電子技術(shù) 中英文翻譯 畢業(yè)論文

1、本文由海灘大哥貢獻(xiàn)doc文檔可能在WAP端瀏覽體驗(yàn)不佳。建議您優(yōu)先選擇TXT,或下載源文件到本機(jī)查看。一個(gè)熱處理爐的溫控系統(tǒng).這樣的通用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)不可能為大多數(shù)電子系統(tǒng)采用,而且要使通用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)滿(mǎn)足嵌入式應(yīng)用要求,必然影響高速數(shù)值處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展.為了解決計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展的矛盾,在 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代,半導(dǎo)體專(zhuān)家另辟蹊徑,完全按照電子系統(tǒng)的計(jì)算機(jī)嵌入式應(yīng)用要求,將一個(gè)微型計(jì)算機(jī)的基本系統(tǒng)集成在一個(gè)芯片上,形成了早期的單片機(jī)(Single Chip Microcomputer.單片機(jī)問(wèn)世后,在計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)域中開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)了通用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)和嵌入式系統(tǒng)的兩大分支.此后, 無(wú)論是嵌入式系統(tǒng),還是通用計(jì)算機(jī)系

2、統(tǒng)都得到了飛速的發(fā)展. 早期雖然有通用計(jì)算機(jī)改裝而成的嵌入式計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),而真正意義上的嵌入式系統(tǒng)始于單片機(jī)的出現(xiàn).因?yàn)閱纹瑱C(jī)是專(zhuān)門(mén)為嵌入式應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì)的, 單片機(jī)只能實(shí)現(xiàn)嵌入式應(yīng)用.單片機(jī)能最好地滿(mǎn)足嵌入式應(yīng)用的環(huán)境要求, 例如,芯片級(jí)的物理空間,大規(guī)模集成電路的低價(jià)位,良好的外圍接口總線(xiàn)和突出控制功能的指令系統(tǒng). 單片機(jī)有計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)核,嵌入到電子系統(tǒng)中,為電子系統(tǒng)智能化奠定了基礎(chǔ).因此,當(dāng)前單片機(jī)在電子系統(tǒng)中的廣泛使用,使經(jīng)典電子系統(tǒng)迅速過(guò)渡到智能化的現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng). 四 , 單片機(jī)開(kāi)創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)時(shí)代 1 單片機(jī)與嵌入式系統(tǒng)嵌入式系統(tǒng)源于計(jì)算機(jī)的嵌入式應(yīng)用,早期嵌入式系統(tǒng)為通用計(jì)算機(jī)經(jīng)改裝后

3、嵌入到對(duì)象體系中的各種電子系統(tǒng),如艦船的自動(dòng)駕駛儀,輪機(jī)監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)等.嵌入式系統(tǒng)首先是一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),其次它被嵌入到對(duì)象體系中,在對(duì)象體系中實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)象要求的數(shù)據(jù)采集,處理,狀態(tài)顯示,輸出控制等功能,由于嵌入在對(duì)象體系中,嵌入式系統(tǒng)的計(jì)算機(jī)沒(méi)有計(jì)算機(jī)的獨(dú)立形式及功能.單片機(jī)完全是按照嵌入式系統(tǒng)要求設(shè)計(jì)的,因此單片機(jī)是最典型的嵌入式系統(tǒng).早期的單片機(jī)只是按嵌入式應(yīng)用技術(shù)要求設(shè)計(jì)的計(jì)算機(jī)單芯片集成,故名單片機(jī).隨后,單片機(jī)為滿(mǎn)足嵌入式應(yīng)用要求不斷增強(qiáng)其控制功能與外圍接口功能,尤其是突出控制功能,因此國(guó)際上已將單片機(jī)正名為微控制器(MCU,Microcontroller Unit. 2 單片機(jī)構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代電

4、子系統(tǒng)將成為主流電子系統(tǒng)單片機(jī)構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)將成為主流電子系統(tǒng)單片機(jī)是器件級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),它可以嵌入到任何對(duì)象體系中去,實(shí)現(xiàn)智能化控制.小到微型機(jī)械,如手表,助聽(tīng)器.集成器件級(jí)的低價(jià)位,低到幾元,十幾元,足以使單片機(jī)普及到許多民用家電,電子玩具中去.單片機(jī)構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代電子系統(tǒng)已深入到各家各戶(hù),正改變我們的生活,如家庭中的音響,電視機(jī),洗衣機(jī),微波爐,電話(huà),防盜系統(tǒng),空調(diào)機(jī)等.單片片機(jī)帶你進(jìn)入計(jì)算機(jī)工控領(lǐng)域 21 世紀(jì)是全人類(lèi)進(jìn)入計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代的世紀(jì),許多人不是在制造計(jì)算機(jī)便是在使用計(jì)算機(jī).在使用計(jì)算機(jī)的人們中,只有從事嵌入式系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用的人才真正地進(jìn)入到計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)部軟,硬件體系中,才能真正領(lǐng)會(huì)計(jì)算

