九年級英語Unit13知識點

1、九年級英語Unit13We're trying to save the earth!知識點   1.現(xiàn)在進行時定義：表示說話時（瞬間）正在進行的動作，也表示目前或現(xiàn)階段一直進行的動作。結(jié)構: 肯定句: 主語 + am/is/are + V-ing  否定句: 主語 + am/is/are + not + V-ing  疑問句: Am/Is/Are + 主語 + V-ing 用法：1）表示說話時正在進行的，目前正在發(fā)生的動作。 Look! The big bird is flying away. He is watching a movi

2、e now. 2）表示目前一段時間內(nèi)正在進行，但說話時可能沒有進行的動作。Right now I am studying Chinese by distance learning. 我現(xiàn)在正通過遠程教育學習漢語。1) 2)常帶有表示目前時刻的時間副詞, 如：now, right now, at the (very) moment, for the time being, at present, these days 及Look! Listen! .3）及always, constantly, forever, all the time等副詞連用，表示動作反復或習慣。此時句子常含有說話

3、者的強烈情感在內(nèi)。表達較強的“責備”或“表揚”之意  You are always changing your mind. 你總是主意不定。(太煩人了)  He is always helping others.他總是幫助別人。(他真是個好人) 4）對于come, go, leave, arrive, start, fly, drive等表示位置移動的動詞常可用進行時態(tài)表將來。 He is leaving on Wednesday.    Mary isnt here at the moment. She is coming late

4、r.2. used to do過去常常做某事  見第四單元及use用法  be/get used to doing 習慣于做某事  be used to do=be used for doing 被用來做某事3. 被動語態(tài) 見第五單元注意：接雙賓語的詞的被動語態(tài)；make /let /have sb do的被動語態(tài)；see/ hear /notice /find /observe/notice sb do 的被動語態(tài)；Its said/reported/believed/supposed/well-known that；及無被動語態(tài)的三種情況（感官動詞、不及物動詞

5、、sell/write等）4. 現(xiàn)在完成時: 用法：過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果：強調(diào)結(jié)果Yesterday I finished my homework, thats to say, I have finished my homework now.過去已經(jīng)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)：強調(diào)繼續(xù)I have lived here since 1990.現(xiàn)在完成時的構成 have/has+過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時的四個基本句型肯定句    He has finished the work.     &#

6、160;   一般疑問句    Has he finished the work?否定句    He has not finished the work.    兩回答    Yes ,he has.  No, he hasnt.特殊疑問句    What has he done?      在下列情形下用現(xiàn)在完成時1九詞語already

7、 已經(jīng) 肯定句中或句尾 I have already found my pen. = I have found my pen already.yet已經(jīng) 否定句和疑問句句尾 I have not finished the work yet.Have you bought a computer yet?ever曾經(jīng)  句中 Have you ever seen pandas?never從不  句中 I have never been to Beijing.just剛剛  句中   I have just done my work.before以前

8、 句尾  I have never been there before.so far到目前為止  So far he has learned 200 words.how long多久 How long have you lived here?how many times多少次 How many times has he been to Beijing?2兩詞組have<has>gone to去了某地   例：He has gone to Beijing   (去了北京，沒回)have<has>been to去過

9、某地   例：He has been to Beijing.   (去過北京，回了)3兩結(jié)構for two months  for +一段時間 Jim has lived here for 2 months.since last year since +過去時間點 Lucy has been in Beijing since 3 years ago.since 3 years ago  since 1990  since he came here since +過去

10、時態(tài)句子 He has been in China since he came here.4如果句子里面沒有時間狀語，漢語意思能夠加“已經(jīng)”，往往用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。Have you lost your library book? 你已經(jīng)弄丟了從圖書館借的那本書嗎？5現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)還常常用于下列句型They have planted many trees in the last/past few years. This is the best book I have ever read. It is the first time I have played the co

