各種詞類講解（精品課件）

1、詞類,英語中的單詞可以分為十大詞類： 1 名詞 n. teacher, book等。 2 代詞 pron. we ,me, he 等。 3 數(shù)詞 num. two,fifth 等。 4 動(dòng)詞 v. work, study, live 等。 5 形容詞 adj. good, big, beautiful 等。 6 副詞 adv . fast, quickly等。 7 冠詞 art. a, an, the等。 8 介詞 prep. in, on,by,with等。 9 連詞 conj. and, but等。 10 感嘆詞 interj. Oh,ah等。,名詞,名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。 專

2、有名詞是某些人、事物、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等特有的名稱。 如Beijing，China等。 專有名詞第一個(gè)字母要大寫,且都是不可數(shù)名詞。,普通名詞,1）個(gè)體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。 2）集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。 3）物質(zhì)名詞：表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。 4）抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞一般是可數(shù)名詞 物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般是不可數(shù)名詞,名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化,以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾 加 -es bus-buses/ watch-watches 以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾 加 -s

3、 license-licenses 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾 變y 為i再加es baby-babies 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：加es，如 potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes 但是，以元音+o 或oo結(jié)尾的詞 只加 s radio-radios zoo-zoos；,以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halves knife-knivesleaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life- thief-,名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化,1）

4、child-children foot-feet man-men tooth-teeth mouse-mice womanwomen 2） 單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ， 3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：people,police,cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù) 4） 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：maths，politics，physics學(xué)科名詞, news等,名詞的格,英語中有些名詞可以加s來表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teachers book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下： 1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加

5、s，如the boys bag 男孩的書包，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加s，如mens room 男廁所。 2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加 ，如：the workers struggle工人的斗爭(zhēng)。 3） 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有s，則表示分別有；只有一個(gè)s，則表示共有。例如： Johns and Marys rooms（兩間） John and Marys room（一間）,冠詞,不使用冠詞,定冠詞,不定冠詞,a an,the,零冠詞,冠詞的 分類,在下列字母前加a/an a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z,an,a

6、,a,a,an,an,a,an,an,a,a,an,an,an,an,a,a,an,an,a,a,a,a,an,a,a,不定冠詞的用法,a用在以輔音音素開頭的單詞前 an用在以元音音素開頭的單詞前,1. 2. 3. 4.,e.g. _book _ egg _ useful book _ underground room,a,an,a,an,基本用法：指人或事物的某一種類,e.g. She is a girl. 她是女孩 This is a desk. 這是一張書桌,泛指某人或者某物，但又不具體說明何人何物,e.g. I can see a kite. 我能看見一只風(fēng)箏 A boy is in

7、Grade 1. 一個(gè)男孩在一年級(jí),表示“數(shù)量”，“有一”“每一”的意思,e.g. We have six classes a day. 我們一天上六節(jié)課,定冠詞的用法,基本用法：“特指”特指某（些）人或者某（些）事物，以便與其他的人或物有所區(qū)別,1. 2. 3. 4.,e.g.The book on the desk is Jims. 書桌上的那本書是吉姆的 The chairs are there. 椅子在那里,指談話雙方都知道的人或事物,e.g. Where is the kite? 風(fēng)箏在哪兒？（雙方都知道指的是哪只風(fēng)箏） Open the door, please.請(qǐng)把門打開（雙方都

8、知道要打開哪扇門）,在敘述中，上文提到過的人或者事物，再次出現(xiàn)時(shí),e.g. ：I can see a kite. 我看見一只風(fēng)箏 ：where is the kite?這個(gè)風(fēng)箏在那里？,用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前，表示“一家人”,e.g. the Blacks 布來克一家,定冠詞的用法,用在宇宙間獨(dú)一無二的天體名詞之前,5. 6. 7. 8.,e.g.the sun the sky the moon the earth,用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)，及形容詞only, very, same 前,e.g. I live on the second floor.我住在二樓 Skating is the be

