《英美文學(xué)選讀》第七章 Representative Writers and Their Works 4-6節(jié)課件

Chapter7RepresentativeWriters

andTheirWorksUnit4WaltWhitmanWaltWhitman(1819-1892)僅在校6年印刷廠學(xué)徒1835年，在長島鄉(xiāng)村學(xué)校執(zhí)教1841年，在紐約當(dāng)記者40年代先后在《紐約曙光》等任編輯在創(chuàng)作方面卓越城就同時(shí)撰稿、演講期間，辦報(bào)紙《長島人》1873年，不幸中風(fēng)遷居新澤西州卡姆登養(yǎng)病因病重于1892年３月26日逝世自學(xué)，閱讀美國首位“民主詩人”主要作品代表了他關(guān)注于歷史的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義轉(zhuǎn)向，為克萊恩、海明威、梅勒等人的自然主義戰(zhàn)爭文學(xué)做了很好的鋪墊1855年，自費(fèi)出版?草葉集?第一版1842年，小說?富蘭克林·伊凡斯?幾十年間不斷對這部詩集進(jìn)行擴(kuò)充、修改，收錄的詩作數(shù)量也從最初的12首發(fā)展到383首WaltWhitman(1819-1892)1865-1866年，戰(zhàn)爭詩?鼓聲集?和?鼓聲集續(xù)編?Drum-Taps

and

Sequel、1875-1876年，散文集Memoranda

Duringthe

War

?戰(zhàn)爭備忘錄?惠特曼第一次把目光投向普通人和日常生活，謳歌民主自由，倡導(dǎo)人類平等，贊美大自然和創(chuàng)造性勞動(dòng)，譴責(zé)奴隸制，由此被公認(rèn)為美國首位“民主詩人”。一方面，其詩歌創(chuàng)作總體上呈現(xiàn)出一種個(gè)性分明的美國特性和民族意識(shí)；另一方面，民主思想構(gòu)成了貫穿其全部作品的一條主線。這不僅表現(xiàn)在詩人的廢奴主義立場和種族平等觀念以及為普通勞動(dòng)大眾代言的姿態(tài)上，而且表現(xiàn)在他打破“男性與女性、農(nóng)民與工人、妓女與奴隸、美國公民與世界公民”等社會(huì)身份界限并“自由穿梭于過去、現(xiàn)在和未來”的氣魄上。其詩歌藝術(shù)風(fēng)格也是民主精神的體現(xiàn)：他所創(chuàng)造的自由體詩(freeverse)不受格律、韻腳的限制，文體上十分接近口語和散文，使語言沖破傳統(tǒng)詩歌形式的束縛，自由灑脫地表達(dá)思想，激情奔放地表露情感，由此開創(chuàng)了一種全新的美國詩風(fēng)。LeavesofGrass?草葉集?是惠特曼的浪漫主義詩集，共收有詩歌三百余首。詩集得名于其中這樣的一句詩：“哪里有土，哪里有水，哪里就長著草?！痹娂械脑姼璞阆袷情L滿美國大地的芳草，生氣蓬勃并散發(fā)著誘人的芳香。它們開創(chuàng)了美國民族詩歌的新時(shí)代。作者在詩歌形式上大膽創(chuàng)新，創(chuàng)造了“自由體”的詩歌形式，打破了傳統(tǒng)的詩歌格律，以斷句作為韻律的基礎(chǔ)，節(jié)奏自由奔放，汪洋恣肆，舒卷自如，具有一瀉千里的氣勢和無所不包的容量。?草葉集?中對大自然、對自我有著泛神主義的歌頌。泛神主義崇拜大自然，以自然萬物為神。詩中極力贊美大自然的壯麗、神奇和偉大。以下摘錄為其中的兩篇清新小詩。TotheGardentheWorldTothegardentheworldanewascending,Potentmates,daughters,sons,preluding,Thelove,thelifeoftheirbodies,meaningandbeing,Curiousherebeholdmyresurrectionafterslumber,Therevolvingcyclesintherewidesweephavingbroughtmeagain,Amorous,mature,allbeautifultome,allwondrous,Mylimbsandthequiveringfirethateverplaysthroughthem,Forreasons,mostwondrous,ExistingIpeerandpenetratestill,Contentwiththepresentcontentwiththepast,BymysideorbackofmeEvefollowing,Orinfront,andIfollowingherjustthesame.SpontaneousMeSpontaneousme,Nature,Thelovingday,themountingsun,thefriendIamhappywith,Thearmofmyfriendhangingidlyovermyshoulder,Thehillsidewhiten'dwithblossomsofthemountainash,Thesamelateinautumn,thehuesofred,yellow,drab,purple,andlightanddarkgreen,Therichcoverletofthegrass,animalsandbirds,theprivateuntrimm'dbank,theprimitiveapples,thepebble-stones,Beautifuldrippingfragments,thenegligentlistofoneafteranotherasIhappentocallthemtomeorthinkofthem,Therealpoems,(whatwecallpoemsbeingmerelypictures,)Thepoemsoftheprivacyofthenight,andofmenlikeme,ThispoemdroopingshyandunseenthatIalwayscarry,andthatallmencarry,SpontaneousMe(Knowonceforall,avow'donpurpose,whereveraremenlikeme,areourlustylurkingmasculinepoems,)Love-thoughts,love-juice,love-odor,love-yielding,love-climbers,andtheclimbingsap,Armsandhandsoflove,lipsoflove,phallicthumboflove,breastsoflove,belliespress'dandgluedtogetherwithlove,Earthofchastelove,lifethatisonlylifeafterlove,Thebodyofmylove,thebodyofthewomanIlove,thebodyoftheman,thebodyoftheearth,Softforenoonairsthatblowfromthesouth-west,Thehairywild-beethatmurmursandhankersupanddown,thatgripesthefull-grownlady-flower,curvesuponherwithamorousfirmlegs,takeshiswillofher,andholdshimselftremulousandtighttillheissatisfied;SpontaneousMeThewetofwoodsthroughtheearlyhours,Twosleepersatnightlyingclosetogetherastheysleep,onewithanarmslantingdownacrossandbelowthewaistoftheother,Thesmellofapples,aromasfromcrush'dsage-plant,mint,birch-bark,Theboy'slongings,theglowandpressureasheconfidestomewhathewasdreaming,Thedeadleafwhirlingitsspiralwhirlandfallingstillandcontenttotheground,Theno-form'dstingsthatsights,people,objects,stingmewith,Thehubb'dstingofmyself,stingingmeasmuchasitevercananyone,Thesensitive,orbic,underlapp'dbrothers,thatonlyprivilegedfeelersmaybeintimatewheretheyare,SpontaneousMeThecuriousroamerthehandroamingalloverthebody,thebashfulwithdrawingoffleshwherethefingerssoothinglypauseandedgethemselves,Thelimpidliquidwithintheyoungman,Thevex'dcorrosionsopensiveandsopainful,Thetorment,theirritabletidethatwillnotbeatrest,ThelikeofthesameIfeel,thelikeofthesameinothers,Theyoungmanthatflushesandflushes,andtheyoungwomanthatflushesandflushes,Theyoungmanthatwakesdeepatnight,thehothandseekingtorepresswhatwouldmasterhim,Themysticamorousnight,thestrangehalf-welcomepangs,visions,sweats,Thepulsepoundingthroughpalmsandtremblingencirclingfingers,theyoungmanallcolor'd,red,ashamed,angry;SpontaneousMeThesouseuponmeofmyloverthesea,asIliewillingandnaked,Themerrimentofthetwinbabesthatcrawloverthegrassinthesun,themotherneverturninghervigilanteyesfromthem,Thewalnut-trunk,thewalnut-husks,andtheripeningorripen'dlong-roundwalnuts,Thecontinenceofvegetables,birds,animals,TheconsequentmeannessofmeshouldIskulkorfindmyselfindecent,whilebirdsandanimalsneveronceskulkorfindthemselvesindecent,Thegreatchastityofpaternity,tomatchthegreatchastityofmaternity,TheoathofprocreationIhavesworn,myAdamicandfreshdaughters,SpontaneousMeThegreedthateatsmedayandnightwithhungrygnaw,tillIsaturatewhatshallproduceboystofillmyplacewhenIamthrough,Thewholesomerelief,repose,content,Andthisbunchpluck'datrandomfrommyself,Ithasdoneitswork--Itossitcarelesslytofallwhereitmay.There’s

