機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語唐一平翻譯

機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語唐一平翻譯第一篇：機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語唐一平翻譯Unit11.2FerrousMetalsandAlloysByvirtueoftheirwiderangeofmechanical,physical,andchemicalproperties,ferrousmetalsandalloysareamongthemostusefulofallmetals.Ferrousmetalsandalloyscontainironastheirbasemetal:thegeneralcategoriesarecastirons,carbonandalloysteels,stainlesssteels,toolanddiesteels.1.2黑色金屬及其合金：由于它們的一系列廣泛的機(jī)械物理和化學(xué)的特征，黑色金屬及其合金是所有金屬中最有用的鐵是黑色金屬及其合金中的基本元素主要種類有鑄鐵，碳鋼，合金鋼，不銹鋼，工具鋼和磨具鋼Thetermcastironreferstoafamilyofferrousalloyscomposedofiron,carbon(rangingfrom2.11%toabout4.5%),andsilicon(uptoabout3.5%).Castironsareusuallyclassifiedasfollows:1.Graycastiron,orgrayiron;2.Ductilecastiron,nodularcastiron,orsphericalgraphitecastiron;3.Whitecastiron;4.Malleableiron;5.Compactedgraphiteiron。（），它包含鐵碳（2.5%—4.5%）和硅（3.5%）鑄鐵的分類如下1.灰鑄鐵2.球墨鑄鐵3.白口鑄鐵4.可鍛鑄鐵5.如墨鑄鐵TheequilibriumphasediagramrelevanttocastironsisshowninFig.1.1,inwhichtherightboundaryis100%carbon,thatispuregraphite.Theeutectictemperatureis1154hC(2109hF),andsocastironsarecompletelyliquidattemperatureslowerthanthoserequiredforliquidsteels.Consequently,ironwithhighcarboncontentcanbecastatlowertemperaturesthancansteels.有關(guān)鑄鐵的平衡相圖如圖1.1所示其右邊界是100%的碳那是純石墨，其共晶溫度是1154℃因此鑄鐵可以在比那些熔化鋼更低的溫度下完全液化所以含碳量較高的鑄鐵的澆注溫度比鋼低。Carbonsteelsaregenerallyclassifiedbytheirproportion(byweight)ofcarboncontent.1.Low-carbonsteel,alsocalledmildsteel,haslessthan1.30%carbon.Itisgenerallyusedforcommonindustrialproducts,suchasbolts,nuts,sheet,plate,andtubes,andformachinecomponentsthatdonotrequirehighstrength.3.碳鋼：碳銅大體上是按碳含量的臂力來分類的1）低碳鋼又叫做軟鋼其碳含量小于0.30%它用于普遍的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品，例如螺栓，螺母。鋼板，港片鋼管和那些強(qiáng)度要求不高的機(jī)器零件Unit55.1IntroductionConventionalmachiningisthegroupofmachiningoperationsthatusesingle-ormulti-pointtoolstoremovematerialintheformofchips.Metalcuttinginvolvesremovingmetalthroughmachiningoperations.Machiningtraditionallytakesplaceonlathes,drillpresses,andmillingmachineswiththeuseofvariouscuttingtools.Mostmachininghasverylowset-upcostcomparedwithforming,molding,andcastingprocesses.However,machiningismuchmoreexpensiveforhighvolumes.Machiningisnecessarywheretighttolerancesondimensionsandfinishesarerequired.傳統(tǒng)機(jī)加工是利用單刃或多刃刀具以切削形式去除材料的（一組）加工方法。金屬切削就是利用機(jī)加工的方法去除材料，傳統(tǒng)機(jī)加工都是利用不用的刀具在車床，鉆床和銑床上進(jìn)行的，與成型加工，模壓制件和鑄造工藝相比，機(jī)加工的準(zhǔn)備成本還是比較低的。然而，如果是大批量生產(chǎn)，其成本要高得多，當(dāng)對(duì)零件的光潔度和尺寸公差要求較高時(shí)，機(jī)加工是必須的。5.2TurningandLatheTurningisoneofthemostcommonofmetalcuttingoperations.Inturning,aworkpieceisrotatedaboutitsaxisassingle-pointcuttingtoolsarefedintoit,shearingawayexcessmaterialandcreatingthedesiredcylindricalsurface.Turningcanoccuronbothexternalandinternalsurfacestoproduceanaxially-symmetricalcontouredpart.Partsrangingfrompocketwatchcomponentstolargediametermarinepropellershaftscanbeturnedonalathe.5.1車削與車床沿工件進(jìn)給，切掉多余的材料，最后形成要求的圓柱型表面，車削可以加工外表面以形成軸對(duì)稱的成型零件，從懷表的零件到大型螺旋角零件軸都可以在車床上加工。車削是金屬切削加工中最常用的方法之一。在車削過程中，一個(gè)工件繞其軸線回轉(zhuǎn)，單刃車刀Apartfromturning,severalotheroperationscanalsobeperformedonalathe.除了車削，一些其它的操作也可以在車床上完成。Boringandinternalturning.Boringandinternalturningareperformedontheinternalsurfacesbyaboringbarorsuitableinternalcuttingtools.Iftheinitialworkpieceissolid,adrillingoperationmustbeperformedfirst.Thedrillingtoolisheldinthetailstock,andthelatteristhenfedagainsttheworkpiece.Whenboringisdoneinalathe,theworkusuallyisheldinachuckoronafaceplate.Holesmaybeboredstraight,tapered,ortoirregularcontours.Boringisessentiallyinternalturningwhilefeedingthetoolparalleltotherotationaxisoftheworkpiece.鏜削和車內(nèi)圓：利用鏜桿或合適的內(nèi)圓車刀可以進(jìn)行鏜削和車內(nèi)圓。工件毛坯如果是實(shí)心的，首先要鉆孔，鉆頭安裝在尾架上，后者向工件進(jìn)給，如果在車床上進(jìn)行鏜削，工件一般安裝在卡盤活花盤上。