高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)語法專項四、名詞、冠詞和主謂一致課件外研版.ppt

1、,四、名詞、冠詞和主謂一致,一、名詞 考點1 名詞單復(fù)數(shù) 1. 單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)名詞的基本規(guī)則。 (1)以-o結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時, 常在詞尾加-s, 但中學(xué)英語中下列名詞要加-es, 即Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes。,但下列以-o結(jié)尾的名詞既可以加-es, 也可以加-s, 它們是: zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes)火山。,(2)以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時, 一般直接加-s, 但下列以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞需要把f或fe去掉, 加-ves, 即selv

2、es, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves。 但下列以-f結(jié)尾的名詞既可以去掉f加-ves, 也可以直接加-s, 如handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕, scarfs (scarves) 圍巾。,(3)合成名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)時, 通常只將里面所含的主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù), 如果沒有主體名詞, 則將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。例如: sons-in-law女婿; passers-by過路人; story-tellers講故事的人; grown-ups成年人; breakfasts早餐; hous

3、ewives家庭主婦。,2. 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的可數(shù)名詞。 一些食物名詞或表示一些成雙成對的物品名稱的名詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如noodles, snacks, jeans, earphones, trousers, clothes, pants, glasses, shoes, sunglasses, scissors, compasses等。這些名詞可單獨作主語, 此時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式; 也可用a pair of或pairs of修飾作主語, 此時謂語動詞取決于pair的形式。,3. 有些名詞在形式上雖是單數(shù), 但常表示復(fù)數(shù)含義, 如people, police, cattle, staff,

4、 “the+adj. ”(表示一類人)。 4. 對于集合名詞, 當(dāng)它表示一個整體時, 視作單數(shù); 當(dāng)它側(cè)重各個成員時, 視作復(fù)數(shù), 如family, class等。 5. 有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形, 如fish, deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, series等。,6. 有些詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示祝愿、禮貌或客氣等, 如congratulations祝賀, regards問候, respects敬意, thanks謝謝, wishes祝愿等。 7. 表示一類事物總稱的名詞, 常作不可數(shù)名詞看待而不能加“s”, 如furniture, equip

5、ment, luggage, baggage, homework, information, progress, weather, wealth等。,8. 有些抽象名詞或物質(zhì)名詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞。,【典例剖析】單句語法填空 (2016全國卷)Recent_(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.,解題關(guān)鍵: recent是形容詞, 修飾名詞, “Recent_”在句中作主語, 根據(jù)謂語show可知, 主語需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 答案判定: studies,【高考題組】

6、單句改錯/填空 1. (2016浙江高考)When I was a very young children, my father created a regular practice I remember well years later. (改錯) _,children改為child,2. (2016全國卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. (改錯) _ 3. (2015全國卷)The airs we breathe in is ge

7、tting dirtier and dirtier. (改錯) _,knowledges改為knowledge,airs改為air,4. (2015浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass. (改錯) _ 5. (2015陜西高考)Mum taught me some basic step of baking. (改錯) _,side改為sides,step改為steps,6. (2015全國卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a

8、dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _(painting). 7. (2014全國卷)For most of us the _(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work.,paintings,changes,考點2 名詞的構(gòu)詞法 常見的名詞后綴: 1. 具有某種職業(yè)或動作的人 (1

9、)-an/-ian, 表示“地方的人, 精通的人”。例如: American美國人, historian歷史學(xué)家, politician政治家, 政客, Asian亞洲人, African非洲人, Italian意大利人, physician內(nèi)科醫(yī)生。,(2)-ant, 表示“的人”。例如: servant傭人, applicant應(yīng)征者, assistant助手。 (3)-ar, 表示“者”。例如: scholar學(xué)者, liar說謊者。 (4)-ee, 表示“動作承受者”。例如: employee雇員, interviewee被面試者, examinee應(yīng)試人, trainee受訓(xùn)者。,(

10、5)-eer, 表示“從事的人”。例如: engineer工程師, volunteer志愿者。 (6)-er, 表示“從事某種職業(yè)的人, 某地區(qū)、地方的人”。例如: observer觀察者, villager村民, banker銀行家, Londoner倫敦人, worker工人, performer表演者, manager經(jīng)理, teacher老師。,(7)-ese, 表示“國人, 地方的人”。例如: Japanese日本人, Chinese中國人, Cantonese廣東人等。 (8)-ess, 表示“女稱名詞”。例如: actress女演員, hostess女主人。,(9)-ist, 表

