XML之運(yùn)用---知識(shí)管理工具ppt課件

1、XML之運(yùn)用知識(shí)管理工具Topic Maps (ISO/13250)飛資得資訊溫達(dá)茂中華民國(guó)91年8月22日.What is XMLXML is a method for defining special markers or tags that can be inserted into text to indicate its logical structure and to make explicit the meaning or rhetorical role of its component parts.Why XML?HTML: Containing information only

2、 about a pages appearance.The future of the electronic scientific literatureby John SmithXML: Document to be tagged with machine-readable metadataThe future of the electronic scientific literatureJohnSmith.HTML VS. XMLLatin phrase Quid pro quo in HTMLQuid pro quo US Battle Ship in HTMLUSS Constituti

3、on Latin phrase Quid pro quo in SGMLQuid pro quoUS Battle Ship TitleUSS Constitution .XML IntelligenceGeorge Washington - 華盛頓總統(tǒng) George WashingtonWashington, D.C.- 地名Washington, D.C.Washingtons Army - 華盛頓的軍隊(duì)Washingtons ArmyUSS Washington - 華盛頓號(hào)戰(zhàn)艦USS Washington.XML Structure for Journal Article.XML-St

4、ructured DocumentforJournal Article.What does that mean? (I)Every part of the document is not just displayable, but also definable, including tables and/or charts. For example, in a scientific article, XML tags can be used to distinguish the title of the article from the names of its authors or the

5、cells in a table.What does that mean? (II)AnalyticalStructural.XML - AnalyticalTag (Marker) - standardize - metadata:Data Interchange - Dublin CoreSystem Communication - OpenUrl.XML - Analytical - ApplicationData Interchange數(shù)位典藏計(jì)劃聯(lián)合目錄(OAI標(biāo)準(zhǔn))MARC的XML化Machine CommunicationOpenUrl Resolver.XML - Struct

6、ural Logical StructureLogical Relationship.XML - Structural - ApplicationXML in Hierarchical and Structural ContextMetadata Within XML Knowledge StructureKnowledge Organization Tools.Three General Categories of Knowledge OrganizationTerm List:Emphasizing lists of terms with definitionsClassification

7、 and CategorizationEmphasizing the creation of subject setsRelationship List:Emphasizing the connections between terms and concepts.Term ListsAuthority filesGlossariesDictionariesGazetteers.Classification and CategorizationSubject headingsClassification schemes, taxonomies, and categorization scheme

8、s.Relationship ListsThesauriTopic MapsSemantic networkOntologies.Principles of Knowledge OrganizationGroup ByAssociation.Key Issues in the PrincipleTerms - Subjects - ConceptsSubject Relationship - Concept 與 Concept 之間的關(guān)係.What is Concept(概念)?定義:概念是知識(shí)根本單位，也是思維最小單位 概念是人類(lèi)斯為的重要組成部分, 是反映事務(wù)特有屬性的思維方式屬性:概念的

9、內(nèi)涵: 事務(wù)反映到概念的特有屬性, 亦即構(gòu)成此一概念的屬性總和汽車(chē)的內(nèi)涵是以下屬性的總和: “車(chē), “由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng), “有駕駛.外延概念的外延是事物反映到概念的數(shù)量範(fàn)圍該概念所包括的各個(gè)個(gè)體的總和，稱(chēng)同類(lèi)外延大象此一概念的外延是印度象, 非洲象.構(gòu)成整體的各部分的總和，稱(chēng)成分外延“化學(xué)元素系統(tǒng)此一概念的外延是指氫, 氧, 硫.概念的邏輯暨語(yǔ)義關(guān)係(I)同一關(guān)係 兩個(gè)概念的外延一樣。例如：機(jī)器翻譯和自動(dòng)翻譯，都表示用機(jī)器進(jìn)行的翻譯。屬種關(guān)係 一個(gè)概念的外延把另一個(gè)概念的外延完全包含。屬概念：例如：交通工具。外延較大，包含另一個(gè)概念全部外延的概念。種概念：例如：汽車(chē)。被屬概念包含，外延較小的概念。