a

man

in

the

world

who

is

never

turned

down,

whatever

he

chances

to

stray;

he

gets

the

gladhand

in

the

populous

town,

or

out

where

the

farmers

makes

hay;

he’s

greeted

with

pleasure

on

deserts

of

sand,

and

deep

in

the

aisles

of

the

woods;

wherever

he

goes

there’s

a

welcoming

hand—he’s

the

man

whodelivers

the

goods．

———Walt

Whitman課后練習(xí)知識(shí)鏈接１．這兩首詩分別表達(dá)了什么樣的情感?２．查找惠特曼的其他作品閱讀并賞析.Chapter7RepresentativeWriters

andTheirWorksUnit5EdgarAllanPoeEdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)出生于波士頓年幼父母雙亡，被煙草商約翰·愛倫收養(yǎng)1826年，就讀于弗吉尼亞大學(xué)加入陸軍1829年，離開軍隊(duì)，進(jìn)入西點(diǎn)軍校學(xué)習(xí)因沉迷賭博酗酒輟學(xué)美國作家、詩人、編輯和文學(xué)評論家,美國浪漫主義思潮時(shí)期的重要成員。以神秘故事和恐怖小說聞名于世。他是美國短篇故事的先驅(qū)者之一,推理小說的開山鼻祖,后世科幻小說的始祖.自輟學(xué)后，先后創(chuàng)作詩集、隨筆和小說一直顛沛流離，貧病交加，1849年因酗酒昏迷幾天后去世EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)主要作品1827年，Tamerlane