11、示“從事研究者, 信仰主義者”。例如: pianist鋼琴家, communist共產(chǎn)主義者, dentist牙醫(yī), artist藝術(shù)家。,(10)-or, 表示“者”。例如: author作者, doctor醫(yī)生, operator操作員, 電話接線員, director導(dǎo)演, survivor幸存者, instructor指導(dǎo)者。,2. 具有抽象名詞的含義 (1)-acy, 表示“性質(zhì), 狀態(tài)”。例如: accuracy精確, privacy隱私, literacy讀寫能力, adequacy足夠。 (2)-age, 表示“狀態(tài), 行為, 身份及其結(jié)果”。例如: shortage短缺, s

12、torage儲存, marriage婚姻, courage勇氣。,(3)-al, 表示“事物的動作, 過程”。例如: refusal拒絕, arrival到達, survival存活, approval批準(zhǔn), proposal提議。 (4)-ance/-ence, 表示“性質(zhì), 狀況, 行為, 過程, 總量, 程度”。例如: importance重要, diligence勤奮, difference區(qū)別, convenience方便。,(5)-ancy/-ency, 表示“性質(zhì), 狀態(tài), 行為, 過程”。例如: frequency頻率, urgency迫切, efficiency效率, ten

13、dency趨勢。 (6)-bility, 表示“性質(zhì), 狀態(tài)”。例如: ability能力, disability殘疾, possibility可能性, probability可能性。,(7)-dom, 表示“等級, 領(lǐng)域, 狀態(tài)”。例如: freedom自由, kingdom國王, wisdom智慧。 (8)-ion/-sion/-tion/-ation/-ition, 表示“行為的過程, 結(jié)果, 狀況”。例如: action行動, solution解決方案, conclusion結(jié)論, destruction毀壞, expression表達, correction改正, impressio

14、n印象。,(9)-ment, 表示“行為, 狀態(tài), 過程, 手段及其結(jié)果等”。例如: treatment對待, 治療, movement運動, judgement判斷。 (10)-ness, 表示“性質(zhì), 狀態(tài), 程度”。例如: goodness善良, kindness仁慈, tiredness乏味, friendliness友好。,(11)-ship, 表示“情況, 性質(zhì), 技巧, 技能及身份, 職業(yè)”。例如: hardship困苦, membership成員, friendship友誼, leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。,(12)-th, 表示“動作, 性質(zhì), 過程, 狀態(tài)”。例如: depth

15、深度, wealth財富, truth真理, length長度, growth成長, strength力氣, 長處。 (13)-ure, 表示“行為, 結(jié)果”。例如: exposure暴露, pressure壓力, failure失敗。,【典例剖析】用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 (2016全國卷)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top_(attract).,解題關(guān)鍵: 空格由形容詞修飾, 且在句中作表語, 應(yīng)用名詞。 答案判定: attraction,【高考題組】單句填空/改錯 1. (2016全國卷)Then, handle the most im

16、portant tasks first so youll feel a real sense of _ (achieve). 2. (2015全國卷)In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their _(able) to “air condition” a house.,achievement,ability,3. (2014福建高考)The smallest good habits can make a big _(different). 4. (2014遼寧高考)Ill

17、 stop and take a deep _ (breathe). 5. (2014湖北高考)The police will reward whoever provides useful _(inform) to catch the robber.,difference,breath,information,6. (2014陜西高考)On June 27, 2012, the Jiaolong reached a _(deep) of 7, 062 metres in the Pacific Ocean. 7. (2016全國卷)My uncle tells me that the key

18、to his success is honest. _,depth,honest改為honesty,二、冠詞 考點1 冠詞的基本用法 1. 定冠詞的?？急貍?(1)上文已出現(xiàn)過或說話雙方都熟知的事物; (2)表示世 界上獨一無二的事物、自然現(xiàn)象、方位或者發(fā)明物的 名詞前; (3)序數(shù)詞和形容詞或副詞最高級前; (4)表示年 代、朝代、時代的名詞或由普通名詞組成的專有名詞,前; (5)形容詞或形容詞化的過去分詞前, 表示一類人或物, 或用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前表示一家人等。,2. 不定冠詞的?？急貍?(1)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前, 表泛指的數(shù)量“一”; (2)用a certain修飾專有名詞(=some+名詞單數(shù)