5、機(jī)掉保護(hù)位的保護(hù)作用,之后,使用簡(jiǎn)單的編程器就可直接讀出程序存儲(chǔ)器的內(nèi)容. 對(duì)于使用了防護(hù)層來(lái)保護(hù)EEPROM單元的單片機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō),使用紫外光復(fù)位保護(hù)電路是不可行的.對(duì)于這種類(lèi)型的單片機(jī),一般使用微探針技術(shù)來(lái)讀取存儲(chǔ)器內(nèi)容.在芯片封裝打開(kāi)后,將芯片置于顯微鏡下就能夠很容易的找到從存儲(chǔ)器連到電路其它部分的數(shù)據(jù)總線(xiàn). 由于某種原因,芯片鎖定位在編程模式下并不鎖定對(duì)存儲(chǔ)器的訪(fǎng)問(wèn). 利用這一缺陷將探針?lè)旁跀?shù)據(jù)線(xiàn)的上面就能讀到所有想要的數(shù)據(jù).在編程模式下,重啟讀過(guò)程并連接探針到另外的數(shù)據(jù)線(xiàn)上就可以讀出程序和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器中的所有信息. 還有一種可能的攻擊手段是借助顯微鏡和激光切割機(jī)等設(shè)備來(lái)尋找保護(hù)熔絲,從而尋查

6、和這部分電路相聯(lián)系的所有信號(hào)線(xiàn).由于設(shè)計(jì)有缺陷, 因此,只要切斷從保護(hù)熔絲到其它電路的某一根信號(hào)線(xiàn),就能禁止整個(gè)保護(hù)功能.由于某種原因,這根線(xiàn)離其它的線(xiàn)非常遠(yuǎn),所以使用激光切割機(jī)完全可以切斷這根線(xiàn)而不影響臨近線(xiàn).這樣,使用簡(jiǎn)單的編程器就能直接讀出程序存儲(chǔ)器的內(nèi)容. 雖然大多數(shù)普通單片機(jī)都具有熔絲燒斷保護(hù)單片機(jī)內(nèi)代碼的功能,但由于通用低檔的單片機(jī)并非定位于制作安全類(lèi)產(chǎn)品,因此,它們往往沒(méi)有提供有針對(duì)性的防范措施且安全級(jí)別較低.加上單片機(jī)應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合廣泛,銷(xiāo)售量大,廠商間委托加工與技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓頻繁,大量技術(shù)資料外瀉,使得利用該類(lèi)芯片的設(shè)計(jì)漏洞和廠商的測(cè)試接口,并通過(guò)修改熔絲保護(hù)位等侵入型攻擊或非侵入型攻擊

7、手段來(lái)讀取單片機(jī)的內(nèi)部程序變得比較容易. 常用單片機(jī)芯片簡(jiǎn)介 STC 單片機(jī) STC 公司的單片機(jī)主要是基于 8051 內(nèi)核,是新一代增強(qiáng)型單片機(jī),指令代碼完全兼容傳統(tǒng) 8051,速度快 812 倍,帶 ADC,4 路PWM,雙串口,有全球唯一ID 號(hào),加密性好,抗干擾強(qiáng). PIC 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī): 是MICROCHIP 公司的產(chǎn)品,其突出的特點(diǎn)是體積小,功耗低,精簡(jiǎn)指令集,抗干擾性好,可靠性高,有較強(qiáng)的模擬接口,代碼保密性好,大部分芯片有其兼容的 FLASH 程序存儲(chǔ)器的芯片.EMC 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī): 是臺(tái)灣義隆公司的產(chǎn)品,有很大一部分與 PIC 8 位單片機(jī)兼容,且相兼容產(chǎn)品的資源