and

Other

Poems?帖木兒及其他詩?1845年，?烏鴉?1833年，F(xiàn)ound

in

a

Bottle?瓶中手稿?1838年，The

Narrative

of

Arthur

Gordon

Pym?阿瑟·戈登皮姆的故事?1829年，AlAaraaf,

Tamerlane

and

Minor

Poems?阿爾·阿拉夫、帖木兒及小詩?1831年，Poems?詩集?1839年，Tales

of

the

Grotesqueand

Arabesque?怪異故事集?1843年，The

Gold

Bug?金甲蟲?愛倫·坡的詩歌在主題和風(fēng)格上與其小說創(chuàng)作一脈相承，充滿怪誕意象、感傷情調(diào)和唯美韻律。在主題方面，坡的詩歌涉及愛與死亡、人生的宿命與無常、內(nèi)在的自我矛盾、自然的美好、人類想象的創(chuàng)造與破壞力等。在文學(xué)技法方面，他善用重復(fù)以及頭韻、內(nèi)韻和諧韻，將多種詩歌元素整合為一個(gè)旨在達(dá)到預(yù)期效果的整體，對現(xiàn)代英語詩歌的發(fā)展做出了獨(dú)特的貢獻(xiàn)。TheRaven?烏鴉?是愛倫·坡1844年創(chuàng)作的一篇詩歌。敘述的是一位經(jīng)受失親之痛的男子在孤苦無奈、心灰意冷的深夜與一只烏鴉邂逅的故事。12月的一個(gè)深夜，又黑又冷，這是敘述者凄苦難耐的心理寫照.，正是這種心境引來了烏鴉，它枯立在智慧女神的塑像上，一次次地傳達(dá)著冥界的訊息，一次次地用沙啞刺耳的“永不復(fù)生”的字眼戳啄著敘述者業(yè)已破碎的心，使他的靈魂沉入低回飄蕩的陰影之中?；{(diào)凄愴疑懼，源于不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的絕望，隨著烏鴉一聲聲“永不復(fù)生”而加深，直至絕望到無以復(fù)加的終行。文中“永不復(fù)生”共重復(fù)了11次，它是烏鴉唯一的話語，既是它的名字，也是它對作者每一次詢問的回答。聽起來既答非所問，又覺得非常應(yīng)景，它把一幕原本荒誕的對話推向了對生存價(jià)值的哲理敘述。人至愛的一切不正像烏鴉聒噪的那樣，一旦逝去便永不復(fù)生嗎?TheRaven一次午夜時(shí)，我疲憊不堪困意濃，稀奇古事?lián)]不掉----低頭小憩時(shí)，忽聞窗外叩拍聲，好似有人輕輕把門敲----心想必有來客訪----唯此無他響。啊，我銘記那是在凄涼寒冬十二月；灰死空留斷魂烙。欲把情愁付書海，難忘佳麗魂已銷----舉世無雙窈窕女，安琪喚其叫勒諾----香銷玉逝無人叫。

Onceuponamidnightdreary,whileIpondered,weakandweakry.Overmanyaquintandcuriousvolumeofforgottenlore.WhileInodded,nearlynapping,suddenlytherecameatapping,Asofsomeonerapping,rappingatmychamberdoor."'Tissomevisitor,"

Imuttered,"tappingatmychamberdoor--Onlythis,andnothingmore."

Ah,distinctlyIrememberitwasinthebleakDecember,Andeachseparatedyingemberwroughtitsghostuponthefloor.EagerlyIwishedthemorrow;

-vainlyIhadtriedtoborrowFrommybookssurceaseofsorrow-sorrowforthelostLenore-FortherareandradiantmaidenwhomtheangelsnameLenore-Namelesshereforevermore.TheRaven絲簾哀怨簌簌響，莫名恐懼心頭涌；屏息起身細(xì)思忖，“過客欲求棲身所----夜深探問把門敲，唯此無他響?！宾畷r(shí)心定意堅(jiān)不狐疑，開口來問尋，“先生/夫人請見諒，意懶心倦正自煩，叩門之音未聽確，”就此開門將客迎；夜?jié)猓瑹o人影。AndthesilkensaduncertainrustlingofeachpurplecurtainThrilledme-filledmewithfantasticterrorsneverfeltbefore;

Sothatnow,tostillthebeatingofmyheart,Istoodrepeating"

'

Tissomevisitorentreatingentranceatmychamberdoor-Somelatevisitorentreatingentranceatmychamberdoor;-Thisitisandnothingmore.Presentlymysoulgrewstronger;

hesitatingthennolonger,"Sir,"

saidI,"orMadam,trulyyourforgivenessIimplore;

ButthefactisIwasnapping,andsogentlyyoucamerapping,Andsofaintlyyoucametapping,tappingatmychamberdoor,ThatIscarcewassureIheardyou"--hereIopenedwidethedoor;

Darknessthere,andnothingmore.TheRaven定足凝望，慢慢長夜心懸疑，恰似幽夢初醒自難忘，夜瀾無聲，靜寂無形，唯我低聲喚勒諾，凄然曠野映回聲-勒諾唯此無他響。轉(zhuǎn)身回屋，心有余悸難平息，窗邊又起叩擊聲，陣陣不絕耳?！笆贾萃獠幻髦镌谘矍?，欲將個(gè)中究竟細(xì)細(xì)探----安神初定前去找，唯風(fēng)無他響?！盌eepintothat:darknesspeering,longIstoodtherewondering,fearing,Doubting,dreamingdreamsnomortaleverdaredtodreambefore;

Butthesilencewasunbroken,andthedarknessgavenotoken,Andtheonlywordtherespokenwasthewhisperedword,"Lenore!"

ThisIwhispered,andanechomurmuredbacktheword,"

Lenore!"

Merelythis,andnothingmore.Backintothechamberturning,allmysoulwithinmeburning,SoonIheardagainatappingsomewhatlouderthanbefore."Surely,"

saidI,"surelythatissomethingatmywindowlattice;

Letmesee,then,whatthereatis,andthismysteryexplore-Letmyheartbestillamomentandthismysteryexplore;

'Tisthewind,andnothingmore!TheRaven卷簾開窗，鼓翼振翅飛入一烏鴉，神態(tài)自若如智者；不卑不亢，快若迅雷棲我處，風(fēng)度無人肖----飛旋落定如玉女神帕拉絲----宜棲宜坐巋不動(dòng)。但見其神情肅穆現(xiàn)高貴，頓使我悲郁情懷化笑顏，“你貌若凡鳥而神自定，讓我想起古之神鵲黃泉落，敢問你彼岸尊姓和大名，”烏鵲答道“永不再會(huì)”。

OpenhereIflungtheshutter,when,withmanyaflirtandflutter.Intheresteppedastatelyravenofthesaintlydaysofyore;

Nottheleastobeisancemadehe;

notaninstantstoppedorstayedhe;

But,withmienoflordorlady,perchedabovemychamberdoor-PercheduponabustofPallasjustabovemychamberdoor-Perched,andsat,andnothingmore.Thenthisebonybirdbeguilingmysadfancyintosmiling,Bythegraveandsterndecorumofthecountenanceitwore,"Thoughthycrestbeshornandshaven,thou,"

Isaid,"artsurenocraven,GhastlygrimandancientravenwanderingfromtheNightlyshore-TellmewhatthylordlynameisontheNight'

sPlutonianshore!"

