高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)-Unit1-Friendship(教師精析版)+(學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)版)

1、備戰(zhàn)2011屆高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)精品資料必修一Unit1 Friendship教師版 ：一、【高考名師導(dǎo)航】用作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的用法是學(xué)生易混淆的考點(diǎn)之一。當(dāng)suffer用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，指“遭罪”，不突出原因，指遭受一般的損害、痛苦；而作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常與介詞from連用，指“受-折磨”，突出原因（即其后面得名詞），指遭受長(zhǎng)期的或習(xí)慣性的痛苦或困難。此考點(diǎn)仍可能是2011年高考命題的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。2. situation為新課標(biāo)重點(diǎn)詞匯，是歷年高考中的?？荚~匯，其測(cè)試點(diǎn)不僅僅限于單項(xiàng)填空。通常考查situation, condition和state當(dāng)“情形，境況”講時(shí)的用法區(qū)別。此考點(diǎn)在201

2、1年高考命題中仍會(huì)是考查的重點(diǎn)。3.in order to, so as to, in order that和so that的區(qū)別一直是高考的設(shè)題點(diǎn)?？忌趶?fù)習(xí)備考中應(yīng)該注意：（1）in order to 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)，位于句首或句中；（2）so as to 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)，只位于句中；（3）so that(in order that)引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與may, might, can, could等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。此考點(diǎn)可以和倒裝句以及連詞放在一起考查，在復(fù)習(xí)備考中要倍加重視。4.go through, get through, look through等帶through類的動(dòng)介

3、型短語(yǔ)之間的意思辨析和多層意思，一直是高考關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)，一定要掌握，明確其使用方法，考生要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷區(qū)分和判斷。近三年的全國(guó)各地高考題都有對(duì)此類考點(diǎn)的考查，2011年仍作為復(fù)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)。5.強(qiáng)調(diào)句式在近三年的高考題中均有考查，考生做此類題時(shí)，要注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的變化和it句型的辨析。如：It be/has been-since; It be/will bebefore; It be-when等句型。2011年仍可能是高考設(shè)題的重點(diǎn)。的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是歷年來(lái)高考的重點(diǎn)，考生要注意賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，尤其是現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的選擇和使用。07年山東卷、安徽卷、福建卷和重慶卷均對(duì)with符合結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了考

4、查。11年高考中可能仍要繼續(xù)關(guān)注此考點(diǎn)。6. “It/That /This is /was the first(second，third)time+that從句(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)/過(guò)去完成時(shí))”是一個(gè)重要的句型，其從句的變化是高考考查的重點(diǎn)，2009年陜西卷和遼寧卷都考查了該句型。 2011年仍可以作為復(fù)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)二、【單元要點(diǎn)預(yù)覽】詞匯部分詞語(yǔ)辨析1. ignore / neglect / overlook 2. cheat / fool3. calm / quiet / silent / still4. join / join in / take part in / attend詞形變化1. ig

5、nore vt. 忽視ignorance n. 無(wú)知ignorant adj.無(wú)知的2. dusk n. 黃昏; 傍晚dusky adj.昏暗的; 黑暗的3. add v. 添加; 增加addition n. 加, 附加additional adj. 添加的;附加的重點(diǎn)單詞1. upset adj. 心煩意亂的，不安的；不適的 vt. (upset, upset) 2. concern v. 擔(dān)憂; 涉及; 關(guān)系到 n. 擔(dān)心，關(guān)注；（利害）關(guān)系3. settle vt. 安家； 定居；停留vt. 使定居，安家；解決4. suffer vt.& vi.遭受；忍受；經(jīng)歷5. situation

6、C情形；境遇；（建筑物的）位置。重點(diǎn)詞組go through 經(jīng)歷；經(jīng)受get along with 與某人相處；(工作的) 進(jìn)展in order to 為了重點(diǎn)句子1. Mother asked her if / whether she was very hot with so many clothes on. 2. I dont set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do 3. it was the first time in a year and a half that Id seen the night face to