8、相對(duì)比 PIC 的多,價(jià)格便宜,有很多系列可選,但抗干擾較差. ATMEL 單片機(jī)單片機(jī)(51 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī): ATMEl 公司的 8 位單片機(jī)有 AT89,AT90 兩個(gè)系列,AT89 系列是 8 位 Flash 單片機(jī),與 8051 系列單片機(jī)相兼容,靜態(tài)時(shí)鐘模式;AT90 系列單片機(jī)是增強(qiáng) RISC 結(jié)構(gòu),全靜態(tài)工作方式,內(nèi)載在線(xiàn)可編程 Flash 的單片機(jī),也叫 AVR 單片機(jī). PHLIPIS 51PLC 系列單片機(jī)系列單片機(jī)(51 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī): PHILIPS 公司的單片機(jī)是基于 80C51 內(nèi)核的單片機(jī),嵌入了掉電檢測(cè),模擬以及片內(nèi) RC 振蕩器等功能,這使51LP

9、C 在高集成度,低成本,低功耗的應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì)中可以滿(mǎn)足多方面的性能要求. HOLTEK 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī): 臺(tái)灣盛揚(yáng)半導(dǎo)體的單片機(jī),價(jià)格便宜,種類(lèi)較多,但抗干擾較差,適用于消費(fèi)類(lèi)產(chǎn)品. TI 公司單片機(jī)公司單片機(jī)(51 單片機(jī) : 單片機(jī): 德州儀器提供了 TMS370 和MSP430 兩大系列通用單片機(jī).TMS370 系列單片機(jī)是 8 位 CMOS 單片機(jī),具有多種存儲(chǔ)模式,多種外圍接口模式, 適用于復(fù)雜的實(shí)時(shí)控制場(chǎng)合;MSP430 系列單片機(jī)是一種超低功耗,功能集成度較高的 16 位低功耗單片機(jī),特別適用于要求功耗低的場(chǎng)合是臺(tái)灣松翰公司的單片,大多為 8 位機(jī),有一部分與 PIC 8 位單片

10、機(jī)兼容,價(jià)格便宜,系統(tǒng)時(shí)鐘分頻可選項(xiàng)較多,有PMW ADC 內(nèi)振內(nèi)部雜訊濾波.缺點(diǎn) RAM 空間過(guò)小,抗干擾較好.From the world of radio in the world to a single chipModern computer technology, industrial revolution, the world economy from the capital into the economy to knowledge economy. Field in the electronic world, from the 20th century into the era

11、 of radio to computer technology in the 21st century as the center of the intelligent modern era of electronic systems. The basic core of modern electronic systems are embedded computer systems (referred to as embedded systems, while the microcontroller is the most typical and most extensive and mos

12、tpopular embedded systems.First, radio has created generations of excellence in the worldFifties and sixties in the 20th century, the most representative of the advanced electronic technology is wireless technology, including radio broadcasting, radio, wireless communications (telegraph, Amateur Rad

13、io, radio positioning, navigation and other telemetry, remote control, remote technology. Early that these electronic technology led many young people into the wonderful digital world, radio show was a wonderful life, the prospects for science and technology. Electronics began to form a new discipli

14、ne. Radio electronics, wireless communications began e-world journey. Radio technology not only as a representative of advanced science and technology at that time, but also from popular to professional fields of science, attracting the young people and enable them to find a lot of fun. Ore from the

15、 bedside to the superheterodyne radio radio; report issued from the radio amateur radio stations; from the telephone, electric bell to the radio control model. Became popular youth radio technology, science and technology education is the most popular and most extensive content. So far, many of the

16、older generation of engineers, experts, Professor of the year are radio enthusiasts. Fun radio technology, radio technology, comprehensive training, from basic principles of electronics, electronic components to the radio-based remote control, telemetry, remote electronic systems, has trained severa

17、l generations of technological excellence.Second, from the popularity of the radio era to era of electronic technology The early radio technology to promote the development of electronic technology, most notably electronic vacuum tube technology to semiconductor electronictechnology. Semiconductor t

18、echnology to realize the active device miniaturization and low cost, so more popular with radio technology and innovation, and to greatly broaden the number of non-radio-control areas. The development of semiconductor technology lead to the production of integrated circuit, forming the modern electr

19、onic technology leap from discrete electronics into the era of era of integrated circuits. Electronic design engineers no longer use the discrete electronic components designed circuit modules, and direct selection of integrated circuit components constitute a single system. They freed the design of

20、 the circuit unit dedicated to system design, greatly liberating the productive forces of science and technology, promote the wider spread of electronic systems. Semiconductor integrated circuits in the basic digital logic circuits first breakthrough. A large number of digital logic circuits, such a