鏜出的孔可以是盲孔、錐孔或者不規(guī)則的輪廓，當(dāng)工具與回轉(zhuǎn)軸平行進(jìn)給時(shí)，鏜削實(shí)際上是車削。Unit7Qualityandaccuracyaremajorconsiderationsinmakingpartsorstructures.Interchangeablepartsrequireahighdegreeofaccuracytofittogether.Withincreasingaccuracyorlessvariationinthedimension,thelaborandmachineryrequiredtomanufactureapartismorecostintensive.Anymanufacturershouldhaveathoroughknowledgeofthetolerancestoincreasethequalityandreliabilityofamanufacturedpartwiththeleastexpense.在制造機(jī)器零件和結(jié)構(gòu)的過程中，質(zhì)量和精度是最重要的因素?；Q性零件需要有高精度以實(shí)現(xiàn)相互配合。隨著精度的增加和尺寸變化的減小，制造零件所需的勞動(dòng)力和機(jī)器更趨于成本密集型，制造商應(yīng)該對(duì)公差有全面的了解，并以最小的成本提高加工零件的質(zhì)量和可靠性。Anengineeringdrawingmustbeproperlydimensionedinordertoconveythedesigner’sintenttotheenduser.Dimensionsofpartsgivenonblueprintsandmanufacturedtothosedimensionsshouldbeexactlyalikeandfitproperly.Unfortunately,itisimpossibletomakethingstoanexactordimension.Mostdimensionshaveavaryingdegreeofaccuracyandameansodspecifyingacceptablelimitationsindimensionalvariancesothatamanufacturedpartwillbeacceptedandstillfunction.Itisnecessarythatthedimensions,shapesandmutualpositionofsurfacesofindividualpartsarekeptwithinacertainaccuracytoachievetheircorrectandreliablefunctioning.Routineprocessesdonotallowmaintenance(ormeasurement)ofthegivengeometricalpropertieswithabsoluteaccuracy.Actualsurfacesoftheproducedpartsthereforedifferfromidealsurfacesprescribedindrawings.Deviationsofactualsurfacesaredividedintofourgroupstoenableassessment,prescriptionandcheckingofthepermittedinaccuracyduringproduction:1:Dimensionaldeviations;2:Shapedeviations;3:Positiondeviations;4:Surfaceroughnessdeviations.一張工程圖應(yīng)有恰當(dāng)?shù)某叽鐦?biāo)注，來把設(shè)計(jì)師的想法傳遞給用戶，加工出的零件尺寸應(yīng)與圖紙上所標(biāo)注的零件尺寸完全一致并匹配，但是加工零件的尺寸不可能是精確的尺寸，大多數(shù)的尺寸都有一個(gè)加工范圍，這是可接受的規(guī)定尺寸變化極限的一種方法，以至于可以接受并使用這一加工零件，各個(gè)零件的尺寸精度，形狀精度，互換位置精度必須保持在一個(gè)精度范圍以內(nèi)，以便正確可靠的實(shí)現(xiàn)他們的功能，常規(guī)的加工過程不允許對(duì)具有絕對(duì)精度的給點(diǎn)的幾何特性進(jìn)行維修和測(cè)量，因此實(shí)際零件加工表面不同于圖紙中規(guī)定的理想零件表面，實(shí)際加工表面的偏差在進(jìn)行評(píng)估說明和允許誤差的檢查過程中被分為四類：1.尺寸偏差，2.形狀偏差，3.位置偏差，4.表面粗糙度。第二篇：機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語_翻譯spark-ignitonengine電火花式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)acceptancesampling認(rèn)可采樣accessing訪問accurate準(zhǔn)確的acoustic聲學(xué)的actuator作動(dòng)器alternator交流發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)analogsensor模擬傳感器analog-to-digitalconverter模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器armature電樞Artificialintelligence人工智能artificialneuralnetworks神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)asageneralruleofthumb按慣例assumption假設(shè)asynchronousACmotors異步交流電動(dòng)機(jī)asynchronous不同時(shí)的，異步的bargains討價(jià)還價(jià)bearon生成binomial二項(xiàng)的Brakesystem制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)brushed/brushlessmotors有刷/無刷電機(jī)builtinto內(nèi)建Bythesametoken出于同樣的原因capacitorStart電容器啟動(dòng)（電動(dòng)機(jī)）catastrophically毀滅性地chargingcircuit充電電路Chargingsystem供電系統(tǒng)chassis車身底盤compression-ignitionengine壓然式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)coilhigh-tensioncables線圈高壓電纜compartment間隔間，車廂Compoundwound復(fù)勵(lì)concernedwith與有關(guān)concise簡(jiǎn)潔conductivity傳導(dǎo)率constantload定常負(fù)載contracts合同Converter轉(zhuǎn)換器corporateactivities公司的行為creditedletters對(duì)賬單cylinder汽缸dataacquisition數(shù)據(jù)拾取defectives缺陷產(chǎn)品derivedfrom起源于destructiveinspection有損檢測(cè)Detect檢測(cè)diesel/compression-ignitionengine柴油機(jī)Differential差速器dimensionsofparts零件的尺寸dissipate耗盡，用完distribution分發(fā)distributor分電器downgradetoalowerqualitylevel信用等級(jí)下調(diào)dynamicbraking動(dòng)態(tài)制動(dòng)Electricalsystem電氣系統(tǒng)electricalequipment電氣裝置electricalschematics電氣原理圖electricalsystem供電系統(tǒng)electromechanicalsystem機(jī)電系統(tǒng)electromechanical機(jī)電的eliminate排除emphasison強(qiáng)調(diào)equivalent相等的Essential基本的establish建立expertsystem專家系統(tǒng)fiber-opticsensor光纖傳感器fiber-opticsensors光纖傳感器Fiber-optic光纖fieldservice現(xiàn)場(chǎng)服務(wù)flaws有缺點(diǎn)的flux通量flywheel飛輪fractionalhorsepower(rating)小功率電動(dòng)機(jī)fractional部分的，分?jǐn)?shù)的functional功能的gasoline/spark-ignitionengine汽油機(jī)Gas-turbineengine汽輪機(jī)generate產(chǎn)生geographic地理的Grossdomesticproduct總產(chǎn)值heatengines熱機(jī)high-tension高壓的hood（發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)）罩humidity濕度hyperbolic雙曲線的hysteresismotors磁滯式電動(dòng)機(jī)hysteresis滯后作用，磁滯式hysteresis:磁滯現(xiàn)象ignitioncoil點(diǎn)火線圈Ignitionsystem點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)imbalance不平衡，不均衡imperfect不合格的impetus推動(dòng)，激勵(lì)intermsof根據(jù)increaseordecreasetheslipspeedoftherotor增減轉(zhuǎn)子的滑動(dòng)速率inductionmotor感應(yīng)式電機(jī)induction電磁感應(yīng)informationtechnologies信息技術(shù)inherent固有的initialimpetus最初的發(fā)展Inorganicmaterials無機(jī)材料inspect檢查Instrumentservomotor儀表伺服電機(jī)internalcombustionengine內(nèi)燃機(jī)internalcombustion內(nèi)燃機(jī)invoices發(fā)票irreversible不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的leadingpowerfactor超前功率因數(shù)loadtorque負(fù)載扭矩Logicfunction邏輯功能logisticsupport后勤保障log-normal對(duì)數(shù)正態(tài)的low-tension低壓的Magneticslip電磁轉(zhuǎn)差率maintained保留makesupfor彌補(bǔ)manipulate操縱marginalcost邊際成本medium中間，媒介mercurythermometer水銀溫度計(jì)Missileflighttracking導(dǎo)彈飛性追蹤momentofinertia轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量monitoring監(jiān)視motorwinding電機(jī)繞組：nationalcodesandstandards國(guó)標(biāo)negotiate談判nondestructiveinspection無損檢測(cè)nondestructive無損檢測(cè)Nonmentallicmaterials非金屬材料operatingpractice實(shí)際操作permanentmagnet永磁permanentsplitcapacitor固定分相的電容器permeability滲透性placestheorder下訂單Poissondistributions泊松分布Polarinertia極慣性矩poly-phaseACmotors多相交流電動(dòng)機(jī)polyphase多相的Powerfactor功率因數(shù)Price-performanceratio性價(jià)比Principalcomponent主要部件proximitysensor接近傳感器purchaseorder訂單qualityassurance質(zhì)量保證qualityinconformance產(chǎn)品移植性rawmaterials原材料Rearwheeldrive后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)regenerativebraking再生制動(dòng)，反饋制動(dòng)regenerative再生的，反饋的reluctance磁阻repulsioninduction推斥式感應(yīng)repulsionstart推斥式啟動(dòng)reversible可逆的Rotationalspeed轉(zhuǎn)速rotormagneticfieldrotate轉(zhuǎn)子磁場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)sampling采樣scheme安排schemes方案scrapped拋棄semi-finishedparts半成品sensorfusion傳感器融合Serieswound串勵(lì)shadedpole屏蔽極式Sheetmetalshell金屬板殼Shuntwound并勵(lì)Shut-off關(guān)斷signstheagreement簽合同singlephase單相的smartsensor智能傳感器somewhat稍微，有點(diǎn)sophistication復(fù)雜性，完善化，采用先進(jìn)技術(shù)sparkplugcables火花塞電纜sparkplug火花塞specifications指標(biāo)speedtransducer速度傳感器splitphase分相式squirrelcage鼠籠式Startingsystem啟動(dòng)系統(tǒng)statistical統(tǒng)計(jì)的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的steeringsystems方向系統(tǒng)steering轉(zhuǎn)向器steppermotors步進(jìn)電機(jī)strain應(yīng)變sufficient足夠的surfacetreatment表面處理surroundings環(huán)境Suspensionsystem懸掛系統(tǒng)suspension懸架switch開關(guān)，轉(zhuǎn)換器synchronousACmotors同步交流電動(dòng)機(jī)synchronous同時(shí)的Tactilesensing觸覺傳感技術(shù)technique-baseddecision技術(shù)決策tendsto傾向于tenet原則tensiletests拉伸實(shí)驗(yàn)tensile可拉長(zhǎng)的tensile張力，拉力theinductionmotoroperatesneartheferquencyoftheinputsource：感應(yīng)式電動(dòng)機(jī)在接近輸入電源頻率下運(yùn)行。