9、st sport in winter. 滑冰是冬天最好的運(yùn)動(dòng),與單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物，如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐貍,或與形容詞或分詞連用，表示一類人：the living 生者。,用在表示樂器的名詞之前,e.g. the violin the piano,定冠詞的用法,用在一些習(xí)慣用語中,9.,e.g.in the day in the morning / aftrnoon/ evening the day before tomorrow/ yesterday the next morning / week/ month/ year in the sky/ wate

10、r/ field/ country in the dark in the rain in the distance in the middle (of) in the end on the whole by the way go to the theatre (cinema),零冠詞的用法,名詞前有了物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞和“”所有格時(shí)。,1. 2. 3. 4.,e.g. Our books those apples Jims pen,附復(fù)數(shù)名詞在表示一類人或者事物時(shí)。,e.g. They are teachers. 他們是老師。,在專有名詞前,e.g. China England,在星

11、期、月份、節(jié)日前,e.g. on Sunday in August on Childrens Day,不使用冠詞的情況,零冠詞的用法,在球類運(yùn)動(dòng)前及三餐名詞前。,5. 6.,e.g. play football/ basketball have supper,在一些固定搭配中,e.g. at night go to school at table by bike at work go to bed at school at home watch TV,不使用冠詞的情況,下列詞組中，有無冠詞意義不同。,go to school _ go to the school _,上學(xué),去學(xué)校,take p

12、lace _ take the place of _,發(fā)生,代替,in front of _ in the front of _,在的前面,在的前部,數(shù) 詞,（1）基數(shù)詞表示數(shù)量的多少one,two,ten （2）序數(shù)詞表示數(shù)的順序 first,second, twelfth 其前要加上冠詞the或代詞。序數(shù)詞的縮寫形式如first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st等。,(1)年、月、日、時(shí)刻表達(dá)法 2005年4月10日-April 10,2005，6時(shí)-6:00， 5月1日-May 1，12時(shí)-12 oclock， 5:30-half past five， 8:4

13、5-a quarter to nine， (2)分?jǐn)?shù)小數(shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)方法 o.15-zero point one five 40% forty percent 56% fifty-six percen （3）分?jǐn)?shù)表示法的構(gòu)成：基數(shù)詞代表分子，序數(shù)詞代表分母。分子大于1時(shí)，分子的序數(shù)詞用單數(shù)，分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： 1/3 one-third；3/37 three thirty-sevenths.,代詞 一.概念: 代詞是代替名詞的詞, 按其意義、特征及其在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞和關(guān)系代詞等。 二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講 1.人稱代詞1)

14、人稱代詞的人稱、數(shù)和格，如下表所示。,2)人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分。通常主格作主語，賓格作賓語。如： I like table tennis. （作主語） Do you know him?（作賓語） 3)人稱代詞還可作表語。作表語時(shí)用賓格。如：-Who is knocking at the door? -Its me. 4)人稱代詞在than之后與其他人或事物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用主格和賓格都可以。如： He is older than me. He is older than I am.,2. 物主代詞1)表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫物主代詞。物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性 物主代詞，如下表所示。,2)

15、形容詞性物主代詞的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，可在句中作定語。例如： Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box. 3)名詞性物主代詞的作用相當(dāng)于名詞，在句中可用作主語、賓語和表語。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主語）- Is this English-book yours? （作表語） - No. Mine is in my bag. Ive already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作賓語）,3. 指示代詞指

16、示代詞包括：this，that，these，those。 1) this和these一般用來指在時(shí)間或空間上較近的事物或人，that和those 則指時(shí)間和空間上較遠(yuǎn)的事物或人，例如： This is a pen and that is a pencil We are busy these days In those days the workers had a hard time,2)有時(shí)that和those指前面講到過的事物，this 和these則是指下面將要講 到的事物，例如：I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come. What I want to sa