21、s gates, counters, timers, shift registers, and analog switches, comparators, etc., for the electronic digital control provides excellent conditions for the traditional mechanical control to electronic control. Power electronic devices and sensor technology to make the original to the radio as the c

22、enter of electronic technology turned to mechanical engineering in the field of digital control systems, testing in the field of information collection, movement of electrical mechanical servo drive control object. Semiconductor and integrated circuit technology will bring us a universal age of elec

23、tronic technology, wireless technology as the field of electronic technology a part of. 70 years into the 20th century, large scale integrated circuit appeared to promote the conventionalelectronic circuit unit-specific electronic systems development. Many electronic systems unit into a dedicated in

24、tegrated devices such as radios, electronic clocks, calculators, electronic engineers in these areas from the circuit, the system designed to debug into the device selection, peripheral device adapter work. Electronic technology, and electronic products enriched, electronic engineers to reduce the d

25、ifficulty, but at the same time, radio technology, electronic technology has weakened the charm. The development of semiconductor integrated circuits classical electronic systems are maturing, remain in the large scale integrated circuit other thanthe shrinking of electronic technology, electronic t

26、echnology is not the old days of radio fun times and comprehensive engineering training.Third, from the classic era of electronic technology to modern electronic technology of the times80 years into the 20th century, the century of economic change is the most important revolution in the computer. Th

27、e computer revolution in the most important sign is the birth of the computer embedded applications. Modern computer numerical requirements should be born. A long period of time, is to develop the massive computer numerical duty. But the computer shows the logic operation, processing, control, attra

28、cting experts in the field of electronic control, they want development to meet the control object requirements of embedded applications, computer systems. If you meet the massive data-processing computer system known as general-purpose computer system, then the system can be the embedded object (su

29、ch as ships, aircraft, motorcycles, etc. in a computer system called the embedded computer. Clearly, both the direction of technology development are different. The former requires massive data storage, handling, processing and analysis of high-speed data transmission; while the latter requires reli

30、able operation in the target environment, the external physical parameters on high-speed acquisition, analysis and processing logic and the rapid control of external objects. It will add an early general-purpose computer data acquisition unit, the output driver circuit reluctance to form a heat trea

31、tment furnace temperature control system. This general-purpose computer system is not possible for most of the electronic system used, and to make general-purpose computer system meets the requirements of embedded applications, will inevitably affect the development of high-speed numeric processing.

32、 In order to solve the contradiction between the development of computer technology, in the 20th century 70s, semiconductor experts another way, in full accordance with the electronic system embedded computer application requirements, a micro-computer's basic system on a chip, the formation of t

33、he early SCM (Single Chip Microcomputer. After the advent of single chip in the computer industry began to appear in the general-purpose computer systems and embedded systems the two branches. Since then, both the embedded system, or general-purpose computer systems have been developed rapidly.Altho

34、ugh the early general-purpose computer converted the embedded computer systems, and real embedded system began in the emergence of SCM. Because the microcontroller is designed specifically for embedded applications, the MCU can only achieve embedded applications. MCU embedded applications that best

35、meetenvironmental requirements, for example, chip-level physical space, large-scale integrated circuits low-cost, good peripheral interface bus and outstanding control of instruction. A computer system microcontroller core, embedded electronic systems, intelligent electronic systems for the foundati

36、on. Therefore, the current single chip electronic system in widespread use of electronic systems to enable rapid transition to the classical modern intelligent electronic systems.4, single chip to create the modern era of electronic systemsA microcontroller and embedded systems Embedded computer sys

37、tems from embedded applications, embedded systems for early general-purpose computer adapted to the object system embedded in a variety of electronic systems, such as the ship's autopilot, engine monitoring systems. Embedded system is primarily a computer system, followed by it being embedded in

38、to the object system, objects in the object system to achieve required data collection, processing, status display, the output control functions, as embedded in the object system, embedded system computer does not have an independent form and function of the computer. SCM is entirely in accordance w

39、ith the requirements of embedded system design, so SCM is the most typical embedded systems. SCM is the early application of technical requirements in accordance with the design of embedded computer chip integration, hence the name single chip. Subsequently, the MCU embedded applications to meet the

40、 growing demands of its control functions and peripheral interface functions, in particular, highlight the control function, so has international name the single chip microcontroller (MCU, Microcontroller Unit.2 MCU modern electronic systems consisting of electronic systems will become mainstreamMCU