Theinternalcombustionengine內(nèi)燃機(jī)Tolerancelevels公差等級(jí)Torque扭矩torque-speedcurves轉(zhuǎn)矩-速度曲線traceability可描繪traditionalbusiness傳統(tǒng)商務(wù)transmissionsystems傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)transmission變速器trunkdeck行李箱蓋two-valuecapacitorstart兩價(jià)電容器啟動(dòng)ubiquitous普遍存在的ultrasonic超聲的，超聲波universalmotor交直流兩用電動(dòng)機(jī)utilize利用variability可變的可變性vehicle車輛Visualsensing視覺傳感技術(shù)voltageregulator電壓調(diào)整器Weightdistribution質(zhì)量分配Windingcurrent繞住電流withtheemergenceofdigitalsignalprocessorsandmicrocontrollers隨著數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器和控制器的出現(xiàn)woundrotorinductionmotor繞線轉(zhuǎn)子電動(dòng)機(jī)woundrotor繞線轉(zhuǎn)子第三篇：機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語文章翻譯機(jī)械題目：學(xué)號(hào)：班級(jí)：數(shù)控姓名：康振平工程專業(yè)英語Computer-AidedDesignandManufacturing20110334304121Computer-AidedDesignandManufacturing計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與制造Computer-aideddesign（CAD）involvestheuseofcomputerstocreatedesigndrawingsandproductmodels.Computer-aideddesignisusuallyassociatedwithinteractivecomputergraphics（knownasaCADsystem）.Computer-aideddesignsystemsarepowerfultoolsandareusedinthemechanicaldesignandgeometricmodelingofproductsandcomponents.計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）是指用計(jì)算機(jī)來創(chuàng)造設(shè)計(jì)圖紙和產(chǎn)品模型。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)通常是與交互式計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)（稱為CAD系統(tǒng)）有關(guān)系的。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)是功能強(qiáng)大的工具，被用于在機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)以及產(chǎn)品和零件的幾何建模。InCAD，thedrawingboardisreplacedbyelectronicinputandoutputdevices.WhenusingaCADsystem，thedesignercanconceptualizetheobjecttobedesignedmoreeasilyontheGraphicsscreenandcanconsideralternativedesignsormodifyaparticulardesignquicklytomeetthenecessarydesignrequirementsorchanges.Thedesignercanthensubjectthedesigntoavarietyofengineeringanalysesandcanidentifypotentialproblems（suchasanexcessiveloadordeflection）.Thespeedandaccuracyofsuchanalysesfarsurpasswhatisavailablefromtraditionalmethods.在CAD（計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)）中，傳統(tǒng)的畫圖板被電子輸入和輸出設(shè)備所替換。當(dāng)使用CAD系統(tǒng)時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)者可以使對(duì)象概念化以便更容易在圖形屏幕上設(shè)計(jì)，并且可以考慮替代設(shè)計(jì)或快速地修改一個(gè)特定的設(shè)計(jì)來達(dá)到必要的設(shè)計(jì)要求或變化。因而設(shè)計(jì)者可以提供多種工程分析并且可以識(shí)別潛在的問題（如過負(fù)荷或變形）。這些分析的速度和準(zhǔn)確性都遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了傳統(tǒng)的方法。Draftproductivityrisesdramatically.Whensomethingisdrawnonce，itneverhastobedrawnagain.itcanberetrievedfromalibrary,andcanbeduplicated,stretched,sized,andchangedinmanywayswithouthavingtoberedrawn。Cutandpastetechniquesareusedaslabor-savingaids.設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)率的提高是顯著的。當(dāng)某些圖形被繪制一次后，就沒必要再畫第二次。它可以從圖形庫中恢復(fù)，可以被復(fù)制，拉伸，改變大小，和其他許多方面的改變而無需重新繪制。剪切和粘貼技巧作為節(jié)省勞力的助手被使用。CADmakespossiblemultiview2Ddrawings，andthedrawingscanbereproducedindifferentlevelsofreductionandenlargement.Itgivesthemechanicalengineertheabilitytomagnifyeventhesmallestofcomponentstoascertainifassembledcomponentsfitproperly.Partswithdifferentcharacteristics，suchasmovableorstationary，canbeassigneddifferentcolorsonthedisplay.CAD使二維圖紙多重視圖變?yōu)榭赡?，并且圖形可以在大小不同的圖層里重生。它使機(jī)械工程師有能力放大甚至最小的部件來確定構(gòu)件是否裝配合適。對(duì)于具有不同特性的零部件，如移動(dòng)或靜止，可以指定不同的顏色在顯示屏上標(biāo)示。haveevenmorefreedomwiththeadventof3-Dpartsandmanipulatetheminendlessvariationstoachievethedesiredresults.Throughfiniteelementanalysis，stressescanbeappliedtobeacomputermodelandtheresultsgraphicallydisplayed，givingthedesignerquickfeedbackonanyinherentproblemsinadesignbeforethecreationofaphysicalprototype.隨著三維建模的出現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)師有了更多自由和無限制的修改它們以實(shí)現(xiàn)所期望的結(jié)果。通過有限元分析，應(yīng)力加到計(jì)算機(jī)模型上并且以圖形化的方式顯示其結(jié)果，在產(chǎn)品物理原型生產(chǎn)之前，對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)中的任何內(nèi)在問題給設(shè)計(jì)者一個(gè)快速的反饋。DesignersInadditiontothedesign’sgeometricanddimensionalfeatures，otherinformation（suchasalistofmaterials，specification，andmanufacturinginstructions）isstoredintheCADdatabase.Usingsuchinformation,thedesignercanthenanalyzetheeconomicsofalternativedesigns.除了設(shè)計(jì)的幾何和尺寸特性之外，其他信息(比如材料清單、規(guī)格、和制造說明)都存儲(chǔ)在CAD數(shù)據(jù)庫里。