《新編簡明英語語言學教程》第二版-練習題-參考答案

1、新編簡明英語語言學教程第二版_練習題_參考答案.txt新編簡明英語語言學教程第二版 練習題 參考答案Chapter 1 Introduction2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?答： The major branches of linguistics are:(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are

2、put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in lang

3、uages;(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.Chapter 2 Phonology4. How are the English consonants classified? 答： English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the o

4、ther is in terms of place of articulation. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into following types: bilabial, labioden

5、tal, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?答： Vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest. To further distinguish members of each group, we need to apply another criterio

6、n, i.e. the openness of the mouth. Accordingly, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. A third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowels is the shape of the lips. In English, all the front vowels and the central

7、 vowels are unfounded vowels, i. e., without rounding the lips, and all the back vowels, with the exception of a:, are rounded. It should be noted that some front vowels can be pronounced with rounded lips.Chapter 3 Morphology4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflection

8、al morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1) the third person

9、 singular(2) the past tense(3) the present perfect(4) the present progressiveChapter 4 Syntax6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the heads subcategorization properties, is called deep

10、 structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).Chapter 5 Semantics1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?答：(1) The naming theory propo

11、sed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.(2) The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers

12、and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. (3) The contextualist v

13、iew held that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context elements closely linked with language behaviour. The representative of this approach was J.R. Firth, famous British linguist.(4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the

14、speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?答： The major types of synonyms are dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive or evaluative sy

15、nonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantically different synonyms.Examples（略）3. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.答：(1) Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or

16、 in both.When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones.When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms (2) While different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may

17、have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. There are many polysemic words in English, The fact is the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. (3) Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a m

18、ore general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion; in terms of me

19、aning, the superordinate includes all its hyponyms.Examples（略）Chapter 6 PRAGMATICS8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答： Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your

20、conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity Make your contribution as informative as r

21、equired (for the current purpose of the exchange). Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner Avoid

22、 obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). Be orderly.9. What is pragmatic failure? Try to find instances of pragmatic failure in the English used by Chinese learners of English.答： The technical term for breakdowns in the course of communication is pragmatic f

23、ailure. Pragmatic failure occurs when the speaker fails to use language effectively to achieve a specific communication purpose, or when the hearer fails to recognize the intention or the illocutionary force of the speakers utterance in the context of communication. Instances (略) (見教材p.89)Chapter 7

24、Language Change1. The vocabulary of English consists of native and also thousands of borrowed words. Look up the following words in a dictionary which provides the etymologies (history) of words. In each case speculate as to how the particular word came to be borrowed from a particular language.a. s

25、ize b. skill c. royald. ranch e. robot f. potatog. astronaut h. emerald i. pagodaj. khaki k. bulldoze 1. hoodlum答：a. size ( old French)b. skill ( old Norse)c. royal ( old French Latin)d. ranch ( Spanish French)e. robot ( Czech old Church Slavonic)f. potato ( Spanish Taino)g. astronaut ( French)h. em

26、erald ( Middle English & old French)i. pagoda ( Persian Sanskrit)j. khaki ( Hindi Persian)k. bulldoze ( bull(Botany Bay Slang) old English)l. hoodlum ( German)6. Give at least two examples showing the influence of American English on British English.答：(略)Chapter 8 Language and Society1. How is langu

27、age related to society?答： There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of them is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. This social function of language is embodied in

28、the use of such utterances as “Good morning!”, “Hi!”, “Hows your family?”, “Nice day today, isnt it?”.Another indication is that users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. The kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. And language,

29、 in its turn, reveals information about its speaker. When we speak, we cannot avoid giving clues to our listeners about ourselves.Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. For example while there is on

30、ly one word in English for “snow”, there are several in Eskimo. This is a reflection of the need for the Eskimos to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.As a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used

31、, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social. To a linguist, all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communicative functions they are expected to fulfill. Therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are soc

32、ial rather than linguistic. A case in point is the use of the postvocalic r. While in English accents without postvocalic r are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in New York city, accents with postvocalic r enjoys more prestige and are considered more correct than without it.Chapte

33、r 9 Language and Culture1. Try to sum up the relation between language and culture. Can you find similar relationship between local dialect and regional culture?答： The relation between language and culture is dialectical. Every language is part of a culture. As such, it cannot but serve and reflect

34、cultural needs. Within tile broad limits set by the specific needs of a culture, a language is free to make arbitrary selections of signified. That is to say, language is not a passive reflector of culture. Even assuming that culture is in many cases the first cause in the language-culture relations

35、hip, language as the effect in the first link of the causal chain will in turn be the cause in the next link, reinforcing and preserving beliefs and customs and conditioning their future course. We can find similar relationship between local dialect and regional culture. For example, in China, there

36、 are many local dialects and many regional operas. Those regional operas can only be performed in the local dialects; meanwhile those regional operas are part of local cultures.5. What do you think of linguistic imperialism and cultural imperialism? Is it nonsense or something worth consideration?答：

37、 Linguistic imperialism is closely related to cultural imperialism. Linguistic imperialism is a kind of linguicism which can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the world-wide expansion of one language. With the monopoly of one language over others, its accompanied ideologies

38、, structures and practices will be a potential threat to the individual cultural identity and cultural integrity. From this, we can know that linguistic imperialism is something worth consideration.Chapter 10 Language Acquisition1. Try to explain the terms:Language acquisitionLanguage Acquisition De

39、viceCritical Period Hypothesis,答： Language acquisition refers to the childs acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.Language Acquisition Device, (also known as LAD). The LAD was described as an imaginary “black box” existing so

40、mewhere in the human brain. The “black box” is said to contain principles that are universal to all human languages. Children need access to the samples of a natural language to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his languages structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammat

41、ical system to that particular language.Closely related to the external language environment, age is another factor that is worth mentioning in first language acquisition. Observed that childrens ability to develop normal behaviors and knowledge in environments does not continue indefinitely end tha

42、t children who have never learned language (for various reasons) cannot return to normal if these deprivations go on for too long, Eric Lenneberg, a biologist, argued that the LAD, like other biological functions, works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time a specific and limited

43、 time period for language acquisition which is referred to as the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH). There are two versions of the CPH. While the strong one suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure, the weak holds

44、 that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty.Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition1. To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experiences?答：(1) From a theoretical point of view, the n

45、ew findings and advances in first language acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze date in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study

46、 of second language acquisition. For example, we started to learn our native language from listening, and then speaking.(2) (略)7. Identify personality factors that may contribute to the success of learning a second/foreign language.答： The personality traits such as extroversion, talkativeness, self-

47、esteem, self-confidence may contribute to the success of learning a second/foreign language.Chapter 12 Language and The Brain1. What is neurolinguistics and what does it study?答：(略)4. Describe the major symptoms of Brocas aphasia, Wernickes aphasia, and acquired dyslexia.答： Brocas aphasia displays s

48、everal characteristics. Phonologically, the speech of Brocas aphasics is very halting and lack of normal sentence intonation. That is to say, patients have great difficulty in accurately producing the needed phonemes to say a word. When they say, they say very slowly and have a lot of hesitations. S

49、yntactically, Brocas aphasics produce telegraphic speech, i.e. they omit the functional words that we would be likely to omit when we write a telegram and besides, they tend to omit inflectional affixes such as -ing, and -ed in words such as reading and worked. They often show difficulty judging the grammaticality of sentences.