17、y is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English,3)有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)提到的名詞，?？捎胻hat或those代替，例如： Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai 4)this 在電話用語中代表自己，that 則代表對(duì)方。例如： Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?,4. 反身代詞 英語中用來表示我自己，你自己，他自己，我們自己，你們自己 等意義的代詞稱為反身代

18、詞，也有人稱之為自身代名詞，其形式如表所示。,反身代詞可以在句中作賓語，表語，同位語。 1)作賓語，表示動(dòng)作的承受者就是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，主語和賓語指同一個(gè)人或一些人。 He called himself a writer 2)作表語。It doesnt matter. Ill be myself soon 3)作主語或賓語的同位語，表示親自或本人。 I myself washed the clothes,enjoy oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understoodheardfor oneself為自己， of oneself自然地，自動(dòng)

19、地 by oneself獨(dú)自地，,反身代詞,I me my mine myself,we us our ours ourselves,you you your yours yourself,you you your yours yourselves,he him his his himself,she her her hers herself,it it its its itself,they them their theirs themselves,5不定代詞： (1)some與any：some一般用于肯定句中，但在表示請(qǐng)求并希望對(duì)方能給予肯定回答時(shí)，可用于疑問句中；any一般用于否定和疑問

20、句中，但當(dāng)any強(qiáng)調(diào)“任何”時(shí)，也可用于肯定句中。 同理，something，somebody，someone的用法同some；anything，anybody，anyone的用法同any。,用法： some用于肯定句中,用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表示“某一”。 I have some friends. Smith went to some place in England.（定語） 在期待對(duì)方回答yes 時(shí)，some用在表示請(qǐng)求或邀請(qǐng)的問句中。 Would you like some bananas?（邀請(qǐng)） Mum,could you give me some money?(請(qǐng)求) any用于疑問

21、句和否定句 。 Is there any student in the classroom? No ,there isnt any student. any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。 Any day is okay for me.,one,both,all,one指人或物，“一個(gè)”，其復(fù)數(shù)為ones, This is not the one I want.(表語) both指人或指物，“兩者都” This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定語) 注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定時(shí)，用neither。 Both

22、of us are not teachers.我們倆并不都是教師。 Neither of us is a teacher. 我們倆都不是教師。 both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后，而應(yīng)放在它們的前面。 如：Both my parents like this film. All “全部的”、“整個(gè)的”，可與可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞連用，表示“所有的”、“全部的”，指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物。 He gave me all the money.他把全部的錢給了我。,All the schools are flooded.所有的學(xué)校都被淹了。 注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定，完

23、全否定用none。如： Not all the ants go out for food. All the ants dont go out for food. 并不是所有的螞蟻都出去尋找食物。 None of the money is mine. 這錢一分也不是我的。,many和much few, little; a few, a little,few和little表示沒有多少，含否定意義；而a few 和a little表示有一些，有幾個(gè)，含肯定意義。另外，few、a few 修飾可數(shù)名詞；little、a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。它們?cè)诰渲谐Ｓ米鞫ㄕZ、主語和賓語。,each和ever

24、y,each（各個(gè)），指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物，側(cè)重個(gè)體，在句中作主語、賓語、定語和同位語。every（每個(gè)），指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物，側(cè)重整體，在句中只能作定語。 Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定語，強(qiáng)調(diào)班上“所有的人”) Each student in our class has a dictionary.（定語，強(qiáng)調(diào)各個(gè)個(gè)體） Each of them has been there.（主語） The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.（賓語） We each go

25、t a ticket.（同位語）,either和neither,either是“兩者中任何一個(gè)”的意思，可修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，neither是“兩者中沒有一個(gè)”的意思，可以修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，它們可在句在作主語、賓語或定語。如： Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(賓語) Neither boy knows French.(定語),Other, others ,the other, the others 和 another,the other表示“兩者中的另一個(gè)”； other意思是“其他的”，不能單獨(dú)使用，后面必須接名詞，表