41、 is a device-level computer systems, it can be embedded into any object system to achieve intelligent control. Small to micro-machinery, such as watches,hearing aids. Low-cost integrated device-level, low-to a few dollars, ten dollars, enough to spread to many civilian SCM appliances, electronic toy

42、s to go. SCM constitutes a modern electronic systems has in-depth to the households, are changing our lives, such as home audio, televisions, washing machines, microwave ovens, telephones, security systems, and air conditioners. SCM innovation the original electronic systems, such as microwave ovens

43、 use SCM, it can easily set the clock, the program memory, power control; air conditioner after use of SCM is not only convenient for remote parameter setting, running automatically transform, frequency control can be achieved. At present, many household appliances such as VCD, DVD only single chip

44、to achieve its function may occur before. 3 Embedded Systems led the entire electronics industry Current electronic components industry, in addition to microprocessors, embedded system devices, the most modern electronic systems around the supporting components industries, such as keys used to meet

45、the human-computer interaction, LED / LCD display drivers, LED / LCD display units, voice integrated device, etc., to meet the requirements of data acquisition channel digital sensor, ADC, data acquisition module, signal conditioning modules to meet the servo drive control in the DAC, solid state re

46、lays, stepper motor controller, frequency control unit, etc., to meet the communication requirements various bus driver, levelconverters. Electronic components in the embedded systems world, driven by embedded applications along fully meet requirements of modern electronic systems development. This

47、makes the original classic world of increasingly small electronic systems. Practitioners in the various electronic systems to modern electronic systems as early as possible to stay.5, SCM will create a new generation of electronic eliteIf the 50's, radio has created several generations of the wo

48、rld elite, then today's SCM will create a new generation of e-world elite. A single chip with you to the intelligent electronics If we as a dead classic electronic system electronic system, then the intelligent modern electronic systems is a "life" of the electronic system. Application

49、 System of hardware, electronic systems, "body", microcontroller applications, the applicationgives it "life." For example, in the design of intelligent machines monitor display, it can boot the system self-test results show, not to enter the work shows a variety of stand-by stat

50、e, equipment run-time display running processes, work can be displayed after the end of the current results, self results, raw data, reports and other various processing. Unattended, it can run automatically given a variety of functions. Intelligent electronic systems for the endless realm, often wi

51、thout additional hardware resources can achieve all kinds of renovated function. It is also present in many household appliances feature a large number of additional factors.2 single chip computer with you to the industrial area The 21st century is the century of humanity into the computer age, many

52、 people are not used in the manufacture of computer is the computer. People using the computer, only the people engaged in embedded system applications really into the internal computer system hardware and software systems, can we truly understand the nature of the computer's intelligence and gr

53、asp the knowledge of intelligent design. MCU applications starting from the learning technology applications in today's computer software training, hardware and technical personnel of one of the best roads.3 SCM bring you into the most attractive in the digital world Charming single chip to enab

54、le you to experience the true meaning of the computer, you can design intelligent microcontroller hands-on toys, different applications can be designed to achieve different functions. Both software design and hardware making there, both mental and physical, but also hands. Primary level can develop

55、intelligent toys, with macro programming. Intermediate levels can develop some intelligent controller, such as computer mouse, smart cars, all kinds of remote control model. High levels can be developed robots, such as robot soccer, the development of industrial control units, network communications

56、, and high-level language with assembly language or design application. Microcontroller and embedded systems around the formation of the future of the electronics industry, will provide a vast world of electronic fans, an even broader than the current wireless world, richer, more durable, more attra

57、ctive in the digital world. Plunge into the microcontroller in the world to, will benefit your life.MCU AttacksCurrently, there are four single chip attack technique, namely: (1 software attack The technology is commonly used processor communication interface and useprotocol, encryption algorithm or

58、 the algorithm of security vulnerabilities to attack. The success of software attack is a typical example of the early ATMEL AT89C MCU attacks. Attacker single chip erase operation of the timing design flaw, erase the encryption used by ourselves locked in place, the next stop on-chip program memory

59、 data erase operation, thus bringing into too close a single chip SCM not encrypted, and then use the programmer to read out chip program. (2 electronic detection of attacks The technology is usually a high time resolution to monitor the processor during normal operation of all power and interface simulation features, and by monitoring the electromagnetic radiation characteristics of it to attack. Because SCM is an active electronic device, when it executes a different command, the corresponding changes in the power consumption accordingly. This through the use of