7、 face.強(qiáng)調(diào)句重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ) 三、【詞語(yǔ)辨析】1. ignore / neglect / overlook 【解釋】ignore 通常指有意不顧，或不理會(huì)顯而易見(jiàn)的事物。neglect 側(cè)重指有意的忽略或忽視，也可指粗心與疏忽。overlook 指因匆忙而疏忽或視而不見(jiàn)。 【練習(xí)】用上面所提供的辨析詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 eq oac(,1)We could not afford to _ such a serious offence.2). He utterly _ my warnings and met with an accident.3). Dont _ paying him

8、 a visit now and then.【答案】 1). overlooked2). ignored 3). neglect2. cheat / fool【解釋】cheat 主要指盈利的買賣中或游戲競(jìng)賽中欺騙人，騙取人的錢等。fool “愚弄”，指利用人缺乏常識(shí)，心理脆弱來(lái)欺騙人?！揪毩?xí)】用上面所提供的辨析詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1). You may get _ in that shop.2). He cant _ her. She sees through him every time.【答案】1). cheated2). fool3. calm / quiet / silent / stil

9、l【解釋】calm 天氣、水、水面（表風(fēng)平浪靜）；（指人時(shí)）表示鎮(zhèn)定自如。quiet 表“寧?kù)o”、“安靜”、“寂靜”，側(cè)重沒(méi)有響聲，沒(méi)有噪音和沒(méi)有動(dòng)靜。指人時(shí)側(cè)重性格溫和，文靜。silent 表“沉默”、“不發(fā)言”、“不說(shuō)話”，常常表示人不愛(ài)說(shuō)話，沉默無(wú)語(yǔ)。still “不動(dòng)的”，指人時(shí)側(cè)重一動(dòng)不動(dòng)，；指物時(shí)指完全沒(méi)有聲音，突出靜止不動(dòng)?！揪毩?xí)】用上面所提供的辨析詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1). Please stand _ while I take your photo.2). Why do you keep _?3). Everything was _.4). He remained _ in th

10、e face of the enemy.【答案】 1). still2). silent3). quiet4). calm4. join / join in / take part in / attend【解釋】join 表示參加組織、黨派、團(tuán)體、軍隊(duì)、俱樂(lè)部等join in 表示參加游戲、活動(dòng)等；join sb. (in sth.) 表（和某人一起）做某事take part in表示參與、參加討論、游行、比賽、戰(zhàn)斗、斗爭(zhēng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)、慶祝等attend 主要指出席、參加會(huì)議、婚禮；聽(tīng)講座、課、報(bào)告、音樂(lè)會(huì)等；上學(xué)、教堂【練習(xí)】用上面所提供的辨析詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1). Can I _ the gam

11、e?2). Did you _ the fighting?3). He _ the army last year.4). A lot of people _ her wedding.【答案】 1). join in2). take part in3). joined 4）attended四、【詞性變化】1. ignore vt. 忽視ignorance n. 無(wú)知ignorant adj.無(wú)知的2. dusk n. 黃昏; 傍晚dusky. adj.昏暗的; 黑暗的 3. add v. 添加; 增加addition n. 加, 附加additional adj. 添加的;附加的【練習(xí)】用括號(hào)內(nèi)

12、所提供詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1) I cant _ his rudeness any longer. (ignore)2) To say you were _ of the rules is no excuse. ( ignore)3）We are in complete _ of your plans. (ignore)4）There is _ light inside the cave. (dusk)5）The street lights come on at _ and go off at dawn. (dusk)6）Many words have been _ to this edition

13、 of the dictionary. (add)7) Theyve just had an _ to the family. (add)8) There are _ charges. (add)【答案】 1) ignore2)ignorant3) ignorance4) dusky 5) dusk6) added7) addition8) additional五、【重點(diǎn)詞匯】upsetvt擾亂；使不適；使心煩vi翻倒，傾覆adj心煩意亂的；不適的；不舒服的n煩悶；混亂if you do anything to upset my husband，out you go!如果你做出任何使我丈夫心煩

14、的事情，請(qǐng)出去!The boat will upset if a storm breaks如遇暴風(fēng)雨，這條船會(huì)翻掉。She was very upset when he ran awayShes very fond of him，you know他跑開(kāi)的時(shí)候她非常不安。你知道，她很喜歡他。歸納拓展be upset by 被 打亂upset oneself about sth 為某事煩惱ignorevt不理睬；忽視My advice was completely ignored我的建議完全被忽視了。I cant ignore his rudeness any longer他粗暴無(wú)禮，我再也不能不