26、泛指；others可指其他的人或東西，相當(dāng)于other+名詞復(fù)數(shù)； the others特指其他某些人或物，相當(dāng)于the other+名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 another修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，意為“（三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的）另一個(gè)”，不能指兩者中的另一個(gè)，在句中可作賓語和定語。,He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow. Some students are singing, others (other st

27、udents)are dancing. Please give me another book.,6相互代詞：each other用于兩者或兩者以上；one another用于三者或三者以上，在現(xiàn)代英語中它們可通用。 7疑問代詞：what指事或物，不強(qiáng)調(diào)范圍；who(whom，whose)指人；which既可指人也可指物，但強(qiáng)調(diào)范圍。 8關(guān)系代詞：what，who，whom，whose，which，that，as，,The Use of “it”,代詞 it,引導(dǎo)詞 it,It句型的歸納 Sentences With “it”,1 用作人稱代詞，代替前文提到過的事物,My pen is mis

28、sing. I cant find it anywhere.,-Who is knocking at the door? - Its me.,Jack is ill. Have you heard about it?,代詞 - it,2 用以代替指示代詞this, that,- Whats this?,- Whose exercise-book is that? - Its hers.,代詞 - it,- Its a flag.,3 表示時(shí)間、天氣、距離 季節(jié)、 環(huán)境、情況等,Its time for lunch.,When spring comes, it gets warmer and w

29、armer.,Its about two hours from here to the zoo.,Its winter now.,It was very quiet (noisy) at the moment.,代詞 - it,1 作形式主語，代替由不定式（或不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）、動(dòng)名詞或從句表示的真正主語。,It is exciting to find an ancient tomb. (代替不定式) It was wrong for you not to help her. (代替不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)) It is believed that this man found in the grave

30、was from a rich family.（代替主語從句）,引導(dǎo)詞,2作形式賓語，代替由不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句表示的真正賓語。,He feels it his duty to help others.,We thought it no use doing that.,I find it difficult to solve the problem.,引導(dǎo)詞,3用在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一成分（通常是主語、賓語、或地點(diǎn)狀語或時(shí)間狀語），常用強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) “It is (was) + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+ that (或who) ”,I saw Li Ping in the street yester

31、day.,引導(dǎo)詞,It was I that / who saw Li Ping in the street this morning.,It was Li Ping that I saw in the street this morning.,It was in the street that I saw Li Ping this morning.,It was yesterday that I saw Li Ping in the street.,it - 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu),引導(dǎo)詞 - it,強(qiáng)調(diào)not until結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)將此結(jié)構(gòu)置于It is (was) that句型中，that后接肯定式。,I

32、didnt go to bed until I had finished my homework last night.,It was ,that ,not until I had finished my homework last night,I went to bed.,1. It + be + adj. + of sb. + 不定式 sb. + be + adj. + 不定式,It is very kind of you to help us. ( = You are kind to help us. ),Its cruel of him to kill that animal.,Sen

33、tences With “It” (It句型的歸納),clever, bright, foolish, stupid, silly, wise, careful, careless, rude, impolite, nice, right, wrong, silly, good, brave, honest ,etc.,2. It + be + adj. + for sb. +to do,It is difficult for us to learn English. It is important for her to come to the party. 常見的形容詞有： importan

34、t， necessary， natural easy ， common ， normal ， hard ， difficult ， dangerous ， unusual， rare ， impossible ， pleasant ,etc.,3. It + takes + sb. + some time +to do 表示“做某事花費(fèi)某人多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”,It took him some time to find the elephant.,sb. + spend + some time + (in) doing,He spent some time (in) finding the elepha

35、nt.,4. It costs + sb. + some money +to do,sth. cost + sb. + some moneysb. spend + some money + on + sth.sb. pay + some money + for sth.sb. buy + sth. + for + some money,5. It is + no use + 動(dòng)名詞,It is no use regretting your past mistakes. It is no use crying over split milk. It is no good learning Eng