利用這些信息，設(shè)計(jì)師可以分析備選設(shè)計(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。Computer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM)involvestheusesofcomputersandcomputertechnologytoassistinallthephasesofmanufacturingaproduct，includingprocessandproductionplanning，machining，scheduling，management，andqualitycontrol.Computer-aideddesignandcomputer-aidedmanufacturingareoftencombinedintoCAD/CAMsystems.計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造(CAM)包括使用計(jì)算機(jī)和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)來協(xié)助制造產(chǎn)品的所有階段，包括工藝和生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃，加工，調(diào)度，管理，和質(zhì)量控制。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造常常是和CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合的。Thiscombinationallowthetransferofinformationfromthedesignstageintothestageofplanningforthemanufactureofaproduct，withouttheneedtoreenterthedataonpartgeometrymanually.ThedatabasedevelopedduringCADisstored；thenitisprocessedfurther，byCAM，intothenecessarydataandinstructionsforoperatingandcontrollingproductionmachinery，material-handlingequipment，andautomatedtestingandinspectionforproductquality.這種組合允許一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的信息從設(shè)計(jì)階段傳遞到加工規(guī)劃階段，而不需要手動(dòng)重新輸入幾何部件的數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)研發(fā)期間存儲(chǔ)在數(shù)據(jù)庫，然后通過計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造進(jìn)一步處理，一直到必要的數(shù)據(jù)和指令的操作和控制生產(chǎn)機(jī)械、物料搬運(yùn)設(shè)備，自動(dòng)化測(cè)試和檢驗(yàn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。Inmachiningoperations，animportantfeatureofCAD/CAMisitscapabilitytodescribethetoolpathforvariousoperations，suchasNCturning，milling，anddrilling.Theinstructions（programs）arecomputergenerated，andtheycanbemodifiedbytheprogrammertooptimizethetoolpath.Theengineerortechniciancanthendisplayandvisuallycheckthetoolpathforpossibletoolcollisionswithfixturesorotherinterferences.Thetoolpathcanbemodifiedatanytime，toaccommodateotherpartshapestobemachined.在機(jī)械加工中，CAD/CAM的一個(gè)重要特征是它有可以描述刀具運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡的能力，如數(shù)控車削，銑削，鉆孔。指令（程序）是計(jì)算機(jī)生成的，它們可以由程序員修改優(yōu)化刀具路徑。工程師或技術(shù)員可以顯示和檢查刀具路徑可能與夾具或其他干擾工具碰撞。刀具路徑可以隨時(shí)修改，以適應(yīng)其他部分的形狀被加工。SometypicalapplicationsofCAD/CAMare：（a）programmingforNC，CNC，andindustrialrobots；（b）designoftoolsandfixturesandEDMelectodes；（c）qualitycontrolandinspection，forinstance，coordinate-measuringmachinesprogrammedonaCAD/CAMworkstation；（d）processplanningandscheduling；and（e）plantlayout.CAD/CAM的一些典型應(yīng)用是：（a）數(shù)控編程，計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控編程和工業(yè)機(jī)器人；（b）工具和夾具以及電火花電極的設(shè)計(jì)；（c）質(zhì)量控制和檢查，例如，在CAD/CAM工作站上的坐標(biāo)測(cè)量機(jī)編程；（d）工藝規(guī)劃與調(diào)度；和（e）工廠布局。TheemergenceofCAD/CAMhashadamajorimpactonmanufacturing，bystandardizingproductdevelopmentandbyreducingdesigneffort，tryout，andprototypework；ithasmadepossiblesignificantlyreducedcostsandimprovedproductivity.Thetwo-engineBoeing777passengerairplane，forexample,wasdesignedcompletedbycomputer（paperlessdesign）.TheplaneisconstructeddirectlyfromtheCAD/CAMsoftwaredeveloped（anenhancedCATIAsystem）andnoprototypesormockupswerebuilt，suchaswererequiredforpreviousmodels.CAD/CAM的出現(xiàn)對(duì)制造業(yè)產(chǎn)生了重大影響，通過產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和減少設(shè)計(jì)工作量，試用，和原型的工作；它有可能大大降低成本和提高生產(chǎn)力。例如雙引擎的波音777客機(jī)就是由計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)完成（無紙化設(shè)計(jì)）。這架飛機(jī)直接從CAD/CAM軟件開發(fā)（增強(qiáng)CATIA系統(tǒng)）并沒有建立原型或?qū)嵨锬Ｐ偷那闆r下制造出來，如以前所需要的的模型。第四篇：機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語第二版必考翻譯(完整版)1.Withlow-powermachineryorvehiclestheoperatorcanusuallyapplysufficientforcethroughasimplemechanicallinkagefromthepedleorhandletothestationarypartofthebrake.Inmanycases,however,thisforcemustbemultipliedbyusinganelaboratebrakingsystem.