生產(chǎn)與運作管理教案

1、生產(chǎn)與運作管理教案工商管理系呂群智第一章生產(chǎn)與運作管理概述生產(chǎn)與運作管理又叫生產(chǎn)與作業(yè)管理、運營管理早期：叫生產(chǎn)管理學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域：制造業(yè)（工廠）服務(wù)業(yè)（醫(yī)療、商業(yè)、教育、金融、運輸?shù)龋┭芯糠秶褐圃鞓I(yè)服務(wù)業(yè)制造業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)在生產(chǎn)過程中有許多不同，同時使用生產(chǎn)、運作二個概念，強調(diào)兩者的區(qū)別。提供有形產(chǎn)品的活動制造型生產(chǎn)提供無形產(chǎn)品（服務(wù)）的活動服務(wù)型生產(chǎn)西方國家學(xué)者：“ Production ”operations近幾年來更為明顯的趨勢是：把提供有形產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)與提供無形服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)統(tǒng)稱為“ operations ”都看成為社會制造財富的過程。第一節(jié) 企業(yè)生產(chǎn)運作系統(tǒng)一、生產(chǎn)與運作概念生產(chǎn)： 即制造某種

2、新的物品，是人類社會最基本的實踐活動，故也稱社會生產(chǎn)。生產(chǎn)概念發(fā)展的三個階段：自然生產(chǎn)階段、市場生產(chǎn)階段、效用生產(chǎn)階段自然生產(chǎn)階段： 原始社會，簡單工具，從事基本的生產(chǎn)活動，農(nóng)耕、 狩獵、 采礦、捕魚，生產(chǎn)力水平極低，生存。市場生產(chǎn)階段：生產(chǎn)力水平提高，生產(chǎn)成果除去維持生存剩余 交換，生產(chǎn)內(nèi)容：加工業(yè)、制造業(yè)效用生產(chǎn)階段：19世紀未，威廉斯坦利、杰文斯、卡爾 門格爾首先提出。現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn) （效用生產(chǎn)）的概念 ： 是一個把生產(chǎn)要素轉(zhuǎn)換成有形的產(chǎn)品和無形服務(wù)的經(jīng)濟財富，通過創(chuàng)造效用，增加附加價值的過程。效用： 對人們某種需要的滿足。產(chǎn)品： 有形的產(chǎn)品、無形產(chǎn)品。生產(chǎn)與運作系統(tǒng)是一個I/O 的系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)要

3、素 生產(chǎn)對象 勞動力轉(zhuǎn)換過程 生產(chǎn)與運作過程生產(chǎn)手段形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換 時間轉(zhuǎn)換 場所轉(zhuǎn)換輸出產(chǎn)品有形物（實物）無形物（服務(wù)、信息）生產(chǎn)信息生產(chǎn)對象 ： 指完成生產(chǎn)活動所用的材料，包括主要材料和輔助材料。家具廠：木材；油漆；釘子等。勞動力 ：指參加生產(chǎn)的人和能力，包括：體力、腦力和智力。生產(chǎn)手段：指勞動者把生產(chǎn)對象轉(zhuǎn)換成產(chǎn)品的手段，包括直接生產(chǎn)資料（設(shè)備）和間接生產(chǎn)資料（廠房和土地）。生產(chǎn)信息： 指為有效地進行生產(chǎn)所運用的一切知識，包括生產(chǎn)技術(shù)、技巧、方法等。? 形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換：把有形的原材料或無形的信息從形狀上或性質(zhì)上予以改變。? 木材 紙張，各種信息 有用的資料? 時間轉(zhuǎn)換：通過對物品一定時間的庫存，求得