10、.概念的邏輯暨語(yǔ)義關(guān)係(II)交叉關(guān)係 兩個(gè)概念外延有一部份一樣，另一部份不同。例如：作家、教授。有部分作家是教授，也有部分作家不是教授。全異關(guān)係 並列的全異關(guān)係：例如：鋼鐵工人、紡織工人，工人共同的鄰近屬概念。非並列的全異關(guān)係：無(wú)共同的鄰近屬概念。例如：茶杯、水果 .概念的邏輯暨語(yǔ)義關(guān)係(III)否認(rèn)關(guān)係一個(gè)概念的否認(rèn)關(guān)係構(gòu)成了另一個(gè)概念的屬性。例如：加壓、減壓 .概念的邏輯關(guān)係暨語(yǔ)義關(guān)係.概念的屬性- 邏輯- 語(yǔ)義關(guān)係如何定義及運(yùn)用於K.O.?.What is Topic Map？.Topic Map 之定義Definition: (T. A. O.)A set of Topics, As

11、sociations, Occurrence, Facet, and Added Theme Elements that are used to Manage a set of Terms relevant to a particular Knowledge Domain.Topic Mapsa Topic Map is a collection of topics and (semantically meaningful) relationships between these topicsTopic Maps link these topics with external referenc

12、es, such as resources behind URLsXTM serves as XML-based interchange format for topic maps.Topic Maps (contd)TMs are a “superimposed semantic layerconnection between topics and resources are URLsTMs capture real-world subjects/objects but also concepts, like “TCP or “l(fā)ovethese are defined not absolu

13、te but relative to each other.Topic Maps (contd)can deal with incomplete knowledge:I know that Prince Charles was married but I do not know the name of his wife.can be merged:Maybe someone else knows that someone called Dianna was married to a British Princemerging maps by identifying common topics.

14、Topic Maps (contd)are supposed to deal with many thousand topicsare built to denote information, not knowledge (no semantic network)are not built for a specific application but will be reused in many different contexts.What is Topic MapInformation connection is not just web hyperlinks, instead a str

15、uctured semantic link network over the resources - easy and selective navigation to the requested information.Elements of Topic MapTopicsAssociationOccurrence and ResourcesScope.Reification (Definition)creation and/or identification of a subjectthis topic stands for the subject (proxy)in this proces

16、s, a topic will be created andcharacteristics (name, .) will be assigned.TopicsA topic can be any thing. Regardless whether it exists or not, whether it is of physical nature or just an idea or expressionWeb resources (Stock Quotes, Documents )real world (someone, people, countries, )A topic can be

17、any concept. Abstract idea (Happiness, Effectiveness)Each topic has an internal identification (id), an external representation (baseName), can have any number of external references (occurrence) and any number of classification (instanceOf)Topics are only representants: they represent (proxy) the s

18、ubject; the subject itself exists outside the topic map - This is what a subject is reified by a topic means and why subjectIdentity element is proposed.Topic (Example).Topic Namesevery topic has an unique id within a mapthis id is for internal use onlyevery topic can have (one or more) names:this n

19、ame is visible to end users.Topic Name - BaseNameThe element specifies a topic nameA topic name is represented by one string: the content of the child of The context within which the assignment of a name to a topic is valid may be expressed using a child element.A topic may have multiple base names

20、in the same and/or multiple scopes.Topic Name - VariantThe element is an alternate form of a topics base name appropriate for a processing context specified by the variants child elementA variant name whose parameters include the “display or “sort published subjects, which is semantically equivalent

21、 to display names and sort names (respectively) as defined in ISO 13250.Variantsvariants are names for a specific purpose and/or in a specific format:name, as it shouldappear on a mobile displaylogo on black&white screenhigh resolutionlow resolutionbe used for sorting.Variants (contd)external repres

22、entationsorganized as a treeparameters control which variant will be used.Topic Typesany topic can have any number of typesevery type is itself a topiceither within the same mapthen university must be a defined topicor defined via some other document.Topic Types (contd)topic types introduce a type h

23、ierarchyevery topic map has its own type hierarchythere is NO global type system (ontology).Topic - instanceOfThe element specifies the class to which its parent belongs, via a or child element.The element is a syntactic shortcut for an association of a special type defined by the class-instance pub

24、lished subject.Topic Types (Example) Bond University .Topic - SubjectIdentityThe element specifies the subject that is reified by a topic, via , , and/or child elements.When a topic has an addressable subject, the subject can be addressed directly via a element. In that case, it is the resource itse