19、)表示“某一個”; (3)序數(shù)詞前, 表示“又一, 再一”; (4)物質(zhì)名詞前, 表示“一份, 一陣, 一場, 一類”等或用于抽象名詞具體化; (5)有修飾詞的三餐和四季前; (6)a, an與比較級連用, 在否定句中表示最高級意義, 而a+most+形容詞+名詞, 表示“一個非常的”。,3. 零冠詞的常考必備 (1)表示泛指或一般意義的物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、專有名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞前; (2)表示頭銜、職位名稱的名詞作表語、補語、同位語和as的賓語時; (3)as/though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中, 作表語的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞置于句首時。,【典例剖析】用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空 (2015全國卷)The adobe

20、 dwellings(土坯房)are admired by even_most modern of architects and engineers.,解題關(guān)鍵: 形容詞最高級的前面要用定冠詞the。 答案判定: the,【高考題組】單句填空/改錯 1. (2016浙江高考)_ prize for the winner of the competition is a two-week holiday in Paris. 2. (2014全國卷)Now, years later, this river is one of _ most outstanding examples of enviro

21、nmental cleanup.,The,the,3. (2014湖南高考)By avoiding things likely to upset your neighbors, you can enjoy _ friendly relationship with them. 4. (2014江蘇高考)Dale came to understand that the ability to express _ idea to an audience builds a persons confidence.,a,an,5. (2016全國卷)But in that case, we will lea

22、rn little about world. (改錯) _ 6. (2016全國卷)My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time. (改錯) _,about后加the,the改為a,7. (2015全國卷)A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop. (改錯) _ 8. (2015陜西高考)At a party for his retirement, my coach, with a biscuit in h

23、is mouth, asked surprisingly who made them. (改錯) _,第二個a改為the,第一個a改為the,考點2 冠詞的固定搭配 1. 用在表示計量單位的名詞前by the day, by the dozen, by the hour, by the yard等。 2. 固定結(jié)構(gòu)“動詞+sb. +介詞+the+身體部位名詞”。,3. 固定短語: a knowledge of, a collection of, a better understanding of, have a look, play a trick on, in a hurry, make t

24、he best of, in the end, on the phone等。 4. the+比較級. . . , the+比較級. . . , 表示“越越”。,【典例剖析】單句改錯 (2014全國卷)As result, the plants are growing everywhere.,解題關(guān)鍵: 根據(jù)固定搭配as a result“結(jié)果是”, 可知原文中的result前缺少了不定冠詞a。 答案判定: result前加不定冠詞a,【高考題組】單句改錯/用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空 1. (2016全國卷)At the first, I thought I knew everything and cou

25、ld make decisions by myself. (改錯) _,去掉the,2. (2016浙江高考)Every time he arrived home at end of the day, wed greet him at the door. (改錯) _ 3. (2015全國卷)Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. (改錯) _,第一個at后加the,第二個in后添加the,4. (2014陜西高考)I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity! (改錯)

26、 _ 5. (2014福建高考)We are playing _ part in cutting down on waste. 6. (2014廣東高考)She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on _ top floor.,a改為an,a,the,7. (2013廣東高考)In the beginning, there was only _ very small amount of unfairness.,a,三、主謂一致,【點津】 (1)在定語從句中, 關(guān)系代詞作主語, 其謂語動詞的數(shù)和先行詞保持一致, 但“o

27、ne of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后面的定語從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù), 而在“the(only/very)one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后面所接的定語從句中, 謂語動詞卻用單數(shù)。,(2)當(dāng)主語后有介詞(短語)with, together/along with, including, like, but, except, other than, rather than和as well as等時, 謂語動詞應(yīng)和前面的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。,(3)a quantity of/quantities of和a (great, large) amount of/large amounts of后既可接可數(shù)名詞, 也可接不可數(shù)名詞, 其謂語動詞一般視quantity和amount的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。 (4)a(large)number of后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù), 其