文章可能會(huì)觸及一些敏感的讀者，我提前向他們表示致歉。(offer)______________________________________________________________④我的家鄉(xiāng)已不再是十年前的那個(gè)小村莊了，那時(shí)到處都是破舊房子，人們食不果腹。(thelittlevillage,feedthemselves)______________________________________________________________⑤他是那些學(xué)生中唯一一個(gè)連續(xù)三次獲得一等獎(jiǎng)的。(theonlyone,winthefirstprize,inarow)______________________________________________________________⑥參觀你所在的城市是一次難忘的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一次我將恒久珍惜的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。(visit,one,valuefortherestofmylife)______________________________________________________________[答案]①Alotoflanguagelearning,ashasbeendiscovered,ishappeninginthefirstyearoflife,soparentsshouldtalkmuchtotheirchildrenduringthatperiod.②Asfaraspeopleknow,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.③Thisarticlemayshocksomesensitivereaders,towhomIofferapologyinadvance.④Myhometownisn'tthelittlevillageitwas/isn'twhatitwastenyearsago,whentherewereoldhouseseverywhereandpeoplecouldhardlyfeedthemselves.⑤Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohaswonthefirstprize(for)threetimesinarow.⑥Visitingyourcityisanunforgettableexperience,oneIwillvaluefortherestofmylife.2．語法填空(2024·河北衡水中學(xué)模擬)Haveyoueverhadacase①____________amistakehelpedyouunderstandanideaoraskill?Forme,itwassailing.ItookasailingclasswhenIwasinhighschool.NomatterhowmanytimesIreadthe②____________(explain),Icouldnotunderstandthedifferencebetweena“tack”anda“jibe”—twomethodsofturningaboat—onemuch③____________(safe)thantheother.Later,oneday,whenIwassailing,aheavywindblewup.Weneededtoheadback,④____________Imistookthe“tack”forthe“jibe”andpushedtheboatinthewrongdirection.BeforeIrealized⑤____________(I)mistake,itwaslate.Luckily,noone⑥____________(hurt).OnlyafterthisexperiencedidI⑦_(dá)___________(clear)understandthesailingphrase“turningonthewind”thatI⑧____________(read)somanytimesinthetextbook.Ineverconfuseda“jibe”with“tack”again!NowIoftensharethisstory⑨____________mystudentsaftertheyhavemademistakes.Ihopetheycanlearnsomethingfromtheirmistakesandcorrecttheminsteadof⑩____________(regret)allday.[答案]①where②explanation(s)③safer④but⑤my⑥washurt⑦clearly⑧hadread⑨with⑩regretting3．短文改錯(cuò)(2024·遼寧葫蘆島協(xié)作體模擬)WhenIwassevenyearsold,onedayIgotothesupermarketwithmymotherand