15、聞不問(wèn)了。(選自牛津高階詞典)特別提示ignore強(qiáng)調(diào)(主觀上)故意疏忽，拒絕注意。歸納拓展ignorant adj無(wú)知的；不知道的ignorantly adv無(wú)知地ignorance n無(wú)知辨析活用ignore/neglect(1)ignore是”假裝不知，故意不理”的意思，后接名詞，為及物動(dòng)詞。如：She saw him coming but she ignored him她看見(jiàn)他走來(lái)，卻假裝沒(méi)看到他。(2)neglect后可接名詞或動(dòng)名詞，也可接不定式。接名詞、動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，表示”不注意”；接不定式時(shí)，表示”忘記”。neglect作及物、不及物動(dòng)詞皆可。如：He has neglected

16、reading他忽視了閱讀。concernvt涉及；關(guān)系到n(利害)關(guān)系；關(guān)心；關(guān)注This concerns us deeply這事與我們關(guān)系極大。Parents are concerned with childrens subject selection父母對(duì)孩子們的學(xué)科選擇很關(guān)心。It received a cautious welcome from some in the arts world，who expressed concern that the tickets may not reach the most under privileged它受到了藝術(shù)界的一些人謹(jǐn)慎的歡迎，這些

17、人表達(dá)了他們的擔(dān)心：貧困的人們可能難以收到這些(戲)票。歸納拓展as / so far as be concerned 關(guān)于；至于；就而言be concerned about 關(guān)心be concerned at / over sth. 為某事憂慮be concerned in sth. 牽涉到，與有關(guān)，參與遷移應(yīng)用settlevt定居；安排；解決；決定；支付；使平靜vi安家，定居；停留；下陷；沉淀；決定；澄清The new law is partly intended to settle the problem of foreign lorry drivers ignoring limits

18、on weight and hours at the wheel制定新法律一定程度上是為了解決外國(guó)貨車司機(jī)忽視載重量和行車時(shí)間限制的問(wèn)題。Donna did not dare settle herself too comfortably into her seatin case she fell asleepDonna不敢使自己在椅子里坐得太舒服，以防睡著了。特別提示因?yàn)閟ettle可作及物動(dòng)詞，故有settle sb結(jié)構(gòu)，其被動(dòng)形式為sb is settled，即settle與sb之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以會(huì)見(jiàn)到settled作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)象。如：You will find most o

19、f the population settled in the south你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分人都住在南邊。歸納拓展settlement n定居，定居點(diǎn)settle down穩(wěn)定下來(lái)，定居下來(lái)settle down to do開(kāi)始認(rèn)真對(duì)待settle a question/an argument解決問(wèn)題/爭(zhēng)端suffervt遭受，經(jīng)歷，忍受；寬??；允許，容忍擾受痛苦；受損害Thats because he doesnt know how much Ive suffered”she answered quietly，turning away to hide the tears on her face”

20、那是因?yàn)樗恢牢沂芰硕嗌僮铩！彼p聲回答，轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身藏起臉上的淚水。People obviously have a need for the resources we gain from cutting trees but we will suffer much more than we will benefit很明顯，人們需要通過(guò)砍伐樹(shù)木獲得資源，但是(從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看來(lái))我們所遭受的損失要遠(yuǎn)大于我們的收益。歸納拓展suffer for為而受苦suffer from患?。皇芸唷镜湫屠}】The plant cant _the cold weather, so the researchers tryin

21、g to deal with it.A. suffer for B. Suffer C. long for D. suffer from【答案】B 考查suffer與suffer from得區(qū)別?！窘馕觥繀^(qū)分suffer及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的意思即可。situationsituation C情形；境遇；（建筑物的）位置。How do you analyze the present economic situation?您怎樣分析當(dāng)前的經(jīng)濟(jì)局勢(shì)？Im now in a difficult situation.我現(xiàn)在處境困難The house has a fine situation.這所房子的地