11、mputer games. 在現(xiàn)在完成時中，一次性動詞不能和一段時間狀語連用例：He has bought the book for 3 years.（錯）因buy這個一次性動詞不能和一段時間for 3 years連用, 改正的辦法有：He has bought the book.              (去掉一段時間for 3 years)He bought the book 3 years ago    &#

12、160;    (改為一般過去時，使句子的意思不變)Its/It has been 3 years since he bought the book. = 3 years has passed since he bought the book.                           &

13、#160;    （改為固定句型 It is/It has been -since-）He has had the book for 3 years.        （用延續(xù)性動詞have代替buy）另外come/arrive/get to/reach be hereI have come here for 3 years.（錯）      改為：I have been here for 3 years.leave/go be

14、 away He has left for 3 hours.（錯）           改為：He has been away for 3 hours.begin/start be on  The film has begun for 3 minutes.（錯）          改為：The film has been on for 3 minutes.open be ope

15、n / close be closedThe shop has opened for 3 years.(錯)        改為：The shop has been open for 3 years.die be deadHis father has died for 3 years.(錯)            改為：His father has been dead for 3 years.fi

16、nish/end be overHe has finished the work for 3 days.(錯)           改為：The work has been over for 3 daysjoin   I have joined the army for 3 years.（錯）改為：I have been in the army for 3 years. 或I have been a soldier for 3 years.buy /cat

17、ch haveI have bought the bike for 3 years.（錯）         改為：I have had the bike for 3 years.He has caught a cold for 3 days.（錯）           改為：He has had a cold for 3 days.borrow keepI have borrowed the bo

18、ok for 3 years. （錯）     改為：I have kept the book for 3 years.還有其它的歸納如下：break be broken     get up be up   marry be married                  become be  

19、         lose be lost5. 情態(tài)動詞1) 情態(tài)動詞本身有一定的詞義，表示說話人的情緒、態(tài)度或語氣，但不能單獨作謂語，只能及其他動詞構成謂語。常見的有：can (could), may (might), must, need, shall (should), will (would)等。2) 情態(tài)動詞無人稱和數(shù)的變化, 后接動詞原形。否定式是在情態(tài)動詞后面加not。個別情態(tài)動詞有過去式形式, 也可用來表達更加客氣、委婉的語氣。1.can和could的用法(1)can/could 表示“能力；許可；

20、可能性”等。could 為 can 的過去式。如：Can I use your bike?(2)can 用在疑問句中，表示征求意見、請求許可，答語仍用 can; could 用在疑問句中，比can 更委婉、客氣，是一種禮貌的說法，并不表示過去時態(tài)，答語用can，而不能用could。 如：Could you tell me the way to the zoo?Sorry. I can't. I'm new here。注意 can 和could 只能用于現(xiàn)在時和過去時兩種時態(tài)，將來時中用 be able to。另外， can't 可表示否定推測。如：That _ be M

21、r Wang. He has gone to Beijing。2.may和might的用法may/might 意為“可以”，表示同意、許可或請求對方許可，也可表示祝愿。may的否定形式為 may not。might 是may 的過去式，有兩種用法：一種表示過去式；一種表示虛擬語氣，使語氣更加委婉、客氣，或表示可能性更小。以may開頭的一般疑問句，其否定回答用mustn't, 而不用 may not。如：_ I use your pen? 我可以用你用的鋼筆嗎？You may put on more clothes. May you be happy!Might I borrow som

22、e money now?He might be alive. 3.must的用法must 意為“必須，一定，準是”，表示說話人認為有必要做某事，或命令、要求別人做某事以及對事物的推測。否定形式mustn't, 表示“不得”，“一定不要”。如：I _ finish my work today。You mustn't drive after drinking。(1)must 及 have to 的區(qū)別： must 表示說話人的主觀意愿；have to 表示客觀需要。如：I must do my homework first。It is raining hard outsi

23、de; I _ stay at home。(2)回答由must 引導的疑問句的提問肯定回答：Yes, must.如：Must I go home now? Yes, you must.否定回答：No，needn't./No，don't/doesn't have to.Must I go home now? No, you _ _. (3)must 表示對事物的推測，意為“想必；一定”，只用于肯定句中；表“推測”時，情態(tài)動詞及動詞原形，(常為be動詞)連用，如：The man must be our teacher。4.need的用法(1)need 表示“需要，必須”，主