Quoththeraven,"Nevermore."

TheRaven其貌不揚(yáng)一小鳥，吐字清晰令人奇，縱然詞不搭意難自圓，世人罕有此經(jīng)歷，有幸目睹它登門，飛落室內(nèi)神雕塑，自喚名曰“永不再會(huì)”。只見它靜若雕像獨(dú)端坐，傾注靈魂于斯語，唯此不言也不動(dòng)----我低聲哀嘆“親朋皆逝我獨(dú)留----明日它亦棄我而去無望還?！睘貘f即和“永不再會(huì)”。MuchImarveledthisungainlyfowltoheardiscoursesoplainly,Thoughitsanswerlittlemeaning-littlerelevancyhore;

ForwecannothelpagreeingthatnosublunarybeingEveryetwasblessedwithseeingbirdabovehischamberdoor-BirdorbeastuponthesculpturedbustaboveIuschamberdoor,Withsuchmimeas"Nevermore.Buttheraven,sittinglonelyontheplacidbust,spokeonlyThatoneword,asifhissoulinthatill~wordhedidoutpour.Nothingfartherthenheuttered-notafeatherthenhefluttered-TillIscarcelymorethanmuttered,"Otherfriendshaveflownbefore-Onthemorrowhewillleaveme,asmyhopeshaveflownbefore."

Thenthebirdsaid,"Nevermore."

TheRaven驚聞接語稱心又體貼，始知其開口無他語，必逢主人不幸遭磨難，無奈常嘆此一言，長歌當(dāng)哭憂憤起，感慨“永不再會(huì)”。而我已是悲思轉(zhuǎn)笑顏，側(cè)身就座其棲息處，慵倦陷沉思，揣度這只亙古不祥鳥，冷酷，笨拙，恐怖又憔悴，緣和嘶叫“永不再會(huì)”。Startledatthestillnessbrokenbyreplysoaptlyspoken,"Doubtless,"

saidI,"whatituttersisitsonlystockandstore,

CaughtfromsomeunhappymasterwhomunmercifulDisasterFollowedfastandfollowedfastertillhissongsomeburdenbore--Tillthedirgesofhishopethatmelanchdyburdenboreof‘Never--nevermore.’"

Buttheravenstillbeguilingallmysadsoulintosmiling,StraightIwheeledacushionedseatinfrontofbird,andbust,anddoor;

Thenuponthevelvetsinking,IbetookmyselftolinkingFancyuntofancy,thinkingwhatthisominousbirdofyore-Whatthisgrim,ungainly,ghastly,gaunt,andominousbirdofyoreMeantincroaking"Nevermore."

TheRaven我攢眉思忖不作響，眼前它目光炯炯將我灼；見我心馳神態(tài)依舊，燈下安然斜靠絲絨絲絨襯，而今物是人非，縱心念佳人，已是永不再會(huì)。暗爐幽香漸撲鼻，疑為輕盈天使一路來，“竟是我主送你到身邊，相贈(zèng)忘憂物，解我心中千千結(jié)；痛飲忘情水，換我癡情涌相忘?！眳s聞“永不再會(huì)”。ThisIsatengagedinguessing,butnosyllableexpressingTothefowlwhosefieryeyesnowburnedintomybosom'score;

ThisandmoreIsatdivining,withmyheadateaserecliningOnthecushion'svelvetliningthatthelamplightgloatedo'er,Butwhosevelvetvioletliningwiththelamplightgloatingo'er,Sheshallpress,ah,nevermore!Then,methought,theairgrewdenser,perfumedfromanunseencenserSwungbyangelswhosefaintfoot-fallstinkledonthetuftedfloor."Wretch,"

Icried,"thyGodhathlentthee-bytheseangelshehathsenttheeRespite-respiteandNepenthe,fromthymemoriesofLenore;Quaff,ohquaffthiskindNepentheandforgetthislostLenore!"

QuoththeRaven,"Nevermore."

TheRaven“無論你是鳥是魔，還是邪惡一先知，不管你追隨撒旦抑或屈從風(fēng)暴，孤身一人不畏懼----我如今身處荒原神恍惚----在這鬧鬼恐懼屋，懇切求爾語，有否基列乳香將我醫(yī)？”卻聞“永不再會(huì)”。“無論你是鳥是魔，還是邪惡一先知，看在我們頭頂共青天，上帝同膜拜，解我心中愁，在那遠(yuǎn)方樂土伊甸園，我還能否相會(huì)夢中佳人名勒諾----舉世無雙窈窕女，安琪喚其叫勒諾?！眳s聞“永不再會(huì)”。

"Prophet!"

saidI,"thingofevil!-prophetstill,ifbirdordevil!-WhetherTemptersent,orwhethertempesttossedtheehereashore,Desolate,yetallundaunted,onthisdesertlandenchanted-OnthishomebyHorrorhaunted-tellmetruly,Iimplore-Isthere-istherebalminGilead?-tellme-tellme,Iimplore!"