（P5）用低能機(jī)器或傳力工具，操作者通過向踏板或把手的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械連接構(gòu)件作用足夠的力量到車閘固定的部分。大多數(shù)情況，然而，用一個(gè)詳細(xì)（復(fù)雜）的車閘系統(tǒng)使這個(gè)力量成倍增加。2.Thefundamentalprincipleinvolvedistheuseofcompressedairactingthroughapistoninacylindertosetblockbrakesonthewheels.Theactionissimultaneousonthewheelsofallthecarsinthetrain.Thecompressedairiscarriedthroughastronghosefromcartocarwithcouplingsbetweencars;itsreleasetoalltheseparateblockbrakeunits,atthesametime,iscontrolledbytheengineer.(BrakingSystems)（P5）相關(guān)的基本原理是使用壓縮氣體，通過氣缸內(nèi)的活塞將閘塊壓在車輪起作用。列車的所有車廂上的車輪同時(shí)動(dòng)作。壓縮氣體通過一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的管道在由聯(lián)軸器連接的車廂之間傳輸；工程師控制其在同一時(shí)間釋放到所有獨(dú)立的閘塊單元。3.Whenthebrakepedalofanautomobileisdepressed,aforceisappliedtoapistoninamastercylinder.Thepistonforceshydraulicfluidthroughmetaltubingintoacylinderineachwheelwherethefluid’spressuremovestwopistonsthatpressthebrakeshoesagainstthedrum.(BrakingSystems)（P5）當(dāng)踩下汽車剎車的踏板，在主汽缸中的活塞上施加一個(gè)力?；钊?qū)動(dòng)液壓流體通過金屬管道進(jìn)入每個(gè)車輪氣缸，在那里液壓移動(dòng)兩個(gè)活塞將閘片壓向輪圈。4.Machineryontologyincludingmechanicalrack,mechanicalconnectionsandmechanicaltransmission,whichisthebasisofmechanical-electricalintegration,playsaroleinsupportingtheotherfunctionalunitsofthesystemandtransmittingmotionandpower.Comparedtopurelymechanicalproducts,theperformanceandfunctionalityofintegrationtechnologyinelectricalandmechanicalsystemshavebeenimprovedalot,whichrequiresmechanicalontologytoadaptitsnewstatusinmechanicalstructure,materials,processingtechnology,aswellastheareasofgeometry.Accordingly,thenewontologyiswithhighefficient,multi-functional,reliableandenergy-saving,small,light-weightedandaestheticallypleasingcharacteristics.(MechatronicsSystem)（P7）機(jī)械體包括機(jī)架、機(jī)械聯(lián)接和機(jī)械傳動(dòng)，它是機(jī)電一體化的基礎(chǔ)，作用是支撐系統(tǒng)其他功能單元，傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力。和純機(jī)械產(chǎn)品相比，一體化技術(shù)的性能和功能在機(jī)電系統(tǒng)中大幅提高，它要求機(jī)械本體適應(yīng)在機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)、材料、加工技術(shù)以及這些領(lǐng)域中的幾何學(xué)下的新環(huán)境。相應(yīng)的，新的一體化具有高效、多功能、可靠、節(jié)能、小輕和美學(xué)的令人賞心悅目的特征。5.Detectingsensordetectingsensorpartincludesavarietyofsensorsandsignaldetectioncircuit,anditsfunctionistodetecttheprocessofmechatronicsystemsintheworkitselfandthechangesofrelevantparametersinexternalenvironmentandtransmittheinformationtotheelectroniccontrolunit.Electroniccontrolunitchecktheinformationandsendsthecorrespondingcontrolissuestotheactuator.(MechatronicsSystem)（P7）檢測(cè)傳感器部分包括各類傳感器、信號(hào)檢測(cè)電路，它的功能是檢測(cè)機(jī)電系統(tǒng)自身工作的工程，在外部環(huán)境下的相關(guān)參數(shù)的改變，將其信息傳給電子控制單元。電子控制單元通過檢查信息，送出相應(yīng)的指令到執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)。6.Electroniccontrolunit,alsoknownasECU,isthecoreofmechatronicsystems,responsiblefortheexternalcommandsandthesignalsoutputbysensors.Itcentralizesstores,computesandanalyzestheinformation.Basedontheresultsofinformationprocessing,instructionareissuedaccordingtoacertainextentandpacetocontrolthedestinationfortheentiresystem.(MechatronicsSystem)（P7）電子控制單元，也被稱為控制單元（ECU）控制，是機(jī)電系統(tǒng)的核心，負(fù)責(zé)外部命令和傳感器的信號(hào)輸出。它集中、存儲(chǔ)、計(jì)算并分析信息?；谛畔⑻幚淼慕Y(jié)果，按照一定的范圍和步調(diào)發(fā)出命令來實(shí)現(xiàn)控制整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)。7.Itisputintoafairlystandardmachinetoolthathashadpositionsensingandmotorsonthecontrolknobsinstalled.Thisisbasicallyjustarobotmachinist.Youusearotatingcuttingtooltocutawayallthemetalthatisn’tyourcrank.3Dmetaletch-a-sketch,withthecomputerinterpolating,sothecirclescomeouttobeprettysmooth.(CNCMachining)（P9）將數(shù)控系統(tǒng)裝入一個(gè)非常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的機(jī)床，它在控制手柄上有位置感應(yīng)和馬達(dá)。這基本上是一個(gè)機(jī)械師。你能使用一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)切削刀具切掉不是你設(shè)計(jì)的所有金屬。