24、要用于否定句和疑問句中。其否定形式為needn't，表示“沒有必要，不必”；對由need構成的疑問句進行回答時，其肯定回答用must，否定回答用 needn't。如Need we do some cleaning now?Yes, you must.  No, you needn't. (2)need 還可作實義動詞，常用于下列結(jié)構：人：need to do sth“需要做某事”。如I need to learn more. 物：need doing “某物需要被做”=need to be done。如：My hair needs cutt

25、ing. =My hair needs to be cut.need +名詞或代詞。如：All living things need water. 5.shall和should的用法shall 用于第一人稱的句子中，表示提建議或請求； should用于各種人稱的句子中，強調(diào)義務或責任，意為“應該”。 如：_ we go out for a walk?You should study hard at school。should have done主要有兩個用法：用于推測過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。如：He should have arrived by now.用于指本該發(fā)生而實際上未發(fā)生的情況

26、。如：You should have told me so before. 6.will和would的用法will用于第二人稱疑問句時，表示征求意見或提建議； would 為 will 的過去式，可用于多種人稱，表示意愿。如：Will you have a little soup?would have done主要有兩個用法：表“猜測過去”I guess the poet would have been about twenty when she wrote her first poem.表“過去本會發(fā)生，而實際并未發(fā)生”，沒有責備之意。I would have written be

27、fore but I have been ill.本來我是會寫信的，但是由于我生病了。（用來說明某一情況，沒有責備之意）7.have tohave to 的陳述句形式肯定式：have to + 動詞原形I have to tidy my room.我得整理房間.否定式：don't (doesn't) + have to + 動詞原形You don't have to go if you don't want to.have to 的一般疑問句形式及簡略答語have to的一般疑問形式必須借助助動詞 do 或 does：Do you have to look af

28、ter your sister? Yes,I do./ No,I don't.have to 的特殊疑問句形式What do you have to do on Sundays?have to 可用于各種時態(tài)A、一般現(xiàn)在時：I have to visit Mr Wang. B、一般過去時：That night we had to walk home because there was no bus.C、一般將來時：We'll have to ask Zhang Ming instead.D、及may 連用：I think he may have to help his

29、 Dad in the garden.8.ought toought to的肯定式 應當, 應該You don't look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.ought to的否定式和疑問式ought to的否定形式是ought后直接加not構成，其否定形式可縮寫為oughtn't。One ought not (oughtn't) to cross the street against the red light.ought to的疑問式是將ought提到句首構成。Ought we to do it at once? Ye

30、s, you ought to.He ought to be here now, shouldn't (oughtn't) he?“ought to + have + done”表示過去應做某事而實際未做You ought to have told me that (but you didn't).這時ought to和should可以互換使用。三1.litter/rubbish/garbage/waste/trashgarbage和rubbish含義相同，garbage美國英語，而rubbish英國英語。這兩個詞詞義較為具體，指必須及時清除的剩余物，比如廚房里的垃圾，

31、生活垃圾等等。litter指公共場所丟棄的小片/塊垃圾，如紙片、塑料袋、易拉罐、飲料瓶等。   waste作名詞用時可表“廢物”的總稱。另：waste time in doing sth浪費時間做某事    take out the trash倒垃圾2.at the bottom of在.底部/at the top of在.頂部He shouted at the top of his voice in order that he might be heard.3.advantage-disadvantage1). have/gain/

32、get the (an) advantage over (of) 優(yōu)于，比占有優(yōu)勢。如：You have the advantage over (of) me in experience. 你經(jīng)驗比我豐富。有時用動詞 gain, get 等。如：They gained an advantage over the enemy. 他們比敵人占優(yōu)勢。2). take advantage of=make (full) use of(1) 利用(機會、時機等)。They took advantage of the fine weather to play tennis. (2) 利用