QuoththeRaven,"Nevermore."

"Prophet!"

saidI,"thinginevil!-prophetstill,ifbirdordevil!BythatHeaventhatbendsaboveus-bythatGodwebothadore-Tellthissoulwithsorrowladenif,withinthedistantAidenn,ItshallclaspasaintedmaidenwhomtheangelsnameLenore-ClasparareandradiantmaidenwhomtheangelsnameLenore.”QuoththeRaven,"Nevermore."

TheRaven“閉口休再提！”我心中怒火不可遏，“你就此踏歸黃泉路！收回滿口荒唐言！使我莫煩擾！離我門上半身像！與你不相干，快些飛離我！”卻聞“永不再會(huì)”。只見烏鴉絲毫未動(dòng)依自若，棲我門上如玉帕拉絲，魔鬼神情眼中露，幽暗身形燈光映，心中隱痛難撫平。永遠(yuǎn)不再會(huì)！"Bethatwordoursignofparting,birdorfiend!"

Ishrieked,upstarting-"GettheebackintothetempestandtheNight'splutonianshore!Leavenoblackplumeasatokenofthatliethysoulhathspoken!Leavemylonelinessunbroken!-quitthebustabovemydoor!Takethybeakfromoutmyheart,andtakethyformfromoffmydoor!"

QuoththeRaven,"Nevermore."

Andtheraven,neverflitting,stillissitting,stillissittingOnthepallidbustofPallasjustabovemychamberdoor;

Andhiseyeshavealltheseemingofademonthatisdreaming,Andthelamp-lighto'

erhimstreamingthrovehisshadowonthefloor;

AndmysoulfromoutchatshadowthatliesfloatingonthefloorShallbelifted-nevermore!I

remained

too

much

inside

my

head,

and

ended

up

losing

my

mind.

———Edgar

Allan

Poe課后練習(xí)知識(shí)鏈接１．這部作品與愛倫·坡的其他恐怖作品有何聯(lián)系?２．“nevermore”有何含義?Chapter7RepresentativeWriters

andTheirWorksUnit6MarkTwain12歲喪父與兄弟共同經(jīng)營出版社1853-1856年，去紐約等地旅行為眾多報(bào)紙撰寫文章創(chuàng)作取得成就晚年因女兒生病與生意破產(chǎn)而四處演講，掙錢還債MarkTwain(1835-1910)MarkTwain(1835-1910)主要作品1865年，The

Celebrated

JumpingFrog

ofCalaveras

Country?加拉維拉縣馳名的跳蛙?1894年，The

Tragedy

of

Pudd’nhead

Wilson?傻瓜威爾遜?1876年，The

Adventures

ofTom

Sawyer?湯姆·索耶歷險(xiǎn)記?1883年，The

Adventures

ofHuckleberry

Finn

?哈克貝里·費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記?1869年，TheInnocents

Abroad?傻瓜出國記?1873年，與查爾斯·華納合著：The

Gilded

Age

?鍍金時(shí)代?1883年，Life

onthe

Mississippi

?密西西比河上?1889年，?A

Connecticut

Yankee

inKingArthur’s

Court《亞瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美國佬?馬克·吐溫以其獨(dú)特的語言創(chuàng)作觀和價(jià)值觀開創(chuàng)了美國的文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)，他的幽默筆觸和口語體散文影響了安德森、海明威、艾略特、福克納、塞林格等美國作家。1900年，The