具有計(jì)算內(nèi)插的三維金屬蝕刻成型可以使得圓被加工得更光滑。8.They(CNCmachine)arecomplicatedmachines,fullofservomechanisms,andmeasuringtechnologythatcanmeasureto0.005mm(0.0001”)whilecoveredinoil.ACNCmachinehasaminimumof6motors(includingsometochangetools,andoneormoretopumpoilandcoolantvariousplaces).Thistranslatestorunningcoststhatmaybewellover$1/minute.(Thecomputerisnotasignificantpartofthecostanymore.)(CNCMachining)（P10）數(shù)控機(jī)床是復(fù)雜的機(jī)器，具有伺服機(jī)構(gòu)和檢測(cè)技術(shù)，它能在覆蓋油膜狀態(tài)下檢測(cè)到0.005mm。數(shù)控機(jī)床至少有6個(gè)馬達(dá)（包括一些用來換刀具，一個(gè)或多個(gè)用來泵油和冷卻液的各地方）。這些化成運(yùn)行成本可能大大超過1美元/分鐘。（電腦不再是成本的一個(gè)重要部分.）9.Thesmaller,denserchipscanalsoprovidespeedbenefits,becauseinhigh-speeddevices,thelengthoftimeittakesasignaltotravelagivendistancecanbecomeafactor.(IntegratedCircuit(IC))（P57）小而密的芯片能提供速度優(yōu)勢(shì)，因?yàn)楦咚傺b置中，信號(hào)傳輸給定距離所需時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度是一個(gè)因素。10．ICshaveconsistentlymigratedtosmallerfeaturesizesovertheyears,allowingmorecircuitrytobepackedoneachchip.Thisincreasedcapacityperunitareacanbeusedtodecreasecostand/orincreasefunctionality-seeMoore’slawwhich,initsmoderninterpretation,statesthatthenumberoftransistorsinanintegratedcircuitdoubleseverytwoyears。（P58）多年來集成電路持續(xù)向更小的外觀尺寸發(fā)展，允許每個(gè)芯片封裝更多的電路，這增加了單位面積的容量，可以被用于降低成本和/或增加功能。由Moore法則，用現(xiàn)代的解釋來說，集成電路中晶體管的數(shù)量每?jī)赡隄q一倍。11.Ingeneral,asthefeaturesizeshrinks,almosteverythingimprovesthecostperunitandtheswitchingpowerconsumptiongoesdown,andthespeedgoesup.However,ICswithnanometer-scaledevicesarenotwithouttheirproblems,principalamongwhichisleakagecurrent,althoughtheseproblemsarenotinsurmountableandwilllikelybesolvedoratleastamelioratedbytheintroductionofhigh-kdielectrics.(IntegratedCircuit(IC))（P58）一般隨著外觀尺寸的減小，幾乎任何物品的單位成本會(huì)改善（降低），轉(zhuǎn)換能源消耗會(huì)降低，速度提高。然而，納米級(jí)設(shè)備所用的IC芯片不是沒有問題，其中最基本的是漏電流，盡管這些問題不是不可克服的，它可被解決，或至少可通過引入高k值絕緣體被改善。12.Themajorfabricatingstepsforintegratedcircuitsincludefilmformation,impuritydoping,photolithography,etching,andpackaging.（P58）集成電路的主要的制造步驟包括薄膜形成、摻雜雜質(zhì)、微影技術(shù)、蝕刻、包裝。13.FactoryassemblylinemachineryisactivatedandmonitoredbyasinglePLC,whereinthepasthundredsoftimersandrelayswouldhavebeenrequiredtodothetask.Themachineorsystemuserrarely,ifever,interactsdirectlywiththePLC’sprogram.WhenitisnecessarytoeithereditorcreatethePLCprogram,apersonalcomputerisusually(butnotalways)connectedtoit.(WhatisaPLC?)（P61）工廠的裝配線機(jī)械用一個(gè)PLC就能操縱和監(jiān)控，過去需要數(shù)百的計(jì)時(shí)器和繼電器才能完成這項(xiàng)工作。這臺(tái)機(jī)器或系統(tǒng)用戶，如果有的話，很少直接與PLC的程序交互。當(dāng)有必要編輯或創(chuàng)建PLC程序時(shí)僅需將個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)（但不總是）連到PLC上。14.Theprocessesofsequencingcontrolandinterlocklogicneededforautomobilemanufacturingwasatimeconsumingandarduoustask,whichrequiredmanualupdatingofrelays,timersanddedicatedclosed-loopcontrollers.Whenanewyear’smodelwascomingoffthedrawingboard,skilledelectricianswerecalledontoresettheproductionline.(WhatisaPLC?)（P61）汽車制造所需的時(shí)序控制、互鎖邏輯的處理是一項(xiàng)耗時(shí)、費(fèi)勁的工作，它需要手工更新繼電器、計(jì)時(shí)器和特定的閉環(huán)控制器。當(dāng)一個(gè)新模型脫離制圖板，熟練的電工被要求從裝生產(chǎn)線。15.PLCs,inessence,monitorexternalsensoryactivityfromadditionaldevices.Theytakeinthedatawhichreportsonawidevarietyofactivity,suchasmachineperformance,energyoutput,andprocessimpediment.Theyalsocontrolattachedmotorstarters,pilotlights,valuesandmanyotherdevices.Bothfunctionsrespondtoacustom,user-createdprogram.(WhatisaPLC?)（P62）PLC，本質(zhì)上是監(jiān)控附加裝置的外部傳感活動(dòng)，他們接受數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)提供廣泛的活動(dòng)，如機(jī)器性能、能量輸出和加工障礙。它們也控制相連的馬達(dá)啟動(dòng)器、導(dǎo)航燈、閥門和許多其他裝置。所有的功能都對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)慣例，實(shí)用程序。16.They(PLCs)aredesignedforreal-timeuse,andoftenmustwithstandharshenvironmentsontheshopfloor.Theprogrammablelogiccontrollercircuitrymonitorsthestatusofmultiplesensorinput,whichcontroloutputactuators,whichmaybethingslikemotorstarters,solenoid,lightsanddisplays,orvalves.