36、lish without speaking English.,能以動(dòng)名詞作主語的這類句子并不多，主要在以no good, no use, useless, worthwhile, 等詞作表語的句子中用。,6. It + be + adj. /n. + that-clause,It is very clear that hes tall like a tree.,It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.,Adj:obvious, necessary，right，strange， natural, true N:a fact, a shame,

37、an honor, no wonder,7. It + be + 過去分詞 + that-clause,It is said that he has been ill for years.,適用于這種句型的動(dòng)詞有 report, announce, decide, learn, expect, arrange, suggest, etc.,He is said to have been ill for years.,8. It + looks as if / seems + that-clause,It seems that they are talking.,用于這種句型的動(dòng)詞 happen

38、, turn out, appears等,It happened that she was not at home. It turned out that he was Bushs father.,It looks as if he is ill.,9. It is the first ( second . ) time that . 該句型中的 that 從句用完成時(shí)態(tài)。至于用什么完成時(shí)態(tài)，由主句的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)決定。如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，后面從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)；如果是一般過去時(shí)，后面從句則用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)， It is the first time I have been here. = Thi

39、s is the first time I have been here. It was the first time I had been here.,10. It + be + time + for It + be + time + (for sb.) + to do It + be + time + that 表示“該做某事了”,It is time for supper. It is time (for us ) to have supper. It is time that we had supper.,that從句中要用虛擬語氣 Its time that this problem

40、 was / should be solved,介詞,早、午、晚要用in,例：in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天,at黎明、午、夜、點(diǎn)與分,例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明時(shí)候 at noon 在中午 at dusk 在黃昏 at night 在夜間 at midnight 在午夜 at nine fifteen 在9點(diǎn)15分 at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10點(diǎn)30分,年、月、年月、季節(jié)、周, 陽光、燈、影、衣、冒雨 in，,在“某年”，在“某月

41、”，在“某年某月” (但在某年某月某 日則用on)，在四季，在第幾周等都要用in。 即在陽光下，在燈下，在樹陰下，穿衣、著裝、冒雨等都要用in。,將來時(shí)態(tài)in.以后,They will come back in 10 days. 他們將10天以后回來。 Come and see me in two days time. 兩天后來看我。(從現(xiàn)在開始) after. (從過去開始),小處at大處in 有形with無形by，語言 、單位、材料in,The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 這位教師正用一支新筆批改論文。(有形) Takin

42、g Tiger Mountain by Strategy is a good opera. 是出好戲。(無形) 表示某種語言用in :In Chinese 表示度、量、衡單位的用in : in meter 表示材料用in :in bronze,特征、方面與方式、心情、成語慣用in,The Democratic Party was in power then. 那時(shí)民主黨執(zhí)政。特征 He has not been in good health for some years. 他幾年來身體一直不好。特征 A good teacher must be an example in study. 一個(gè)好

43、的教師必須是學(xué)習(xí)的模范。方面 in a good humour 心情(情緒)好 心情,介詞at、to表方向，攻擊、位置、善、惡、分,介詞at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向時(shí)，側(cè)重于攻擊的目標(biāo)，往往表示惡意； 用to表示方向時(shí)，突出運(yùn)動(dòng)的位置或動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，側(cè)重表示善意。 AShe came at me. 她向我撲過來。 BShe came to me. 她向我走過來。,日子、日期、年月日，星期，年月日加上早午晚; 以下皆用on。,on Octorber the first 1949 1949年10月1日 on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午 on the morning

44、 of 18th 18日早晨,收音、農(nóng)場(chǎng)，值日on,on the radio 從收音機(jī)里 on TV 從電視里 on a farm 在農(nóng)場(chǎng) on duty 值日,關(guān)于、基礎(chǔ)、靠、著論,Professor Shen will give us a talk on travelling in America. 申教授將給我們做關(guān)于美國(guó)之行的報(bào)告。 Theory must be based on practice. 理論必須以實(shí)踐為基礎(chǔ)。 The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。(靠) On Reading 論讀書,著、罷、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支