4、價值上的變化。? 商業(yè)企業(yè)：冰箱、空調(diào)（淡季 旺季）? 場所轉(zhuǎn)換：通過輸送、流通等地點的改變，謀求價值上的變化。運輸部門二、生產(chǎn)與運作系統(tǒng)1、系統(tǒng)的概念與特征系統(tǒng)： 指具有特定功能的、互相間具有有機聯(lián)系的許多要素所構(gòu)成的一個有機整體。特征： 整體性：相關(guān)性：目的性、環(huán)境適應(yīng)性2、生產(chǎn)與運作系統(tǒng)從系統(tǒng)觀點看：把生產(chǎn)要素轉(zhuǎn)換成產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的系統(tǒng)即是生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)。生產(chǎn)動作管理的核心是對生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的管理廣義和狹義的生產(chǎn)運作系統(tǒng)廣義生產(chǎn)/運作系統(tǒng)是指整個企業(yè)系統(tǒng)，包括從原材料、勞動力、設(shè)備、資金等speech learnings, mastering vari ous typesofdisci plinaryo

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11、e ;(4) four afull輸入開始，經(jīng)過設(shè)計、制造、檢驗、包裝、倉儲、銷售、財務(wù)、人事等環(huán)節(jié)，一直到商品流通和為消費者服務(wù)的全過程狹義生產(chǎn) /運作系統(tǒng)是指企業(yè)的核心系統(tǒng)是進行產(chǎn)品加工和進行勞務(wù)的過程。它直接決定著產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、數(shù)量和成本生產(chǎn)運作系統(tǒng)與社會大系統(tǒng)第二節(jié)生產(chǎn)與運作管理生產(chǎn)與運作管理的內(nèi)容1、生產(chǎn)運作戰(zhàn)略2、生產(chǎn)運作準備與生產(chǎn)與運作組織3、生產(chǎn)運作計劃4、生產(chǎn)運作控制5、先進的生產(chǎn)運作模式20 世紀 50 年代的GT(GroupTechnology)70年代的MRP與MRPII80 年代的JIT90 年代的LP、AM、 BPR生產(chǎn)與運作管理的任務(wù)在計劃期內(nèi)按照社會需要，在必要的

12、時間，按規(guī)定的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，以限定的產(chǎn)品成本，高效率地生產(chǎn)必要數(shù)量的產(chǎn)品。生產(chǎn)運作管理的目標生產(chǎn)運作管理的目標:高效、低耗、靈活、清潔、準時地生產(chǎn)合格產(chǎn)品和(或)提供滿意服務(wù)。高效是對時間(交貨期)而言，指能夠迅速地滿足用戶的需要。低耗是指生產(chǎn)同樣數(shù)量的產(chǎn)品，人力、物力和財力的消耗最少。靈活是指柔性，指能很快地適應(yīng)市場的變化，生產(chǎn)不同品種的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。清潔是指對環(huán)境沒有污染。合格產(chǎn)品或滿意服務(wù)，是指質(zhì)量為何學(xué)習(xí)生產(chǎn)與運作管理生產(chǎn)運作活動在企業(yè)組織中居于核心地位，不論這些企業(yè)經(jīng)營什么。acting politica lnew concend XIGeneralSe cretaryin Fujianw

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18、a ppi ness;(3) Chinafeature sSocialist isa chi evedChine se greatrevival ofway,e nhanced roa d confide nce,and the oryconfide nce, and systemconfide nce ;(4) four afull企業(yè)活動中，35%或更多的工作與生產(chǎn)運作有關(guān)。如：顧客服務(wù)、質(zhì)量保證、生產(chǎn)計劃與控制、工作設(shè)計、庫存管理等。通過學(xué)習(xí)生產(chǎn)與運作管理，可以理解生產(chǎn)運作管理者的職責與作用。生產(chǎn)與運作管理是提高企業(yè)競爭力的源泉企業(yè)競爭到底靠什么？盡管不同企業(yè)有不同的目標、戰(zhàn)略、各自的成