(WhatisaPLC?)（P62）PLC被設(shè)計(jì)為實(shí)時(shí)應(yīng)用，常常必須經(jīng)受車間惡劣環(huán)境。PLC的電路檢測(cè)很多傳感器輸入的狀態(tài)，控制輸出執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，如馬達(dá)啟動(dòng)器、螺線管、燈、顯示屏和閥門。17.LadderlogicisessentiallyaBooleanlogic-solvingprogramwithagraphicaluserinterfacedesignedtolooklikeanelementarywiringdiagram,familiartoallindustrialelectricians.(WhatisaPLC?)（P62）梯形邏輯本質(zhì)是一個(gè)具有圖形用戶界面的布爾邏輯處理程序，設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)所有的工業(yè)電氣師都熟悉的基本電氣線圖。18.PIDcanbedescribedasasetofruleswithwhichpreciseregulationofaclosed-loopcontrolsystemisobtained.Closedloopcontrolmeansamethodinwhichareal-timemeasurementoftheprocessbeingcontrolledisconstantlyfedbacktothecontrollingdevicetoensurethatthevaluewhichisdesiredis,infact,beingrealized.(WhatisPIDControl)（P63）PID可以用一組規(guī)則描述，通過這組規(guī)則可獲得閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)的精密調(diào)控。閉環(huán)控制是一種方法，用這種方法可將被控過程的實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)持續(xù)地反饋給控制設(shè)備以確保期望值被實(shí)現(xiàn)。19.Themostimportantofthese(PIDs),ProportionalControl,determinesthemagnitudeofthedifferencebetweentheSETPOINTandthePROCESSVARIABLE(knownasERROR),andthenappliesappropriateproportionalchangestotheCONTROLVARIABLEtoeliminateERROR.(WhatisPIDControl)（P63）PID中最重要的是比例控制，它決定了設(shè)定值和過程變量間的差值，然后對(duì)控制變量使用合適的比例變量以消除誤差。20.Shaftingisthemachineelementthatsupportsarollerandwheelsothattheycanperformtheirbasicfunctionsofrotation.Shafting,madefromroundmetalbarsofvariouslengthsandmachinedtodimensionthesurface,isusedinagreatvarietyofshapesandapplications.Becauseshaftscarryloadsandtransmitpower,theyaresubjecttothestressesandstrainsofoperatingmachineparts.Standardizedprocedureshavebeenevolvedfordeterminingthematerialcharacteristicsandsizerequirementsforsafeandeconomicalconstructionandoperation.(Shafting)（P67）軸是能支撐滾子和輪子以完成最基本的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)械元件。軸，由各類長(zhǎng)度的圓形金屬棒料制成，被加工成各類的表面尺寸，以各種形狀用于各種用途。軸因?yàn)槌休d和傳動(dòng)必經(jīng)受在工作的機(jī)器零件的應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變。已演化出的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流程確定安全經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)操作所需的材料特性和尺寸要求。21.Particularlyinsolidshafting,theshaftissteppedtoallowgreaterstrengthinthemiddleportionwithminimumdiameterontheendsatthebearings.Thestepsallowshouldersforpositioningthevariouspartspressedontotheshaftduringtherotorassembly.(Shafting)（P67）特別是實(shí)心軸，階梯軸允許中部有更大的強(qiáng)度，端部軸承處直徑最小。階梯允許軸肩在轉(zhuǎn)子裝置期間，通過靠在軸上來定位各類零件。22.Oneormorepiecesofshaftingjoinedbycouplingsisusedtotransmitpowerfrom,forexample,anenginetoaremotelylocatedmachine.Asingleenginecandrivemanylinesofshafting,which,inturn,connectinmultiplefashionstoprocessequipmentmachines.Beltsoperateonpulleystotransmitthetorquefromonelinetoanotherandfromtheshaftingtothemachines.Clutchesandcouplingscontrolthetransferofpowerfromtheshafting.Thedeliveryofpowertothemachinesinashophasgenerallybeenconvertedfromlineshaftingtoindividualelectricmotordrivesforeachmachine.Thus,inamodernprocessingplant,lineshaftingisobsolete.（P68）一個(gè)或多個(gè)傳動(dòng)軸件，由聯(lián)軸節(jié)接合，用來傳送能量形式，例如，一個(gè)引擎到遠(yuǎn)程機(jī)器。一個(gè)單一的引擎可以驅(qū)動(dòng)許多軸系，反過來，以多種形式連接到加工設(shè)備機(jī)器。皮帶在滑輪上運(yùn)行，從一個(gè)軸系向另一個(gè)軸系傳遞扭矩，并從軸系傳遞給機(jī)器。離合器和聯(lián)軸器控制來自軸系的動(dòng)力傳遞。把動(dòng)力傳遞給車間里的機(jī)器一般已從用傳動(dòng)軸系變成了用獨(dú)立的電動(dòng)馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)每臺(tái)機(jī)器。因此，在一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的加工廠里，傳動(dòng)軸系已過時(shí)。23.Differingwidelyinviscosity,specificgravity,vaporpressure,boilingpoint,andotherproperties,lubricantsalsoofferawiderangeofselectionfortheincreasinglyvariedneedsofmodernindustry.Butwhatevertheirderivationorproperties,thepur