考研英語二翻譯模擬

1、WORD格式整理考研英語二翻譯模擬1 What Is a Decision?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objecti

2、ves are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 決策是一種選擇，來自可以獲得的、任擇其一的行動步驟。作決策的意圖是要確立和實現(xiàn)機(jī)構(gòu)的目標(biāo)和目的。作決策的原因是有問題存在、目標(biāo)和目的不正確、或者有某種東西妨礙目標(biāo)或目的的實現(xiàn)。Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, and indeed, some sugge

3、st that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since unce

4、rtainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious. 因此，作決策的過程對管理人員來說至關(guān)重要。管理者所做的每件事幾乎都與決策有關(guān)， 事實上，有些人認(rèn)為管理過程就是作決策。盡管管理者不能預(yù)測未來，但他們所作的許多決策都要求他們考慮將來可能發(fā)生的事情。通常情況下，管理者必須對未來情況作出最佳估測，并且 努力要使偶然事件盡可能少地發(fā)生，但是，由于不確定的因素一直存

5、在，所以，決策總是與風(fēng)險為伴。有時候，拙劣決策的后果并不嚴(yán)重，但在另外一些時候則是非常嚴(yán)重了。Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student may be able to choose amo

6、ng a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization. 選擇是指從多個可能性中挑選的機(jī)會。如果沒有選擇，就毋須作決策。作決策就是挑

7、選的過程， 許多決策的選擇范圍很廣。例如，一個學(xué)生為了獲得學(xué)位，他可能會從許多不同的課程中選擇從而作出決策。對管理者來說，每項決策都受到基于政策、程序、法律、慣例等等因素的制約， 這些制約存在于各個層次的機(jī)構(gòu)中。2 Black Holes What is a black hole? Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers a

8、nd scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape not even light. So we can't see a black hole. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space or so we think. How can

9、 this happen? 黑洞是什么？這個問題很難回答，因為我們通常用來描述某一科學(xué)現(xiàn)象的術(shù)語不足以回答這個問題。天文學(xué)家和科學(xué)家都認(rèn)為黑洞是一個太空區(qū)域（不是一種事物），落人其中的任何物質(zhì)都無法逃逸甚至包括光。所以我們看不見黑洞。一個黑洞能產(chǎn)生強大的吸力，但它卻沒有物質(zhì)。它只是空間或許是我們這么想的。這種現(xiàn)象是怎樣發(fā)生的呢？The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse and sometimes a supernova（超新星）o

10、ccurs. From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime. Supernova were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. The collapse of a star may produce

11、a White Dwarf or a neutron star a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a mar

12、ble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole . Any matter near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole. Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the "event

13、 horizon." We know nothing about events which happen once object s pass this boundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole. 從理論論來說，當(dāng)某些恒星的密度增大到某種程度時就會發(fā)生爆炸，爆炸使它們崩潰，有時會產(chǎn)生超新星。從地球上看，一顆超新星看上去像是天空中的一盞明燈，甚至在白天也閃閃發(fā)光。超新星是由十七、十八世紀(jì)的天文學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)的。有人認(rèn)為圣誕星可能是一顆超新星。一顆超新星的崩潰可能會產(chǎn)生白矮星或中子星

14、，其物資的密度非常大以至于在其自身重力的作用下持續(xù)收縮。但是，假如這顆恒星非常大（比我們的太陽大得多），那么，這種收縮的過程可能會非常強烈，其結(jié)果導(dǎo)致了黑洞的產(chǎn)生。想像一下地球收縮小到有彈球那么大，但仍具有同樣的質(zhì)量和更強的吸力，你就會對黑洞的力量有某種概念?？拷诙吹娜魏挝镔|(zhì)都會被吸入，根本說不出黑洞里究竟發(fā)生了什么、科學(xué)家把黑洞的邊緣區(qū)域稱為“事界”。對物質(zhì)通過這個界線時發(fā)生的情況我們一無所知。從理論上來說，黑洞里面物質(zhì)的表現(xiàn)一定是不大相同的。3 Euthanasia: For and AgainstThe Netherlands is the only country in Europe

15、 which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guideline s demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there

16、 is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia . In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department. 盡管安樂死在荷蘭并未合法化，但荷蘭仍然是歐洲惟一允許安樂死的國家。兩年前在荷蘭議會制定的嚴(yán)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下實施安樂死的醫(yī)生通常不會被起訴。這此指導(dǎo)

17、原則要求：病人正在經(jīng)受極度的痛苦；沒有治愈的機(jī)會；病人一再提出安樂死的請求。除此之外，還需有另外一位醫(yī)生確認(rèn)是否已達(dá)到安樂死的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而且，必須向警方提出死亡報告。Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr, Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel's doctor, explains how he looks at the question: "Well, it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of peo