45、付，相反、準(zhǔn),注：“著”是指著火，罷指罷工，偷指偷偷地，公指出差、辦公事；假指休假，準(zhǔn)指準(zhǔn)時(shí)。,步行、驢、馬、玩笑on，cab，carriage用in,at山腳、門口在當(dāng)前，速、溫、日落價(jià)核心,即在山腳下、在門口、在目前，速度、以速率、溫度、在日落時(shí)、在核心要用at。,工具、同、和、隨with，具有，獨(dú)立、就、原因,With the development of science and technology,more and more people can use computer to communicate with others. China is a very large countr

46、y with a long history. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)歷史悠久的大國(guó)。(具有) What is the matter with you? 怎么回事?(就，關(guān)于) With the help of my classmate,就.來說賓譯主，對(duì)、有、方狀,這里的with后邊的賓語常譯成主語。 Whats wrong with your eyes? 你的眼睛怎么啦? The doctor was very patient with his patients. 那位醫(yī)生對(duì)患者非常耐心。(對(duì)) He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded. 他兩手交叉

47、在胸前坐在椅子上。(狀語)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),海、陸、空、車、偶、被by，單數(shù)人類known to man,例: by land (air, sea, water, bus) 陸路(航空，水陸，水路，乘公共汽車) by chance 偶然 by accident 偶然， It is known to man . 眾所周知. 這里用to man而不用by。即當(dāng)單數(shù)又無冠詞的man和known搭配時(shí)，表示人類不用by。,this，that，tomorrow，yesterday，next, last, one 接年、月、季、星期、周，介詞省略已習(xí)慣,over, under正上下above, below則不然

48、低高below與above,The plane flew above the city. 飛機(jī)飛過城市上空。（高于城市并非正上方) A lamp was hanging over the table. 一盞燈是在方桌上方。(正上方) The temperature in the room is below (or under) 30. 室溫是攝氏30度以下。(數(shù)量詞兩者皆可),beyond超出、無、不能 , against 靠著，對(duì)與反,Its quite beyond me (It is more than I can understand). 這我完全不懂。 beyond my contr

49、ol She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲憊地靠著欄桿站著。(靠著),besides, except分內(nèi)外，among之內(nèi)along沿 同類比較except，加for異類記心間。,Hes composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes. 他的這篇作文寫得很好，只是有幾處拼寫錯(cuò)誤。 (非同類比較用except for),原狀because of, owing to, due to表語形容詞,AII our achievements are due to the correct lead

50、ership of our Party. 我們的一切成績(jī)都?xì)w功于黨。 (due to做表語形容詞),under后接修、建中，of，from物化分 before, after 表一點(diǎn)，ago, later表示一段,即before, after常表示一個(gè)點(diǎn)的時(shí)間狀語，晚飯前 before supper 而ago，later常表示一段的時(shí)間狀語。 一分鐘前 a minute ago,before可接完成時(shí)，ago過去級(jí)有限 這時(shí)的before是連詞(也可做介詞),I had studied French for four months before I came here. 我來這兒以前就已學(xué)了四個(gè)

51、月法語了。 (before接完成時(shí)) He fell ill three days ago. 他病了三天了。(ago則只能接動(dòng)詞過去式，同時(shí)注意瞬間動(dòng)詞的問題。),since以來during間與之相比beside, 除了last but one。,即beside的一般用法是“在.旁邊”, 但還有“和.相比”等特殊用法。 除了last but one，即but多指“除了”的意思，也有“倒數(shù)第幾”的意思。last but one即不是最后一個(gè)。 I havent told anybody but one. Look at the last page but one. 請(qǐng)看倒數(shù)第2頁。,復(fù)不定for