33、(某人的處境、弱點等)。He always took full advantage of the mistakes made by his rivals. (3) 欺騙(某人)，捉弄(某人)，占(某人的)便宜。He has always been taking advantage of me.3). to sbs advantage對某人有利。It will be to your advantage to study abroad. 4.四個花費句型人：spend 錢/時間on sth.  spend 錢/時間 in doing sth.  &

34、#160; spent人：pay 錢 for sth.    pay-paid-paid物：sth. cost sb. 錢     cost-cost-cost    It takes sb. 時間 to do sth.     take-took-taken5.be harmful to=do harm to對有害Smoking is harmful to the health.= Smoking does harm to your health6.參加

35、辨析  join  join in & take part in   attend7.afford to do sth擔負得起干某事 常及can, could, be able to 連用He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.他告訴我公司無法支付如此巨額的工資。8.turn 短語turn in 歸還You must turn in your equipment before you leave the army.  turn on 打開

36、could you turn on the light, please？turn off 關掉（煤氣，水，電，收音機，電視機等） Dont forget to turn off the light when you leave. turn up 出現(xiàn)，到達 開大音量 He promised to come but hasnt turned up yet. I cant hear the radio very well; could you turn it up a bit？turn down 關小 拒絕(refuse) Can you turn the TV down? Im trying t

37、o get some sleep. He tried to join the army but was turned down because of poor health. turn out (to be) +adj./n.證明是，結(jié)果是The experiment turned out to be a great success.  turn/change into 把變成，譯成 Turn the following sentences into Chinese, please.  turn to 翻到，求助于 1)Please turn to page10. 2)Th

38、e child turned to his mother for comfort. turn over 翻身，翻轉(zhuǎn) She turned over and went to sleep. 9.throw away扔掉,丟棄  錯過(機會、優(yōu)勢或好處)He threw away the old sofa.   Don't throw away this opportunity.10.workwork  n.工作；（音樂、藝術）作品；工廠  v. 工作   He has much work to do.

39、(U) The man gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers. （做“作品”講，為可數(shù)名詞，但常用復數(shù)）   The glass works is/are near the station.   玻璃廠在車站附近。（做“工廠”講，只用復數(shù)形式，但謂語動詞單復均可）  英語中有些名詞，單復數(shù)形式意義有差別。   manner 方式，方法   manners 禮貌，禮儀  

40、0;arm  胳膊               arms 武器 water 水           waters 海水，水域       wood 木頭          

41、;    woods 森林 11.bring back歸還； 使想起   These books must be brought back within a weekYour article brought back sad memories for me.   bring up：撫養(yǎng)長大  bring in：引進 bring forward：提出bring about：帶來，造成12.inspiration n  inspire v激勵13.try to do =try/d

42、o ones best to do 努力去做某事。  try doing sth. 嘗試做某事Every student should try to study hard in order to study in a university.14.be related to  及有關I am not related to him in any way. 我和他無任何關系。 15. play a part in doing sth  在方面起作用A good diet plays a large part in helping people live lon

43、ger.16.turn/change into (使)變成  Joan is turning into quite a skilled musician. 譯成 Please turn this into English. 17. make a difference (to) 表示(對)產(chǎn)生影響或作用The new teacher always encourages little Tom. This has made a big difference to him.18. no longer意思是“不再” 有兩個短語和no longer同義，即

44、notany longer和notany more，但他們側(cè)重的方面不同。no longer和notany longer側(cè)重時間。 e.g. He no longer lives here.= He doesnt live here any longer. 他不在這兒居住了。(一個時間以前他住在這兒，過了這個時間，他就離開了。) notany more =no more側(cè)重側(cè)重程度和數(shù)量You can drink no more. = You cant drink any more. 你不能再喝了。(喝酒的量到了一定程度，不能再繼續(xù)下去了。) 