18、ple with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine. But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much. That's a very different thing." 是不是應(yīng)該允許醫(yī)生結(jié)束病人的生命呢？齊思范萬爾德的醫(yī)生威爾費雷德范奧仁博上解釋了對這個問

19、題的看法： “情況并不像我計劃用機(jī)關(guān)槍屠殺一大群人似的，倘若那樣，屠殺是我所能想像到的最壞的事情，這與我的醫(yī)生職業(yè)風(fēng)馬牛不相及。我關(guān)懷病人并努力使他們不至于遭受太多的痛苦。這完全是兩碼事。” Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia, Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that "in the vast majority of euthanasia

20、cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family there's nearly always another question behind the question." 然而，許多人完全反對安樂死。反對安樂死保健組織主席安德魯福格森博士說：“在大量安樂死的病例中，病人實際所要求的是別的東西。他

21、們或許是想要保健專業(yè)人員為他們打開與親人或家人開展思想交流的渠道可能請求之后另有他求”。4 Slavery on Our Doorstep There are estimate d to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (the exact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics). Usually,

22、they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons returning from abroad. Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain. 據(jù)統(tǒng)計，在美國工作的外籍家庭傭人有兩萬多人（由

23、于處理該項事務(wù)的政府部門內(nèi)政部沒有做過統(tǒng)計，精確數(shù)字不得而知）。通常，他們是由外國商人、外交官員和歸國英僑帶來的。根據(jù)設(shè)在倫敦的幫助在倫敦工作的外籍家庭傭人的政治組織說，在兩萬多外籍家庭傭人中幾乎有2000人正遭受雇主的剝削和虐待。 The abuse can take several forms. Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment . They can be physically , sexually and psychologically abused. An

24、d they can have their passports removed, making leaving or "escaping" virtually impossible. 虐待有幾種形式家庭傭人常常不允許外出，又得不到任何報酬。他們在身體上、性和心理上遭受凌辱。他們還會被收去護(hù)照，使得出走或“逃跑”根本不可能。 The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several hig

25、hly publicise d cases. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarter s that her guilt had not been adequately established. Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving o

26、f attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London: 今年年初，幾個透明度頗高的案例中有關(guān)世界各地的家庭女傭的悲慘狀況受到新聞媒體的關(guān)注。其中一個案例是講一位菲律賓女傭因被指控犯有謀殺罪在新加坡被處死，盡管有來自各地的抗議認(rèn)為她的罪名不足以成立。諸如“反對奴隸制國際組織”之類的團(tuán)體說，一些不那么戲劇化的其他案例也應(yīng)同樣受到人們的關(guān)注，比如莉迪亞加西亞，一位在倫敦工作的菲律賓女傭的案例。 5 Music The new music was built out of materials alrea

27、dy in existence: blues, rock'n'roll, folk music. But although the forms remained, something completely new and original was made out of these older element s more original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize. The transformation took place in 1966- 1967. Up to that ti

28、me, the blues had been an essentially black medium . Rock'n'roll, a blues derivative, was rhythmic dance music. Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students. The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing a

29、ny radically new states of consciousness. Blues expressed black soul; rock was the beat of youthful energy; and folk music expressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope. 新音樂是從已有的音樂：布魯斯，搖滾樂，民間音樂中產(chǎn)生的。雖然新音樂保留了原有的形式，但某些全新的、獨創(chuàng)性的東西從舊的成分中脫穎而出的它們也許比新音樂家意識到的還要更富有獨創(chuàng)性。這個變革發(fā)生在1966-1967年間。那個時候以前，布魯斯基本上一

30、直是黑人的音樂表達(dá)方式。由它衍生出的搖滾樂是節(jié)奏性很強的舞蹈音樂。而民間音樂，既有古老又有現(xiàn)代的，在大學(xué)生中頗為流行。這三種音樂形式在音樂和文化方而都各不相同，甚至直到1965年，它們中任何一個都沒有表達(dá)任何全新的意識境界。布魯斯表現(xiàn)黑人的心靈，搖滾是年輕活力的節(jié)拍，民樂除表現(xiàn)愛情與希望外，還表現(xiàn)反戰(zhàn)情緒。 In 1966-1967 there was spontaneous transformation. In the United States, it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San Francisco. In Eng

31、land, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this. First the separate musical traditions were brought together. Bob Dylan and the Jefferson Airplane played folk rock, folk i

32、deas with a rock beat White rock groups began experimenting with the blues. Of course, white musicians had always played the blues, but essentially as imitators of the Negro style; now it began to be the white band s' own music. And all of the groups moved towards a broader eclecticism and synth

