鉆井英語教程第 12 章 井控

1、.c3b0e94a376b8d5b0ff5c9ed19140ed0.pdf第十二章 井 控一. 常用單詞和短語:11pressure control 壓力控制pressure gradient 壓力梯度normal formation pressure 正常地層壓力abnormal formation pressure 異常地層壓力kick 井涌blowout 井噴blow out preventer (BOP) 防噴器annular BOP 環(huán)形防噴器upper pipe rams BOP 上半封防噴器lower pipe rams BOP 下半封防噴器blind rams BOP 全封防噴

2、器accumulator 儲(chǔ)能器kill line 壓井管線choke manifold 節(jié)流管匯poor boy degaser 油氣水分離器remote control 遠(yuǎn)控臺(tái)kill 壓井drillers method 司鉆法IBOP 內(nèi)防噴器check valve 單流閥safety valve 安全閥HCR 液動(dòng)放噴閥kelly cock 方鉆桿旋塞casing pressure 套管壓力standpipe pressure立管壓力leak-off test 地破試驗(yàn)二. 閱讀練習(xí) 1. 地破試驗(yàn)1) Leak-off test 地破試驗(yàn)A test to determine the

3、 maximum pressure integrity of exposed formations at the casing shoe.確定套管鞋處裸眼地層最大破裂壓力的試驗(yàn)。The procedure is as follows:程序如下：1. Drill 10 to 20 ft below the casing seal and circulate the hole clean.套管以下鉆進(jìn)10到20英尺，循環(huán)井眼干凈。2. Close the well in and pump at a low rate (0.2 to 0.4 bbl/min). Note: Low pump rate

4、s are used to avoid fracturing the formation.關(guān)井并以低泵速（0.2到0.4桶/分）。注：低泵速是為了避免壓破地層。3. As the mud is pumped, a plot of the surface pressure versus mud volume should be maintained (see Figure 12-1).隨著泥漿的泵入，地面壓力與泥漿量的保持一定的關(guān)系（見圖12-1）。4. The point at which the pressure fails to increase proportionately with

5、the volume pumped is considered the leak-off point. Record the surface pressure at this point.隨著泥漿量的泵入，壓力不再成比例增長的點(diǎn)就是破裂點(diǎn)。記錄這一點(diǎn)的地面壓力。5. Normally the test is suspended at this point, because if pumping continues, the formation will fracture.通常這時(shí)暫停試驗(yàn)，因?yàn)槿绻^續(xù)泵入，地層將會(huì)破裂。6. Once the surface pressure at which

6、 leak-off occurs has been established, the fracture mud weight (Fmw) can be determined by the following circulations:一旦建立起破裂時(shí)的壓力，破裂泥漿重量Fmw可以通過下式計(jì)算：Fracture mud weight 破裂泥漿重量(lbm/gal)磅/加侖=MW1+圖 12-1Figure 12-1 shows both an example of a successful leak-off test and one which indicates a bad cement jo

7、b. 圖12-1是成功地破試驗(yàn)和不合格固井質(zhì)量的例子。2) Example:舉例壓力與沖數(shù)（排量）的關(guān)系分別見表12-1和圖12-23) 最大允許關(guān)井壓力表12-2是一個(gè)具體計(jì)算的例子：2. 井控程序WELL-CONTROL PROCEDURES 井控程序1) Procedure for Closing Well in While on Bottom在井底時(shí)關(guān)井程序 1. Position kelly and tool joint so that tool joints are clear of sealing elements.調(diào)整方鉆桿和接頭位置以便避開密封件。 2. Stop pumps

8、; check for flow.停泵，觀察溢流。 3. If flow is noted, close well in without delay.如果有溢流，立即關(guān)井。 4. Record shut-in drillpipe and casing pressures.記錄關(guān)敬立壓和套壓。 5. Record volume gain and mark pits.記錄泥漿增量和標(biāo)記泥漿罐。 6. Weigh mud in suction pits.測量上水罐泥漿密度。7. Check blowout preventer and manifold for leaks.檢查防噴器和節(jié)流管匯刺漏。

9、8. Check flowline and choke exhaust for flow.檢查出水管和節(jié)流排水刺漏。 9. Check accumulator pressure.檢查儲(chǔ)能器壓力。 10. Initiate well kill procedures.啟動(dòng)壓井程序。2) Procedure for Closing Well in While Tripping起下鉆時(shí)的關(guān)井程序 1. If a flow is detected, install and close a safety valve.如果檢測到溢流，安裝并關(guān)閉安全閥。 2. Position tool joints cle

10、ar of the sealing elements and close annular preventer.調(diào)整接頭位置避開密封件，關(guān)閉環(huán)形防噴器。 3. Install an inside preventer and open the safety valve.安裝內(nèi)防噴器，打開安全閥。 4. Record casing pressure.記錄套管壓力。 5. Check blowout preventer, stack, and manifold for leaks. 檢查防噴器和節(jié)流管匯刺漏。 6. Check valves for correct position.檢查閥的正確位置。

11、 7. Check accumulator pressure. 檢查儲(chǔ)能器壓力。 8. Begin stripping to bottom,開始下鉆到底。 NOTE: The Mineral Management Service (M.M.S.) requires the operator to be able to monitor casing pressure as he shuts the well in. One way to comply with this is to shut the manifold off, keeping the remote choke line open