45、19.not onlybut also“不僅而且”; 其中的also有時可以省略。若連接兩個成分作主語，其謂語通常及靠近的主語保持一致。Not only you but also he has to leave. 不只是你，他也得離開。 not only放在句首，后接句子時要用倒裝結(jié)構。 Not only did my aunt teach at school, but (also) she wrote articles for newspapers.20.The number of.的數(shù)量，謂語用單三a number of.大量的，謂語用原形當表示數(shù)值的高或低時

46、，number要用high或low修飾。當表達數(shù)量多，少 large/smallIn that country, the number of children going to school is higher in cities than in towns and village.在那個國家，城市兒童入學人數(shù)比鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)及農(nóng)村要高。常及number搭配的動詞有grow, fall等。The number of families that own cars has been growing quickly recently.近來擁有轎車的家庭數(shù)量增長很快。21.put sth. to good us

47、e  好好利用22.build/make . out of 用建造/制造He built a model ship out of wood.  他用木頭造了個模型船。23.The top of the house is an old boat turned upside down.  turned upside down 意為“被翻轉(zhuǎn)過來的；被顛倒過來的”，做后置定語修飾boat。24.be made of和be made from25. be known for 因而著名 be known as 作為而著名 be known to 對于某人來

48、說是著名的26.bring sb/sth back to life 使復活，給以活力; 27. Rethink, Reuse, Recycle, Reduce! re-是最常用的前綴之一re-表示以下三方面的意義： 1)表示“回”或“向后”的意思。return（回來）recall（回憶，召回）retract（縮回，取回） 2)表示“再”、“重新”、“重復”的意思。rethink（再思考）reuse（再運用）restart（重新開始）recycle（再利用） 3)表示“相反”、“反對”的意思。rebel（反叛，謀反）reverse （反轉(zhuǎn)，顛倒）

49、resist（反抗，抵抗） 28. She is a most unusual woman.un-前綴，第一，表示否定意義。第二，表示“反動作”。即“相反的動作”。uncomfortable不舒服的 unending無盡的 unfortunate不幸的 unusual不平常的 unkind不仁慈的 unbind解開，釋放 uncover揭開的蓋子 unearth由地下掘出 unbutton 解開鈕扣 29.-ive是形容詞后綴 一般表示有.的create -ive  =  creative 30.recent -ly  = recen

50、tly形容詞加 ly變副詞31.Amy is an inspiration (n.靈感) to us all.后綴-tion附在動詞后面構成名詞 1)當單詞最后是t, d, te, de時，變名詞加tion或者ation, ition； 2)當單詞最后是元音字母時，變名詞加sion等。 32. cut down 砍倒，減少  The little boy cut down the young tree with an axeThe doctor told me to cut down smoking and drinking. cut

51、 up 切碎  cut off切斷，停止 33.especially   尤其，特別be full of =be filled with 充滿 noise/air/water/land pollution 噪音，空氣，水，陸地污染o. 扔進 cause the problem 引起麻煩write to sb.=write a letter to sb.=write sb. a letter給某人寫信 clean up 打掃干 used to do  過去常常做某事 too much太多+U/too

52、 many太多+Cs/much too太.  play a part in   cut down     instead of+doing 代替    rather thanmake a difference  around here=near here  在附近  lead to  導入idea for doing sth. solve the problems解決問題    solu

53、tion  n.解決take the+交通工具=by+交通工具 help/work起作用 remember to do/doing  forget to do/doinghear of /about 聽說   hear from sb.=get/receive a letter from sb. 收到某人來信be harmful to=do harm to   the food chain 食物鏈 the whole +n=all the + n  be in da

54、nger=be endangered  fall by over 90 percent 下降90%increase by 是增加了多少increase to 是增加至多少in the last/past 20 years   在過去的20年begin with sth 以為開始 add up   累加   add to加stop to do/doing  take action 采取行動 pulldown 拆遷 推到set up=establish   建

55、立the best way to do sth = the best way of doing做某事的最佳方法34Write a letter to the city major about the problem and your suggestions.In your letter, describe the environmental problems in your town/city. What are the problems? Where are they? What or who is causing these problems?Then, give suggestions