33、esis. They freely took over elements from jazz, from America country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. 自發(fā)的變革出現(xiàn)在1966年到1967年間。在美國，舊金山的年輕搖滾樂隊發(fā)起了這場變革；在英國，被公認(rèn)是極其完美和非常

34、獨特的披頭士搖滾樂隊領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了這股新潮流。所發(fā)生的情況，如用言詞盡可能地表達(dá)出來是這樣的：首先，分離的音樂傳統(tǒng)被結(jié)合起來了。鮑伯狄倫和杰弗遜飛機(jī)隊演奏民歌搖滾樂，將民歌思想與搖滾節(jié)奏結(jié)合在一起。白人搖滾樂隊開始嘗試演奏布魯斯。當(dāng)然，白人音樂家雖然已經(jīng)一直在演奏布魯斯，但基本上只是模仿黑人音樂的風(fēng)格。而現(xiàn)在，它開始變成白人樂隊自己的音樂了。所有的樂隊都朝著更廣泛的折衷主義和結(jié)合主義的方向前進(jìn)。他們自由地吸收爵士音樂、美國鄉(xiāng)土音樂的成分，而隨著時間的推移，他們甚至對各種各樣的音樂兼收并蓄，最后發(fā)展成一種能輕松采取多種形式的、幾乎有無窮表現(xiàn)力的新音樂。 6 Improving Industrial Ef

35、ficiency through RoboticsRobots, becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention. 機(jī)器人在所有發(fā)達(dá)國家的工廠和其他工業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門日益普遍得到應(yīng)用；機(jī)器人通過編制程序和策劃在無人干預(yù)的條件下完成工業(yè)生產(chǎn)任務(wù)。 Most of today's

36、robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck frames. 目前多數(shù)機(jī)器人用于汽車工業(yè)，它們按編制的程序承擔(dān)轎車和卡車車身的焊接和噴漆這一類的

37、工作。機(jī)器人還可以用來裝卸用于鑄造轎車和卡車框架的機(jī)械中的熾熱、笨重的金屬鑄模。 Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. There they build electric motors, small appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches. The robots used in n

38、uclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. These are the robots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this net industry. 除了已在汽車生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域替代人工勞動外，機(jī)器人也開始出現(xiàn)在別的工業(yè)部門，雖然應(yīng)用的程度低一些。在那里機(jī)器人制造電機(jī)、小型器具、袖珍計算機(jī)甚至手表等。在核電站使用的機(jī)器人處理放射性材料

39、，避免人員接觸放射性物質(zhì)。這樣的機(jī)器人在這一新工業(yè)中用來減少職業(yè)性傷害。 What makes a Robot a Robot and not just another kind of automatic machine? Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. As an example, a robot doing spot welding one

40、 month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray painting the next. Automatic machines, on the other hand, are not capable of many different uses; they are built to perform only one task. 是什么東西決定一個自控裝置是機(jī)器人而不是一個自動化機(jī)器呢？機(jī)器人與自動化機(jī)器不同之處在于機(jī)器人完成某一特定任務(wù)后，可由計算機(jī)重新編制程序去完成另一項任務(wù)。例如，做電焊工作1個月后，可以重新編制程序而轉(zhuǎn)成下個月做噴漆工作。反之

41、，自動化機(jī)器不能有多種不同的用途，它只是被制造成執(zhí)行一項任務(wù)。 7 Leisure and LeadershipObservations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time. The importance people attach to paid holidays and the

42、 rapid development of service for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increase concern. 觀察與研究成果表明，生活在先進(jìn)的工業(yè)化社會的人們越來越關(guān)心休閑的機(jī)會和休閑中他們能干些什么。人們賦予帶薪休假的重要性和大眾娛樂服務(wù)的快速發(fā)展是日益關(guān)注這一問題的標(biāo)志。 The term "quality of life" is difficult to define. It covers a very wide scope such as living environm

43、ent, health, employment, food family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. Generally speaking, the quality of life, especial as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree I which these various areas of life are available or provide satis

44、faction. to the individual. 生活質(zhì)量這一術(shù)語不易定義，它包括范圍很廣，如生活環(huán)境、健康、就業(yè)、飲食、家庭生活、朋友、教育、物質(zhì)的占有、休閑與娛樂等等。一般來說，生活質(zhì)量，特別在個人看來，其意義是由這些不同的生活領(lǐng)域可以供個人享受或者可以使個人滿意的程度來衡量的。 As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one's spare time leisure has the following functions: relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and p

45、ersonal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one's job and one's life-style. Thus, people who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may tend more