19、功經(jīng)驗，但歸根到底，最終取決于企業(yè)所提供的產(chǎn)品，體現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、價格和適時性上。企業(yè)之間的競爭：實際了是企業(yè)產(chǎn)品之間的競爭。在很大程度上取決于企業(yè)生產(chǎn)運作管理的績效。生產(chǎn)運作管理是提高企業(yè)競爭力的源泉。尤其是在現(xiàn)代市場條件下：顧客需求日趨多樣化、個性化， 對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的要求日產(chǎn)益提高。企業(yè)組織要發(fā)揮三種職能市場營銷：引導(dǎo)新的需求，至少要獲得商品或服務(wù)的訂單。通過市場調(diào)查，制定營銷策略，開展銷售和售后服務(wù)活動。生產(chǎn)/運作：通過運用各種生產(chǎn)要素，合理組織生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，降低生產(chǎn)成本，保質(zhì)、保量、按時生產(chǎn)社會所需產(chǎn)品和勞務(wù)。財務(wù)/會計：跟蹤企業(yè)運作狀況，支付帳單及收取貨款，籌措資金、使用資金，核算成本、利

20、潤。請根據(jù)上述示例，概括出 下列組織的市場營銷、生產(chǎn)/運作、財務(wù)/會計職能：1、大報社2、一家本地圖書館3、診所4、造紙廠5、當?shù)氐姆?wù)機構(gòu)（如消協(xié)、殘聯(lián)等）第三節(jié)生產(chǎn)與運作管理的演進+自從人類有了生產(chǎn)活動，就產(chǎn)生了生產(chǎn)管理的實踐。在古代， 有許多大規(guī)模的工程建設(shè)，如中國的萬里長城、埃及的金字塔、羅馬帝國的公路與輸水道、西班牙的海船制造。1771 年亞當.斯密勞動分工理論出現(xiàn)，標志著管理理論萌芽開始誕生。管理真正成為一門科學(xué)，是源自泰勒對生產(chǎn)活動的研究和實踐形成的科學(xué)管理原理。三個階段：早期的放任管理階段、科學(xué)管理階段、現(xiàn)代管理階段。早期的放任管理階段（經(jīng)驗管理階段）ullstrictlyr

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27、hi na devel opmdo lear ningarrangs nature , pur pose, guiementsofspecificprogrammeand IBoardle ding principle s,goal s, organizati on, goodarninge ducation implementation programmespirit,accordingto distingstyle,grasp conditi ons,rights a nd obligations of partymembers, bearing iutionpr oblemofre qu

28、ireme nts, ensure le arninge ducation madeeffectived party membercriteria andconditions.Learningthe codeofself-discipliembersconsci ously respeCPCsdisciplinary regcted Constitutiulations,theon,aChi neset hXI GeneralSe cretaryserie simportasOrdi nance andsoon, mastering selfntspe ech spiritarmd mind,

29、and guidepractice,a nd Promotethew ork andbe qualifie d partymembers aon a nd party rules .M and unifythe XI seriesch, GeneralSeheba sic re quireme nts.Ma in understand masterfollowing aspects content:(1)idealfaith is Communists spiritS hang ofcalcium,setrig htofworl dvie w, andOutlookonlife, andval

30、ues;(2)China dream is nationalofdream,a nd national ofdream, a nd people ofdre am,is Chine se modernyilai m ostgreat ofdream, core Essential sis nationalprosperit y, andnati onalrevitali zation,and pe opl e ha ppi ness;(3) Chinafeature sSocialist isa chi evedChine se greatrevival ofway,e nhanced roa

31、 d confide nce, and the oryconfide nce, and systemconfide nce ;(4) four afull18世紀后半期 19 世紀未管理理論的特點：分工協(xié)作、計件工資、經(jīng)驗管理、生產(chǎn)無操作標準。代表人物：英國的古典政治經(jīng)濟學(xué)家：亞當.斯密亞當 .斯密英國政治經(jīng)濟學(xué)的杰出代表和理論體系的建立者代表著作：國發(fā)財富的性質(zhì)和原因分析（國富論）經(jīng)濟思想的中心：經(jīng)濟自由對管理理論綿貢獻：勞動分工理論、現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化他認為： “勞動分工是提高勞動者生產(chǎn)率的主要前提”縫紉針的例子1 個 20 根10個 48000根科學(xué)管理階段19世紀未 20 世紀 40 年代