52、、找，價(jià)，原，對(duì)，給，段，去，為，作，贊,復(fù)不定for，即用for引出的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是for加名(代)加不定式；找，意為找到，提供; 價(jià)，意為價(jià)格、工資；原，意為原因；段，意為時(shí)間或距離; 去，意為去某地或開往某地；作，意為作為; 贊，意為贊成(用于系表結(jié)構(gòu)。),快到、對(duì)、向towards，,Its getting on towards the end of term now. 現(xiàn)在已快到學(xué)期未了。(快到),but for 否定用虛擬，復(fù)合介詞待后言。,but for是“若不是”的意思。 But for our great Communist Party, we could never

53、 have todays happiness. 若沒有偉大的共產(chǎn)黨，我們決不會(huì)有今天的幸福生活。 but for將在虛擬語氣中詳講。,ing型由于、鑒，除了，除外與包含。 之后，關(guān)于，在方面，有關(guān)介詞須記全。,considering 由于； respecting鑒于: excepting 除了： including包含： regarding 關(guān)于：相當(dāng)于about concerning 有關(guān)：,Conjunction,連詞,連詞概說 作用：用來連接連接詞、詞組、句子或從句的詞。,連詞的分類,并列連詞 從屬連詞,一、并列連詞 1.表示平行或?qū)Φ汝P(guān)系的并列連詞： and, as well as,

54、“和” ； bothand “和兩個(gè)都”； not onlybut also “不但而且” neithernor “既不也不” 等。,They work and live in Shenzhen. He is a scientist as well as a poet. A man should have both courage and perseverance. He can neither read nor write. He is not only clever but also diligent. She plays not only the piano, but （also） th

55、e guitar.,not only but also 關(guān)聯(lián)兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，如果是not only在句首，第一個(gè)句子必須倒裝。 他不但喜歡讀小說，還會(huì)寫一些。 Not only does he like reading novels, but also he can write some.,2. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞： but “但是”； however “然而”； while “而”； yet “然而”； nevertheless “然而” 等。 He worked hard, but he failed at last. Id like to go with you. However, my

56、 hands are full. She failed many times.Nevertheless, she went on with experiment. This is a glorious yet difficult task. Some people like coffee, while other like tea.,3. 表示選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞： or “或者”； eitheror “要么要么” whether.or等。 We will die without air or water. 不是你對(duì)，就是我對(duì)。 Either you or I am right. Whether

57、 he will come or not is still unknown.,Summary: (主謂一致) 1.and, bothand, 連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí)，謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。 2.not onlybut also, 連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí)，謂語一般以靠近謂語的主語為準(zhǔn)就近一致原則。用到就近一直原則的連詞還有：or, nor, eitheror, neithernor等 3.as well as, 連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí)，謂語一般和第一個(gè)主語一致就遠(yuǎn)一致原則。用到這個(gè)原則的連詞還有：with, together with, along with等。,二.從屬連詞是用來引導(dǎo)連接主句和從句的連詞。 分為

58、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連詞和引導(dǎo)狀語 從句的連詞。,1. 引導(dǎo)名詞性的從句,(1). that,(2). 連接代詞 who, whom, which, what,(3). 連接副詞 when, where,how,why,whether,2. 引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞,(1). 時(shí)間: when, while, as 當(dāng)時(shí) when+瞬間,延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 while+延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 as+瞬間,延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 “隨著” till/until, once, as soon as(一就),(2). 原因:,because, for, as, since, therefore, so, etc. because 語氣最重，引導(dǎo)的原因一般回答why提出的問題，它是句子重心所在。 For是并列連詞，所說明的原因只是一種補(bǔ)充說明，它引導(dǎo)的分句一般不能放在句首。 as引導(dǎo)的從句表示明顯為人所知的理由或不如句子其余部分重要，它一般放于句首，也可放在主句之后，常用語口語中，語氣較because, since弱。 since與as意思相近，語氣較as強(qiáng)，也較正式些，一般放在句末，也可放在句首。,Mary was absent, because she was ill. It must have been rained last night, f