46、to seek recreation and personal development (e.g., cultivation of skills and hobbies) in leisure. 休閑作為空閑時進(jìn)行的自己認(rèn)為適當(dāng)?shù)幕顒樱哂邢铝泄δ埽悍潘?、娛樂、個人發(fā)展。這些功能的重要性隨著個人工作性質(zhì)與生活方式的不同而變化，所以在工作中需要付出很多精力的人，更渴望休閑時放松，而受過良好教育、從事專業(yè)工作的人可能更趨向于休閑時尋求娛樂和個人發(fā)展，如掌握技巧，培養(yǎng)愛好。 8 Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure The problem of Jet Lag is one ev

47、ery international traveler comes across at some time . But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is. and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, and your flights will be less stressful. 噴氣飛機(jī)時差綜合癥是每個乘坐國際航班旅行的人在某個時候會碰到的問題。但你是否就這樣忍受著？如果你能了解噴氣飛機(jī)時差綜合癥是怎么回事以及注意飲食怎樣把它的不良作用減少到最小，你坐飛機(jī)的緊張程度就會輕些

48、。 The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone. It is due lo changes in the body's physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a d

49、ifferent environment. 乘飛機(jī)旅行對身體的影響實際上遠(yuǎn)比我們意識到的更令人焦灼不安。時差綜合癥不是對不同時區(qū)進(jìn)行調(diào)整的心理后果。它是身體的生理調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制，特別是激素系統(tǒng)，在不同環(huán)境中發(fā)生變化所引起的。 Confused? So was John Foster Dulles, the American Secretary of Stale, when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam. He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag. 是不是被弄糊涂啦？

50、美國國務(wù)卿約翰福斯特杜勒斯從美國飛往埃及談判阿斯旺水壩問題時就被弄糊涂了。他后來把自己在談判中判斷失誤歸咎于時差綜合癥。 The effects can be used to advantage, too. President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time. The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in

51、this case, were jet-lagged. Essentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America. 但是乘飛機(jī)旅行對身體的影響也可使之對人有利。約翰遜總統(tǒng)曾在關(guān)島主持一次重要會議，整個會議按華盛頓時間進(jìn)行。白宮的工作人員個個精力充沛，而當(dāng)?shù)厝嗽谶@種情況下卻得了時差綜合癥。從本質(zhì)上說，他們瞬間一下子被運到了美國。 9 Aging in European Countries If "revolution" is a rapid resettlement of the social stru

52、cture, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50. Taken together, these things have implications which are

53、 only beginning to be acknowledged. These facts and circumstances were well to the fore earlier this year at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France. 如果“革命”是對社會結(jié)構(gòu)的迅速重建，如果社會的年齡構(gòu)成被看作是社會結(jié)構(gòu)的一個非常重要的方面，那么在歐洲尤其是在西歐社會里，每個超過50歲的人一生中就已經(jīng)歷過一次社會革命了。綜合起來，這些事情

54、牽連出的結(jié)果剛開始被人們認(rèn)識。這些事實和情況今年早些時候在法國維希舉行的一個世界大會上被視為對科學(xué)和政策的挑戰(zhàn)而置于顯著地位。 There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old. But this is what elem

55、entary demography makes clear. Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms. We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue. But too much of that lengthened experience, even in

56、 the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do something about it. 這種觀點常遇到反對意見，即正因為西歐和西北歐出生率比別的地區(qū)下降得早，而不是因為死亡率方面的任何變化，所以我們的社會才變得如此老齡但初級人口統(tǒng)計學(xué)已經(jīng)把這個問題解釋清楚了。當(dāng)然長壽正改變我們的社會，但這是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗而來的說法。我們比以前任何一個社會更經(jīng)歷著長壽，這種情況還將繼續(xù)下去。但過度的長壽，即便是在富裕的西方，也會遭受貧窮和忽視，除非我們采取一些辦法。 If you are now in your th

57、irties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. The older you are now , of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman. Expectation of life is a slippery figure, very easy to get wrong at t

58、he highest ages. At Vichy the demographers were telling each other that their estimates of how many old there would be and how long they will live in countries like England and Wales are due for revision upwards. 如果你現(xiàn)在30多歲，你應(yīng)當(dāng)知道你可以期望活到60歲后再活上剩余生命的三分之一。當(dāng)然，你現(xiàn)在年齡越大，這種比例就越高，如果你是女人，這比例還應(yīng)該更高。人生的估計壽命是一個飄忽不

59、定的數(shù)字，年齡越大越容易有誤差。在維希，人口學(xué)家們互相轉(zhuǎn)告，他們對一些地方人口情況的估計，如英格蘭和威爾上將有多少老年人，這些老人的壽命如何，注定要進(jìn)行修改，因為這些數(shù)字一直呈上升趨勢。10 The Campaign for Election The winner in the November general election is almost certain to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee. A minor-party or independent candidate, such as George Wallace in 1968, John Anderson in 1980, or Ross