Man

That

CorruptedHadleyburg

?敗壞哈德萊堡的人?1897年，F(xiàn)ollowing

the

Equator?赤道旅行記?The￡1,000,000Bank-Note短篇小說?百萬英鎊?發(fā)表于1893年。講述了一個(gè)窮困潦倒的辦事員、美國小伙子亨利·亞當(dāng)斯在倫敦的一次奇遇。作者用漫畫筆法勾勒了不同人物在百萬英鎊面前的種種丑態(tài)，幽默滑稽，如同一幅世態(tài)諷刺畫，生動(dòng)地表現(xiàn)了小市民的見聞，令人忍俊不禁。這部小說有一個(gè)很明顯的主題，即對拜金主義的批判。此外，作者還揭露了當(dāng)時(shí)存在于英國社會(huì)中的種種滑稽荒誕的現(xiàn)象。作者將上至王公貴族、下至平民百姓在金錢面前的丑態(tài)刻畫得惟妙惟肖，把金錢對資本主義社會(huì)的污染乃至人性的歪曲勾勒得入木三分。二十七歲那年，我正給舊金山的一個(gè)礦業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)人打工，把證券交易所的門檻摸得清清楚楚。我是只身混世界，除了自己的聰明才智和一身清白，就再也沒什么可依靠的了；不過，這反倒讓我腳踏實(shí)地，不做那沒影兒的發(fā)財(cái)夢，死心塌地奔自己的前程。每到星期六下午股市收了盤，時(shí)間就全都是我自己的了，我喜歡弄條小船到海灣里去消磨這些時(shí)光。有一天我駛得遠(yuǎn)了點(diǎn)兒，漂到了茫茫大海上。正當(dāng)夜幕降臨，眼看就要沒了盼頭的時(shí)候，一艘開往倫敦的雙桅帆船搭救了我。漫漫的旅途風(fēng)狂雨暴，他們讓我以工代票，干普通水手的活兒。到倫敦上岸的時(shí)候，我鶉衣百結(jié)，兜里只剩了一塊錢。連吃帶住，我用這一塊錢頂了二十四個(gè)小時(shí)。再往后的二十四個(gè)小時(shí)里，我就饑腸轆轆，無處棲身了。WhenIwastwenty-sevenyearsold,Iwasamining-broker'sclerkinSanFrancisco,andanexpertinallthedetailsofstocktraffic.Iwasaloneintheworld,andhadnothingtodependuponbutmywitsandacleanreputation;buttheseweresettingmyfeetintheroadtoeventualfortune,andIwascontentwiththeprospect.Mytimewasmyownaftertheafternoonboard,Saturdays,andIwasaccustomedtoputitinonalittlesail-boatonthebay.OnedayIventuredtoofar,andwascarriedouttosea.Justatnightfall,whenhopewasaboutgone,IwaspickedupbyasmallbrigwhichwasboundforLondon.Itwasalongandstormyvoyage,andtheymademeworkmypassagewithoutpay,asacommonsailor.WhenIsteppedashoreinLondonmyclotheswereraggedandshabby,andIhadonlyadollarinmypocket.Thismoneyfedandshelteredmetwenty-fourhours.Duringthenexttwenty-fourIwentwithoutfoodandshelter.The￡1,000,000Bank-Note第二天上午大約十點(diǎn)鐘光景，我破衣爛衫，餓著肚子正沿波特蘭大道往前蹭。這時(shí)候，一個(gè)保姆領(lǐng)著孩子路過，那孩子把手上剛咬了一口的大個(gè)兒甜梨扔進(jìn)了下水道。不用說，我停了下來，滿含欲望的眼光罩住了那個(gè)臟兮兮的寶物兒。我口水直淌，肚子里都伸出手來，全心全意地乞求這個(gè)寶貝兒?？墒?，只要我剛一動(dòng)彈，想去揀梨，總有哪一雙過路的火眼金睛明察秋毫。我自然又站得直直的，沒事人一樣，好像從來就沒在那個(gè)爛梨身上打過主意。這出戲演了一回又一回，我就是得不著那個(gè)梨。我受盡煎熬正打算放開膽量、撕破臉皮去抓梨的時(shí)候，我身后的一扇窗子打開了，一位先生從里面發(fā)話：“請到這兒來?！盇boutteno'clockonthefollowingmorning,seedyandhungry,IwasdraggingmyselfalongPortlandPlace,whenachildthatwaspassing,towedbyanurse-maid,tossedalusciousbigpear—minusonebite—intothegutter.Istopped,ofcourse,andfastenedmydesiringeyeonthatmuddytreasure.Mymouthwateredforit,mystomachcravedit,mywholebeingbeggedforit.ButeverytimeImadeamovetogetitsomepassingeyedetectedmypurpose,andofcourseIstraightenedupthen,andlookedindifferent,andpretendedthatIhadn'tbeenthinkingaboutthepearatall.Thissamethingkepthappeningandhappening,andIcouldn'tgetthepear.Iwasjustgettingdesperateenoughtobravealltheshame,andtoseizeit,whenawindowbehindmewasraised,andagentlemanspokeoutofit,saying:"Stepinhere,please."The￡1,000,000Bank-Note一個(gè)衣著華麗的仆人把我接了進(jìn)去，領(lǐng)到一個(gè)豪華房間，里頭坐著兩位上了歲數(shù)的紳士。他們打發(fā)走仆人，讓我坐下。他們剛剛吃了早餐，看著那些殘羹剩飯，我簡直透不過氣來。有這些吃的東西在場，我無論如何也集中不了精力，可是人家沒請我品嘗，我也只好盡力忍著。這里剛剛發(fā)生過的事，我是過了好多天以后才明白的，不過現(xiàn)在我就馬上說給你聽。這對老兄弟為一件事已經(jīng)有兩天爭得不可開交了，最后他們同意打個(gè)賭來分出高低——無論什么事英國人靠打賭都能一了百了。Iwasadmittedbyagorgeousflunkey,andshownintoasumptuousroomwhereacoupleofelderlygentlemenweresitting.Theysentawaytheservant,andmademesitdown.Theyhadjustfinishedtheirbreakfast,andthesightoftheremainsofitalmostoverpoweredme.Icouldhardlykeepmywitstogetherinthepresenceofthatfood,butasIwasnotaskedtosampleit,IhadtobearmytroubleasbestIcould.Now,somethinghadbeenhappeningtherealittlebefore,whichIdidnotknowanythingaboutuntilagoodmanydaysafterwards,butIwilltellyouaboutitnow.Thosetwooldbrothershadbeenhavingaprettyhotargumentacoupleofdaysbefore,andhadendedbyagreeingtodecideitbyabet,whichistheEnglishwayofsettlingeverything.The￡1,000,000Bank-Note你也許記得，英格蘭銀行曾經(jīng)發(fā)行過兩張一百萬英鎊的大鈔，用于和某國公對公交易之類的特殊目的。