大學(xué)語法-ed分詞

1、-ED分詞分詞 本書所講的本書所講的-ed分詞（分詞（-ed participle）即傳）即傳 統(tǒng)語法所指的統(tǒng)語法所指的“過去分詞過去分詞”（past participle）。本講主要介紹）。本講主要介紹-ed分詞在名分詞在名 詞詞組中作前置修飾語（詞詞組中作前置修飾語（premodifier）以）以 及在句中作主語補(bǔ)語（及在句中作主語補(bǔ)語（subject complement）和賓語補(bǔ)語（）和賓語補(bǔ)語（object complement ） 1.來自及物動(dòng)詞的來自及物動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞作前置修飾語分詞作前置修飾語 來自及物動(dòng)詞的來自及物動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞作前置修飾語通常分詞作前置修飾語通常 帶有

2、被動(dòng)意義和完成一一；而能作上述用帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成一一；而能作上述用 法的法的-ing分詞有的來自及物動(dòng)詞，有的來自分詞有的來自及物動(dòng)詞，有的來自 不及物動(dòng)詞，通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成不及物動(dòng)詞，通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成 意義。試比較：意義。試比較： Frozen food a freezing wind A bored traveller a boring journey A lost cause a losing battle -ed分詞作前置修飾語分詞作前置修飾語 有些有些-ed分詞通常不能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語，但若加分詞通常不能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語，但若加 前綴前綴un-或者為副詞所修飾而

3、構(gòu)成或者為副詞所修飾而構(gòu)成“副詞副詞+-ed分詞分詞” 的復(fù)合形容詞以后，便可作前置修飾語。例如：的復(fù)合形容詞以后，便可作前置修飾語。例如： Uninvited guests badly-built house Untold sufferings far-fetched reasons Unheard-of stories newly-born children 2.來自不及物動(dòng)詞的來自不及物動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞作前置修飾語分詞作前置修飾語 來自不及物動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修 飾語，能作這種用法的僅限于下面幾個(gè)詞，這些 前置修飾語僅表示完成意義，不表示被動(dòng)意義。 例如： A retir

4、ed worker=a worker who has retired An escaped prisoner=a prisoner who has escaped A faded/withered flower=a flower that has faded/withered Fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen An expired lease= a lease that has expired The risen sun=the sun that has just risen A returned student=a student who has r

5、eturned（from abroad） The vanished treasure=the treasure that has vanished A grown man=a person who has grown to a mans size 某些來自不及物動(dòng)詞的某些來自不及物動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞，單獨(dú)一個(gè)詞不可以分詞，單獨(dú)一個(gè)詞不可以 作前置修飾語（如不可以說作前置修飾語（如不可以說“a behaved boy”，a travelled businessman），但若與某些副詞構(gòu)成），但若與某些副詞構(gòu)成 復(fù)合形容詞，便可作前置修飾語。例如復(fù)合形容詞，便可作前置修飾語。例如“ Well-beh

6、aved children=children who behave well A widely-travelled businessman=one who has travelled widely Newly-arrived visitors= visitors who have newly arrived -ed分詞作補(bǔ)語分詞作補(bǔ)語 能用作補(bǔ)語的-ed分詞也大都來自及物動(dòng)詞。 凡是已經(jīng)形容詞化了的-ed分詞，大都可以 既作名詞修飾語又作主語補(bǔ)語或賓語補(bǔ)語。 例如： The door remains locked The man looked disappointed I found the

7、door locked （）能帶（）能帶-ed分詞作賓語補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞分類分詞作賓語補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞分類 可以帶-ed分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有以下三類。 第一類包括see，hear，feel，find，think等 表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞： I saw the students assembled in the hall. He felt his eyes dazzled by the bright light Everybody thought the battle lost 第二類包括make，get，have，keep等表 示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞： I have my hair cut every te

8、n days He was trying to make himself understood Please keep us informed of the latest developments 注意：在”have+賓語+-ed分詞“這一結(jié)構(gòu) 中，have有三種不同意義。比較： We had the problem solved（表示”致使 “，一種有意的行為） She had her arm broken in an accident （表示”遭受“，一種非有意的行為） I have not any money left。（表示”有“） 第三類包括第三類包括like，want，wish，o

9、rder等表示希望，等表示希望， 要求，命令等意義的動(dòng)詞：要求，命令等意義的動(dòng)詞： I dont want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal He wont like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting The commander ordered the army unit (to be) reorganized. -ed 分詞分句分詞分句 以-ed分詞作謂語動(dòng)詞的分句結(jié)構(gòu)叫做-ed分 詞分句 -ed 分詞分句的句法功能分詞分句的句法功能 關(guān)于-ed分詞作名詞的前置修飾語以及-ed分

10、詞結(jié) 構(gòu)作補(bǔ)語的用法已在第22講介紹過。本節(jié)闡述-ed 分詞分句作名詞的后置修飾語以及在句中作狀語 的用法。 A）-ed分詞分句作后置修飾語通常相當(dāng)于一個(gè)縮 略的關(guān)系分句。例如： The man，soaked with sweat from an all-night march，immediately went into action。 One of the houses wrecked by the storm belonged to my grandfather。 B）-ed分詞分句作狀語可表示多種意義，比如作 時(shí)間狀語： Heated，the metal expands。 Once ap

11、pointed supreme commander，he took the stern measures expected of him。 作原因狀語： Deeply moved，he thanked her again and again。 Absorbed in his work，Jim neglected food and sleep。 作條件狀語： United，we stand；divided，we fall。 Seen in this light，the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose。 作讓步狀語： Lef