56、or possible ways to solve the problems.I think that We should/ could I suggestDear Sir/ Madam, Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world. With the development of the society, there are too many cars on the streets in our city. Cars have made the air unhealthy

57、for people to breathe. Black smoke and poisonous gas are given off by factories. Factories also put waste into the river. And wherever we go, we can find rubbish.Now more and more people have realized these problems. I think that governments should close down the factories and develop laws to stop p

58、eople from driving cars every day. I suggest everyone in this town should help to clean up the river and the streets. We should call on everyone in the town to throw rubbish in the dustbins.I hope the problem will be solved in the near future and our home will become better and better.35. land pollu

59、tion  土地污染36. fill the air with black smoke  使空氣中充滿了黑煙37. use public transportation 使用公共交通38. recycle books and paper  回收書和廢紙39. use paper napkins  使用紙巾  【重點句子】1. Even the bottom of the river was full of rubbish.  即使河底都充滿垃圾。2. Everyone in town should play a part in clea

60、ning it up. 城里的每個人都應當盡一份力把它清理干凈。3. The air is badly polluted because there are too many cars on the road these days.    空氣被嚴重污染因為如今路上的汽車太多了。4. To cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of driving.    為了減少空氣污染，我們應當乘坐公汽或地鐵而不是開車。5. I used to be ab

61、le to see stars in the sky.  我過去能在天空中看到星星。6. The air has become really polluted around here. Im getting very worried.    這兒的空氣真的已經(jīng)被污染了，我非常擔心。7. No scientific studies have shown that shark fins are good for health.    沒有科學研究說明魚鰭對人們的健康有好處。    【單元知識點】&#

62、160;   1. cost vt.1. 花費；價格為；值    例句： It must cost a good deal to live here.  住在這里一定要花很多錢的    拓展：take， spend ，cost ，pay的用法都可以表示“花費”，但用法卻不盡相同。   1） spend的主語必須是人， 常用于以下結(jié)構：    （1） spend time money on sth. 在上花費時間（金錢）。例：I spent two hour

63、s on this maths problem. 這道數(shù)學題花了我兩個小時。    （2） spend time money （in） doing sth. 花費時間（金錢）做某事。例：They spent two years （in） building this bridge. 造這座橋花了他們兩年時間。    （3）spend money for sth. 花錢買例：His money was spent for books. 他的錢用來買書了。    2） cost的主語是物或某種活動， 還可以表示

64、“值”， 常見用法如下：    （1）sth. costs （sb.） 金錢，某物花了（某人）多少錢。例：A new computer costs a lot of money. 買一臺新電腦要花一大筆錢。    （2） （doing） sth. costs （sb.） 時間，某物（做某事）花了（某人）多少時間。例：Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time. 他花了大量時間才記住了這些單詞。    注意：cost的過去式及過去分詞都是cost,并

65、且不能用于被動句。    3） take后面常跟雙賓語， 常見用法有以下幾種：    （1） It takes sb. 時間to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少時間。例：It took them three years to build this road. 他們用了三年時間修完了這條路。    （2）doing sth. takes sb. 時間，做某事花了某人多少時間。例：Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修車。 

66、;   4） pay的基本用法是：    （1） pay （sb.） money for sth. 付錢（給某人）買例：I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每個月要付20英磅的房租。    （2）pay for sth. 付的錢。例：I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不賠丟失的書款。    （3）pay for sb. 替某人付錢。例：Don?蒺t worry!I'

67、ll pay for you. 別擔心，我會給你付錢的。    （4）pay sb. 付錢給某人。 例： They pay us every month.他們每月給我們報酬。    （5）pay money back 還錢。例：May I borrow 12 yuan from you? I'll pay it back next week. 你能借給我12塊錢嗎？下周還你。    （6）pay off one's money還清錢。    2. This method is not only cruel, but also harmful to the environment.    這種方法不僅殘酷，而且對環(huán)境有害。    （1）not onlybut also意為“不僅而且”用于連接兩個表示并列關系的成分，著重強調(diào)后者，其中的also有時可以省略。    如：She not only plays well, but also w