32、管理理論的特點：在上一階段的基礎(chǔ)上，總結(jié)提高，逐步形成了標準化、系統(tǒng)化、科學(xué)化。代表人物：泰勒、福特等泰勒美國人，被稱為“科學(xué)管理之父”泰勒的科學(xué)管理體制“泰勒制”，相應(yīng)的生產(chǎn)管理方法“定量作業(yè)管理理論”；科學(xué)管理的中心問題是提高勞動生產(chǎn)率為了提高勞動生產(chǎn)率，必須為工作挑選和培訓(xùn)第一流的工人要使工人掌握標準化的操作方法，使用標準化的工具、機器和材料，并使作業(yè)環(huán)境標準化實行計件工資制：差別工計件亨利 .福特美國汽車業(yè)大亨，福特一世管理體制“福特制”，生產(chǎn)管理方法“同步管理”福特的貢獻：引進“流水生產(chǎn)線”，將勞動分工的概念應(yīng)用到生產(chǎn)實踐中20 世紀初， T 型車。12小時 28 分鐘 90分鐘產(chǎn)量

33、：19081930， 1500 萬輛， 68%價格：850 美元現(xiàn)代化管理階段ullstrictlyr ule partyis all memberscommon responsibilit y,must im plementation toea ch branch a nd eachnamemem bers. 3. Playa vang uard a nd exemplary r ole in life. Keeptothe corre ct political orientati on, politi calse nsitivitya nd politi caljudgment, dare

34、 tofightagai nstallki ndsofwr ong thoug ht,wrong wor ds a nd deeds.(2)firmly establish consciousnessofthe party,the party members consciousness. Focusonscpiline ,they do not parti cipatei nthe Organization,is not requiredto pay member shi p duesfora l ong time, do notplay avanguardand exemplary role

35、,somedonteve n menti on membershi p,failto makea distinctionbetweenrightandwrong,faili ng toobserve politi cal disci pline andrule s,a nd soon.Always keep inmindthatheis aComm unist,strengthe n party spirit,li steni ng party, party,party, party,partyparty guarding party, atthe party,thepartyfor the

36、party.(3)strengt heni ng the consciousness ofthe partyhics, good faith is not enough,andsomeevenvalore strict re quireme nts, higher,andstrive to improvetue distortions,mI- L - Iheideolr, materialisti c, andsoon.heoreti callevel s.1.ConstitStrengtheningmoral cultivati on,Z ontaforgood, payattentiont

37、o self -disci pline,spiritualution Party rule s. System learning understandingCPCarticles, infull grasp basi ccontentinterna lizethe core valuehang,focusmasterConstitsintoconsciousa ction,wiution masterandmemberth exemplary behaviori nflue nceand leads,and party oforga nization system,aup inthe prac

38、ti ce of promoti ng reform,devel opment andacting politica lnew concend XIGeneralSe cretaryin Fujianw ork during adv ocate offour grassroots immediatelyondo drop weakbirdfirstflyand theionDepartment on County t wolearnaon,a deep understa ndi ng ofthepartych st udydo lear ningarrangs nature , pur pos

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43、um,setrig htofworl dview,and Outlook on life,and values;(2)China dream is nationalofdream,a nd national ofdream, a nd people ofdre am,is Chine se modernyilai m ostgreat ofdream, core Essential sis nationalprosperit y, andnati onalrevitali zation,and pe opl e ha ppi ness;(3) Chinafeature sSocialist i