25、lf which is considered the subject of the topic, not what the resource means or indicates. There can be only one such resource per topic.Resources may also be subject indicators, as opposed to subjects in and of themselves. Resources are used to indicate subjects via elements, of which there may be

26、more than one per topic.A topic may also indicate that it has the same subject as another topic by addressing that topic via a element.Associationstopics can participate in relationships, called association, in which topics play roles as membersAmong the associations, which relationship two or more

27、topics have to each other. It must be explicitly defined. topics play thereMembers: the topics involved in the association are called membersRole: and the members play the role.typical associationsis-located-in, lived-in, written-byis-facillity-provided-by, requires-to-have.Association (Example).Ass

28、ociations (contd)all newly introduced topics has to be defined:is-located-in, building, locationalso these topics can be linked with associationsassociations can have any number of members (1, 2, 3, .).Topic Occurrencesreference external resourcesdocuments: via URLs /where/is/the/document.pdfdefined

29、 by IANA/ICANN: via URNsurn:inet:.au:tech_report01not defined, but globally unique:?urn:my-social-security-numbers:1234-5678-9a topic can have any number of resources.Topic Occurrences (contd) Bond University .Scopesnot all topic characteristics are valid in all contextsscopes limit a charac

30、teristicscopes are topics themselves.Scopes (contd)occurrences:a web document could be written in germanthe document is not for a beginner, but an experta visa to visit a country is not relevant for residents, only for non-residentsnamesthe document writes about trees in computer science but not abo

31、ut trees in agriculture.Scopes (contd)associations“Santa Clause brings the presents is good enough for children, but not for adults.Scopes (contd)if no scope was defined, then the characteristic is valid in ALL scopes unconstrained scope.Scopes (Example).mergeMapA element references an external elem

32、ent through an xlink:href attribute containing a URI. .Topic Map-DTD.Topic Map-XML.Topic Map-XSL.Topic Maps LimitationXML-enabled Database and Search EngineAssociation is only Part of Relationship (Non-directional Relationship).Database-supported Topic Maps.What is an ontologyPhilosophy: Theory of e

33、xistenceAn ontology is an explicit specification of objects and relations in the target world intended to share with the community and to use for building a model of the target worldIt is a taxonomy of concepts.OntologyTo support the sharing and reuse of formally represented knowledge, it is useful

34、to define the common vocabulary in which shared knowledge is represented. A specification of a representational vocabulary for a shared domain of discourse - definitions of classes, relations, functions, and other objects - is called an ontology.Ontology Ontology is a Specification of a Conceptualiz

35、ationOntology: a formal explicit description of concepts and relationship in a domain of knowledgeClass - ConceptsSlot (roles, properties) - Features & attributes of ConceptsFacet (role restriction)Subject Description & Analysis:Relationship:Vertical & HorizonHierarchical & StructuredSemantic and Co

36、nceptual Relationship.OntologyClasses describe concepts in the domainA class can have subclasses that represent concepts that are more specific than the superclassAn ontology together with a set of individual instances of classes constitutes a knowledge baseOntology ends and the knowledge base begin

37、s.Components of an ontologyConceptsTaxonomy of the conceptsRelations among conceptsFormal specification of the concepts and relations.Ontology has:A common vocabularyAn explicit representation of thing (conceptualization) usually left implicit behind a systemAn explicit representation of a shared un

38、derstanding of the target world.Ontology EngineeringOntology Engineering: Defining terms in the domain and relations among themDefining concepts in the domain (classes)Arranging the concepts in a hierarchy (subclass-superclass hierarchy)- (taxonomy)Defining which attributes and properties (slots) classes can have and constraints on their valuesDefining individuals and filling in slot values .OntologyWhat is “Ontology?利用定義好的字彙來(lái)描畫(huà)目前已存在之實(shí)體以樹(shù)狀結(jié)構(gòu)勾畫(huà)出實(shí)體間彼此之關(guān)係進(jìn)而建構(gòu)專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域中可解釋並利用之知識(shí)架構(gòu)提供一致性的相關(guān) “詞彙 解釋與定義資訊呈現(xiàn)的單一化資料分類(lèi)與註解的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化.