不知怎么搞的，這兩張大鈔只有一張用過后注銷了；另一張則一直躺在英格蘭銀行的金庫里睡大覺。且說這兩兄弟聊著聊著，忽發(fā)奇想：假如一位有頭腦、特誠實(shí)的外地人落難倫敦，他舉目無親，除了一張百萬英鎊的大鈔以外一無所有，而且他還沒法證明這張大鈔就是他的——這樣的一個(gè)人會(huì)有怎樣的命運(yùn)呢？大哥說這人會(huì)餓死；弟弟說餓不死。大哥說，別說去銀行了，無論去哪兒這人也花不掉那張大鈔，因?yàn)樗麜?huì)當(dāng)場被抓住。兄弟兩個(gè)就這樣爭執(zhí)不下，后來弟弟說他愿出兩萬鎊打賭，這人靠百萬英鎊大鈔無論如何也能活三十天，而且進(jìn)不了監(jiān)獄。大哥同意打賭，弟弟就到英格蘭銀行把大鈔買了回來。你看，英國男子漢就是這樣，魄力十足。YouwillrememberthattheBankofEnglandonceissuedtwonotesofamillionpoundseach,tobeusedforaspecialpurposeconnectedwithsomepublictransactionwithaforeigncountry.Forsomereasonorotheronlyoneofthesehadbeenusedandcanceled;theotherstilllayinthevaultsoftheBank.Well,thebrothers,chattingalong,happenedtogettowonderingwhatmightbethefateofaperfectlyhonestandintelligentstrangerwhoshouldbeturnedadriftinLondonwithoutafriend,andwithnomoneybutthatmillion-poundbank-note,andnowaytoaccountforhisbeinginpossessionofit.BrotherAsaidhewouldstarvetodeath;BrotherBsaidhewouldn't.BrotherAsaidhecouldn'tofferitatabankoranywhereelse,becausehewouldbearrestedonthespot.SotheywentondisputingtillBrotherBsaidhewouldbettwentythousandpoundsthatthemanwouldlivethirtydays,anyway,onthatmillion,andkeepoutofjail,too.BrotherAtookhimup.BrotherBwentdowntotheBankandboughtthatnote.JustlikeanEnglishman,yousee;plucktothebackbone.The￡1,000,000Bank-Note然后，他口述一信，叫一個(gè)文書用漂亮的楷體字謄清；然后，兩兄弟在窗前坐了整整一天，巴望來一個(gè)能消受大鈔的合適人選。他們檢閱著一張張經(jīng)過窗前的臉。有的雖然老實(shí)，卻不夠聰明；有的夠聰明，卻不夠老實(shí)；還有不少又聰明又老實(shí)的，可人窮得不徹底；等到個(gè)赤貧的。又不是外地人——總是不能盡如人意。就在這時(shí)，我來了；他們倆認(rèn)定我具備所有條件，于是一致選定了我；可我呢，正等著知道叫我進(jìn)來到底要干什么。他們開始問一些有關(guān)我個(gè)人的問題，很快就弄清楚了我的來龍去脈。最后，他們告訴我，我正合他們的心意。我說，我打心眼里高興，可不知道這心意到底是什么意思。這時(shí)，倆人當(dāng)中的一位交給我一個(gè)信封，說打開一看便知。Thenhedictatedaletter,whichoneofhisclerkswroteoutinabeautifulroundhand,andthenthetwobrotherssatatthewindowawholedaywatchingfortherightmantogiveitto.Theysawmanyhonestfacesgobythatwerenotintelligentenough;manythatwereintelligent,butnothonestenough;manythatwereboth,butthepossessorswerenotpoorenough,or,ifpoorenough,werenotstrangers.Therewasalwaysadefect,untilIcamealong;buttheyagreedthatIfilledthebillallaround;sotheyelectedmeunanimously,andthereIwasnowwaitingtoknowwhyIwascalledin.Theybegantoaskmequestionsaboutmyself,andprettysoontheyhadmystory.FinallytheytoldmeIwouldanswertheirpurpose.IsaidIwassincerelyglad,andaskedwhatitwas.Thenoneofthemhandedmeanenvelope,andsaidIwouldfindtheexplanationinside.The￡1,000,000Bank-Note我正要打開，可他又不讓；要我?guī)У阶√幦プ凶屑?xì)細(xì)地看，不要草率從事，也不用慌慌張張。我滿腹狐疑，想把話頭再往外引一引，可是他們不干。我只好揣著一肚子被侮辱與被損害的感覺往外走，他們明擺著是自己逗樂，拿我耍著玩；不過，我還是得順著他們，這時(shí)的處境容不得我對這些闊佬大亨耍脾氣。本來，我能把那個(gè)梨揀起來，明目張膽地吃進(jìn)肚子去了，可現(xiàn)在那個(gè)梨已經(jīng)無影無蹤；就因?yàn)槟堑姑沟牟钍?，把我的梨弄丟了。想到這里，我對那兩個(gè)人就氣不打一處來。走到看不見那所房子的地方，我打開信封一看，里邊裝的是錢哪！說真的，這時(shí)我對他們可是另眼相看嘍！我急不可待地把信和錢往馬甲兜里一塞，撒腿就朝最近的小吃店跑。好，這一頓猛吃呀！最后，肚子實(shí)在塞不下東西去了，我掏出那張鈔票來展開，只掃了一眼，我就差點(diǎn)昏倒。五百萬美元！乖乖，我懵了。