12、. When shutting in the well, close in on the remote choke slowly and monitor the casing pressure as it builds.注：礦藏管理服務(wù)要求作業(yè)商在關(guān)井時(shí)能監(jiān)測套壓?？梢圆扇〉姆椒ㄊ顷P(guān)上節(jié)流管匯，保持遠(yuǎn)控節(jié)流管線開啟。關(guān)井時(shí)，慢慢關(guān)閉遠(yuǎn)控節(jié)流監(jiān)測套壓上升。NOTE: The number one priority is to get the well killed and this should be done with the bit on bottom.注：第一要?jiǎng)?wù)是關(guān)井，而且應(yīng)該是鉆頭在井

13、底時(shí)完成。3) Drillers Method 司鉆法（壓井）The driller's method of killing a well should be accomplished in two circulations. After the well has been shut-in and the pressures and kick volumes are recorded, the well is circulated to remove formation fluids from the wellbore. A balanced bottom-hole pressure

14、is maintained during this circulation utilizing a constant pump rate and a constant circulating drillpipe pressure to prevent further intrusion of formation fluids. The drillpipe pressure is held constant by varying only the choke size. If pressure on the drillpipe increases, the choke should be enl

15、arged, and if pressure on the drillpipe decreases, the choke size should be decreased.司鉆法壓井應(yīng)在兩循環(huán)周內(nèi)完成。關(guān)井和記錄了壓力以及泥漿增量以后，循環(huán)出井眼中的地層流體。這一周內(nèi)利用不變泵速和不變循環(huán)鉆桿壓力以保持井的壓力平衡，防止進(jìn)一步的流體侵入。僅僅通過調(diào)節(jié)節(jié)流大小維持鉆桿壓力不變。如果鉆桿壓力增加，應(yīng)開啟節(jié)流，否則，應(yīng)關(guān)小節(jié)流。After the annulus has been circulated clear of invading fluids, the well may be shut-in

16、 and the surface tanks weighted to the density necessary to balance, or slightly overbalance, formation pressures. Casing pressure is then maintained constant as the heavy mud is pumped to the bit. When the heavy mud reaches the bit, note the drillpipe pressure. The choke is then adjusted to maintai

17、n this new pressure for the remainder of the kill procedures.循環(huán)出環(huán)空內(nèi)侵入的流體以后，可以關(guān)井，地面泥漿加重到平衡或稍過平衡地層壓力的必要密度。然后在泥漿到達(dá)鉆頭的過程中保持套壓不變。當(dāng)重泥漿到達(dá)鉆頭時(shí)，記錄鉆桿壓力。調(diào)整節(jié)流在壓井程序余下的過程中保持這一壓力不變。三. 補(bǔ)充材料1. 壓井計(jì)算表格（表12-3）-2. 封井器測試BOP TEST PROCEDURE封井器測試程序(13-5/8”10000psi, refer to figure 參見圖12-3).1) Accumulator Function Test：儲(chǔ)能器測試S

18、top charge pump停充液泵-close lower pipe rams （21-16 Mpa）, 關(guān)下半封閘板（21-16 Mpa）-close blind rams （16-13 Mpa）, 關(guān)全封閘板16-13 Mpa）-close upper pipe rams （13-11 Mpa）, 關(guān)上半封閘板（13-11 Mpa）-check for leaks. 檢查刺漏-Open upper pipe rams （11-10 Mpa） , 開上半封閘板（11-10 Mpa）-open blind rams （10-9.5 Mpa） , 開全封閘板（10-9.5 Mpa）-open

19、 lower pipe rams（9.5-9.0 Mpa）. 開下半封閘板（9.5-9.0 Mpa）-Restart charge pump, time to pressure 21 Mpa 7min 啟動(dòng)充液泵，打壓到21Mpa的時(shí)間是7分鐘。2) BOP and choke manifold test封井器和節(jié)流管匯測試：1.Test valve A -close standpipe, open B, open kill line valve and pump from kill line to fill, close A, pressure fr 500 up to 1500psi 測試

20、閘門A-關(guān)立管，打開B，打開壓井閘門并從壓井管線泵入灌滿泥漿，關(guān)閉A，打壓,從500到1500psi。 2. Test valve B -close valve B, open valve A, pressure up to 1500psi, hold 3 mins 測試閘門B-關(guān)閘門B，打開A，打壓，從500到1500psi，憋壓3分鐘。 3. Test valve C&Blind rams against casing-open valve B, close valve C&Blind rams對(duì)套管測試閘門C和全封閘板-打開閘門B，關(guān)閉閘門C和全封閘板 4. Test H

21、CR -close HCR(D), open valve C. To bleed off, Open HCR bleed off through manifold 測試液動(dòng)放噴閥-關(guān)閉液動(dòng)放噴閥(D),打開閘門C。泄壓，打開液動(dòng)放噴閥，通過節(jié)流管匯泄壓。 5. Test Top kelly cock-close kill line valve, open standpipe valve, close top kelly cock , pressure from 500 up to 2000psi. Bleed off mud pump.測試方鉆桿上旋塞-關(guān)壓井管線閘門，開立關(guān)閘門，關(guān)方鉆桿上旋塞,打壓從500到2000psi.從泥漿泵泄壓。6. Test lower pipe rams