12、t to his own devices，Charles did not relax his efforts Beaten by the police and sent to jail, Gandhi invented the principle of nonviolent resistance. 表示伴隨狀況： I made a leisurely round of the town，fascinated by the construction going on everywhere。 He went to Beijing that winter，disguised as a merchan

13、t。 -ed 分詞分句的結(jié)構(gòu)模式分詞分句的結(jié)構(gòu)模式 -ed分詞分句也分為不帶主語和從屬連詞的、帶從 屬連詞的和帶主語的三種。 A）不帶主語和從屬連詞的-ed分詞分句 -ed分詞分句可以既不帶主語也不帶從屬連詞。所 謂不帶主語，是指-ed分詞分句的邏輯主語通常可 以由特定的上下文判定。例如： Covered with confusion，she hurriedly left the room The castle，burn down in 1485，was never rebuilt。 Not a single case of T.B. was found in the x-rays studi

14、ed（=that had beenstudied） 第一第二例中的-ed分詞分句的邏輯主語是主句 的主語，第三例的邏輯主語是介詞補(bǔ)足成分the x-rays B）帶從屬連詞的-ed分詞分句 這里所說的從屬連詞可以是when， though/although，as if/as though，if，even if， once，unless，until等。例如： This dictionary will look nice when printed Though surrounded，the guerillas were not discouraged He threw himself from h

15、is horse and lay still as if shot 上述帶從屬連詞的-ed分詞分句也可以看作是一種省 略從屬分句，省略的部分總是”主語+be的一定形 式“，省略的主語即分句邏輯主語。 一、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別一、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在語態(tài)和時(shí) 間概念上。總體而言，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行， 過去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成。例如： He cut himself while shaving.他刮胡子的時(shí)候刮 傷了臉（相對于主語而言，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)） Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even

16、more beautiful。從山頂看下去，這個(gè)公園更 加漂亮（相對于主語而言，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)） We have to be more flexible when facing the challenges from the changing world.當(dāng)面對來自 變化的世界的挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，我們需要更靈活。（facing 表示主動(dòng)，changing表示進(jìn)行） Sometimes it is difficult for people in the developed countries to understand things happening in the developing countri

17、es。 有時(shí)候，發(fā)達(dá)國家的人們難以理解在發(fā)展 中國家發(fā)生的事情。 （developed表示完成，happening表示進(jìn) 行，developing表示進(jìn)行） 1.This missile is designed so that once _ nothing can be done to retrieve it A. fired B. being fired C. they fired D. having fired 1【A】句意：這個(gè)導(dǎo)彈是設(shè)計(jì)成一旦發(fā)射 出去，就無法截回。該句中過去分詞fired作 時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于once it is fired 2.He wasnt asked to ta

18、ke on the chairmanship of the society，_insufficiently popular with all members。 A. having considered B. was considered C. was being considered D .being considered 【D】句意：考慮到他在協(xié)會(huì)所有成員中不 夠知名，他沒有被要求做協(xié)會(huì)的主席。該 句中being considered 作原因狀語，由于主 語he 和consider的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以 用了現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式。 3._enough time and money，the res

19、earcher would have been able to discover more in this field。 A. Giving B. To give C. Given D. Being given 【C】句意：假如給予更多的時(shí)間和金錢， 這位研究者本可以在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域里有更多發(fā) 現(xiàn)。該句中過去分詞given引導(dǎo)條件狀語從 句，相當(dāng)于if the researcher had been given more time and money. 4._at in this way，the present economic situation doesnt seem so gloomy。 A.

20、 Looking B. Looked C. Having looked D. To look 【B】句意：假如從這個(gè)角度看，現(xiàn)在的經(jīng) 濟(jì)形勢并沒有看上去那么糟糕。該句中過 去分詞looked引導(dǎo)條件狀語，相當(dāng)于if it is looked in this way.主語the present economic situation和look為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所 以要用過去分詞。 5._at in this way，the situation does not seem so desperate。 A. Looking B. Looked C. Being looked D. To look 【B】假如

21、從這個(gè)角度看，狀況并沒有看上 去那么絕望。參見上局。這是同一個(gè)考點(diǎn) 兩次出現(xiàn)在專四語法題中，為現(xiàn)在分詞作 條件狀語，需要特別注意。 6.If not_ with the respect he feels due to him， Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time A. being treated B. treated C. be treated D. having been treated 【B】句意：如果沒有受到他認(rèn)為應(yīng)有的尊 重，杰克就會(huì)變得脾氣暴躁，不停地抱怨。 該句的考點(diǎn)仍然是過去分詞作條件狀語， treat和主句

22、的主語Jack的關(guān)系為被動(dòng)，所 以要用過去分詞。 7.The film was so exciting that the children all kept their eyes _on the screen. A. fix B. to fix C. fixed D. fixing 【C】句意：電影如此令人興奮以至于孩子們把 眼睛都盯在屏幕上。句子中keep their eyes fixed on the screen. 的意思是“眼睛緊盯著屏幕”。過去分詞fixed作 賓補(bǔ)。因?yàn)閠heir eyes和fix之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以 用過去分詞。 8.After a whole days hard

23、 work, Tom went home, _ A. hunger and feel exhausted B. hungry and exhausted C. being hungry and exhausting D. hungry and felt exhausted 【B】句意：在一整天的辛苦工作后，Tom回到 家，又累又餓。句子中hungry and exhausted做 伴隨狀語，其中，hungry是形容詞，exhausted是 過去分詞作形容詞用，意為“又累又餓” 9.She was glad to see her child well_. A. take care of B. taking care of C. taken care