Iwasgoingtoopenit,buthesaidno;takeittomylodgings,andlookitovercarefully,andnotbehastyorrash.Iwaspuzzled,andwantedtodiscussthematteralittlefurther,buttheydidn't;soItookmyleave,feelinghurtandinsultedtobemadethebuttofwhatwasapparentlysomekindofapracticaljoke,andyetobligedtoputupwithit,notbeingincircumstancestoresentaffrontsfromrichandstrongfolk.Iwouldhavepickedupthepearnowandeatenitbeforealltheworld,butitwasgone;soIhadlostthatbythisunluckybusiness,andthethoughtofitdidnotsoftenmyfeelingtowardsthosemen.AssoonasIwasoutofsightofthathouseIopenedmyenvelope,andsawthatitcontainedmoney!Myopinionofthosepeoplechanged,Icantellyou!Ilostnotamoment,butshovednoteandmoneyintomyvestpocket,andbrokeforthenearestcheapeatinghouse.Well,howIdideat!WhenatlastIcouldn'tholdanymore,Itookoutmymoneyandunfoldedit,tookoneglimpseandnearlyfainted.Fivemillionsofdollars!Why,itmademyheadswim.The￡1,000,000Bank-Note我盯著那張大鈔頭暈眼花，想必足足過了一分鐘才清醒過來。這時(shí)候，首先映入我眼簾的是小吃店老板。他的目光粘在大鈔上，像五雷轟頂一般。他正在全心全意地禱告上帝，看來手腳都不能動(dòng)彈了。我一下子有了主意，做了這時(shí)按人之常情應(yīng)該做的事。我把那張大鈔遞到他眼前，漫不經(jīng)心地說：“請找錢吧?！彼謴?fù)了常態(tài)，連連道歉說他找不開這張大票，不論我怎么說他也不接。他心里想看，一個(gè)勁地打量那張大票；好像怎么看也飽不了眼福，可就是戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢地不敢碰它，就好像凡夫俗子一接那票子上的仙氣就會(huì)折了壽。我說：“不好意思，給您添麻煩了，可這事還得辦哪。請您找錢吧，我沒帶別的票子?！盜musthavesattherestunnedandblinkingatthenoteasmuchasaminutebeforeIcamerightlytomyselfagain.ThefirstthingInoticed,then,wasthelandlord.Hiseyewasonthenote,andhewaspetrified.Hewasworshiping,withallhisbodyandsoul,buthelookedasifhecouldn'tstirhandorfoot.Itookmycueinamoment,anddidtheonlyrationalthingtherewastodo.Ireachedthenotetowardshim,andsaid,carelessly:"Givemethechange,please."Thenhewasrestoredtohisnormalcondition,andmadeathousandapologiesfornotbeingabletobreakthebill,andIcouldn'tgethimtotouchit.Hewantedtolookatit,andkeeponlookingatit;hecouldn'tseemtogetenoughofittoquenchthethirstofhiseye,butheshrankfromtouchingitasifithadbeensomethingtoosacredforpoorcommonclaytohandle.Isaid:"Iamsorryifitisaninconvenience,butImustinsist.Pleasechangeit;Ihaven'tanythingelse."The￡1,000,000Bank-Note他卻說沒關(guān)系，這點(diǎn)小錢兒何足掛齒，日后再說吧。我說，我一時(shí)半會(huì)兒不會(huì)再到這兒來了；可他說那也不要緊，他可以等著，而且，我想什么時(shí)候來就什么時(shí)候來，想點(diǎn)什么就點(diǎn)什么，這賬呢，想什么時(shí)候結(jié)就什么時(shí)候結(jié)。他說，我只不過因?yàn)楹枚簜€(gè)樂于，愿意打扮成這樣來跟老百姓開個(gè)玩笑，他總不至于因此就信不過像我這么有錢的先生吧。這時(shí)候又進(jìn)來了一位顧客，小吃店老板示意我收起那張巨無霸，然后作揖打恭地一直把我送了出來。我徑直奔那所宅子去找兩兄弟，讓他們在警察把我抓起來之前糾正這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。盡管這不是我的錯(cuò)，可我還是提心吊膽——說實(shí)在的，簡直是膽戰(zhàn)心驚。我見人見得多了，我明白，要是他們發(fā)現(xiàn)把一百萬鎊的大鈔錯(cuò)當(dāng)一鎊給了一個(gè)流浪漢，他們決不會(huì)怪自己眼神不好，非把那個(gè)流浪漢罵個(gè)狗血噴頭。Buthesaidthatwasn'tanymatter;hewasquitewillingtoletthetriflestandovertillanothertime.IsaidImightnotbeinhisneighborhoodagainforagoodwhile;buthesaiditwasofnoconsequence,hecouldwait,and,moreover,IcouldhaveanythingIwanted,anytimeIchose,andlettheaccountrunaslongasIpleased.Hesaidhehopedhewasn'tafraidtotrustasrichagentlemanasIwas,merelybecauseIwasofamerrydisposition,andchosetoplaylarksonthepublicinthematterofdress.Bythistimeanothercustomerwasentering,andthelandlordhintedtometoputthemonsteroutofsight;thenhebowedmeallthewaytothedoor,andIstartedstraightforthathouseandthosebrothers,tocorrectthemistakewhichhadbeenmadebeforethepoliceshouldhuntmeup,andhelpmedoit.Iwasprettynervous;infact,prettybadlyfrightened,though,ofcourse,Iwasnowayinfault;butIknewmenwellenoughtoknowthatwhentheyfindthey'vegivenatrampamillion-poundbillwhentheythoughtitwasaone-pounder,theyareinafranticrageagainsthiminsteadofquarrelingwiththeirownnear-sightedness,astheyought.The￡1,000,000Bank-Note快走到那宅子的時(shí)候，我看到一切如常，斷定還沒有人發(fā)覺這錯(cuò)票的事，也就不那么緊張了。我摁了門鈴。原先那個(gè)仆人又出來了。我請求見那兩位先生?！八麄冏吡恕！彼眠@類人那種不可一世的冷冰冰的口氣說?！白吡?？去哪兒了？”“出遠(yuǎn)門了?！薄翱伞夏膬豪?？”“