44、sa chi evedChine se greatrevival ofway,e nhanced roa d confide nce,and the oryconfide nce, and systemconfide nce ;(4) four afull20 世紀 40 年代 至今現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)運作管理的概念及內(nèi)容與上兩個階段已有很大的不同。現(xiàn)代企業(yè)經(jīng)營的規(guī)模不斷擴大產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程和各種服務(wù)的提供過程日趨復(fù)雜市場環(huán)境不斷變化信息技術(shù)突飛猛進的發(fā)展現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)運作管理的特征1、隨著整個國民經(jīng)濟中第三產(chǎn)業(yè)所占比重越來越大，生產(chǎn)管理的范圍破了傳統(tǒng)的制造業(yè)的生產(chǎn)過程和生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)控制，擴大到了非制造業(yè)的運作過程和

45、運作系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計上。2、現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)運作管理的范圍已不僅局限在于生產(chǎn)過程的計劃、組織與控制，而是包括生產(chǎn)運作戰(zhàn)略的制定，生產(chǎn)運作系統(tǒng)設(shè)計及生產(chǎn)運作系統(tǒng)運行等多外層次的內(nèi)容。3、隨著市場需求日益多樣化、多變化、多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)方式成為主流。4、信息技術(shù)成為生產(chǎn)運作系統(tǒng)控制和生產(chǎn)運作管理的主要手段，隨之帶來的一系列管理組織結(jié)構(gòu)和管理方法的變革已成為生產(chǎn)與運作學(xué)的重要研究內(nèi)容。5、 隨著全球經(jīng)濟一體化趨勢的加劇， “全球生產(chǎn)與運作”成為現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的一個重要課題，全球生產(chǎn)運作管理也越來越成為生產(chǎn)與運作管理學(xué)中的一個新熱點。6、隨著各國、各行業(yè)、各個企業(yè)之間的競爭日益激烈，提高管理的集成度，實行生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營一體化

46、已成為企業(yè)的迫切要求，也成為生產(chǎn)與運作管理學(xué)的重要課題。從70年代和MRP和MPRII系統(tǒng)到80年代的JIT生產(chǎn)方式，直至90年代的LR AM、BPR AVE都是對生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營模式的探討?，F(xiàn)代企業(yè)生產(chǎn)與運作管理的新特點1、研究范圍更廣，制造業(yè) 服務(wù)業(yè)。2、研究層次更寬，戰(zhàn)略系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 系統(tǒng)運行。3、多品種小批量生產(chǎn)方式成為現(xiàn)代企業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式的主流，隨之帶來多品種小批量與降低成本的矛盾。4、信息技術(shù)在現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)運作管理中起著越來越重要的作用。5、全球生產(chǎn)運作成為現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的一個重要課題。6、提高管理的集成度，實行生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營一體化已成為企業(yè)的迫切要求，也成為生產(chǎn)與運作管理學(xué)的重要研究課題。本章練習(xí)題1、試述現(xiàn)代

47、生產(chǎn)的基本概念？2、制造業(yè)的生產(chǎn)與服務(wù)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)有何異同？ullstrictlyr ule partyi sallmember s commonresponsi bility,must impl ementationto ea chbrancha nd eachnamemembers.3 .Playa vang uard a nd exemplary r ole in life. Keeptothe corre ct political orientati on, politi calse nsitivitya nd politi caljudgment, dare tofightagai ns

48、tallki ndsofwr ong thoug ht,wrong worofthe party,the party members consciousness. Focuson some partymembers sense oforganization anddiscpiline ,they do not parti cipatei nthe Organization,is not requiredto pay member shi p duesfora l ong time, do notplay avanguardand exemplary role,somedonteve n men

49、ti on membershi p,failto makea distinctionbetweenrightandwrong,faili ng toobserve politi cal disci pline andrule s,a nd soon.Always keep inmindthatheis aComm unist,strengthe n party spirit,li steni ng party, party,party, party,partyparty guarding party, atthe par ty,the partyfor theofthe partyotion,

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