22、點(diǎn)很好歸納拓展situation情況，境況, condition條件, state狀態(tài)，position位置，場(chǎng)所。【典型例題】You could get into a_where you have to decide immediately.【答案】D 句意“你可能遇上一種情況，使你不得不立刻作出決定”。where引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句。【解析】此處分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，這種情況在后面的從句中作狀語(yǔ)即可突破六、【重點(diǎn)詞組】go through通過(guò)(某場(chǎng)所)，經(jīng)過(guò)；完成；穿過(guò)；經(jīng)歷(困難等)；遭受；仔細(xì)檢查We went through the back door and into the big room

23、 where I had been before我們穿過(guò)后門，進(jìn)入了我曾經(jīng)去過(guò)的那個(gè)大房間。She struggled to get the boots off and went through the joyless task of putting them on again她竭力脫下(穿錯(cuò)了的)靴子，然后重新幫我穿上，以完成這項(xiàng)無(wú)趣的任務(wù)。The country has gone through too many wars這個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)歷了太多的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。(選自朗文詞典)歸納拓展go on(doing/to do sth)繼續(xù)go against違背go without沒(méi)有也行，將就go in f

24、or贊成，支持，參加go about著手做；承擔(dān)get through通過(guò)，穿過(guò)；(工作)完成；(測(cè)驗(yàn))合格；接通 look through瀏覽，透過(guò)看pass through穿過(guò)，經(jīng)歷【典型例題】Before they are put into practice, we have to_all the details of the project plan.A. go through B. cut through C. get through D. put through【答案】A 考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。cut through抄近路走過(guò)，刺穿；get through通過(guò)，經(jīng)過(guò)，到達(dá)，打 接通；p

25、ut through 使穿過(guò)，使從事，使經(jīng)歷，接通均不和句意【解析】牢記短語(yǔ)意思，按照句意排除in order to為了Since women originally spent their days with the other women and children in the group，they developed the ability to communicate successfully in order to maintain relationships由于婦女最初經(jīng)常和群里其他的婦女和孩子們?cè)谝黄?，她們?yōu)榱司S護(hù)人際關(guān)系就逐漸培養(yǎng)了成功交流的能力。特別提示in order to的

26、否定形式為in order not to。歸納拓展in order that=so that后跟從句，表目的sothat”如此以致”，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。辨析活用in order to/so as to兩者意思相似，但in order to可以用在句首或句中，而so as to只能用在句中。如：He got up very early in order to/so as to catch the first busIn order to catch the first bus，he got up very early(此時(shí)不能用so as to)特別提示(1)“in order to do”的否

27、定結(jié)構(gòu)為：“in order not to do”，如：MrSmith didnt take the key with him，so he wanted to get into the room through the window in order not to wake up his wife史密斯先生沒(méi)帶鑰匙，所以他想從窗戶進(jìn)去，以免吵醒他的妻子。(2)只有當(dāng)主從句的主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，so that從句或in order that從句才可以簡(jiǎn)化為so as to或in order to引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)。inorder to在句中的位置可前可后，而SO as to一般不放句首。如：We start

28、ed early so that we could catch the first train：Westarted early so as to/in order to catch the first train我們?cè)缭绲爻霭l(fā)，以便可以趕上第一班火車。get along(with)與相處；進(jìn)展The main purpose of the text is to tell parents how to get along with a teenager這篇文章的主要目的是告訴父母?jìng)內(nèi)绾魏颓嗌倌晗嗵?。How is your work getting along?你的工作進(jìn)展如何?歸納拓展get a

29、long/on well/nicely with sb/sth與某人相處得好，某事進(jìn)展得很好/很順利get about/around四處走動(dòng)；傳播；流傳get over解決；克服；控制get across(使)被理解；(使)被接受特別提示表示”進(jìn)展，進(jìn)行”時(shí)，get along=get on，二者都是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中along和on是副詞，其后不能直接加賓語(yǔ)。七、【必備句型剖析】happen to do/be碰巧；恰好Another time five months ago，I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window had to be s

30、hut五個(gè)月前有一次黃昏該關(guān)窗戶時(shí)，我恰好在樓上。Just at that moment a bank clerk put an old，unopened letter on Mr LorryS desk，and Darnay happened to see the name on it就在這時(shí)，一位銀行職員把一封舊的，沒(méi)有打開(kāi)的信放在了勞里先生的桌子上，Darnay碰巧看到了上面的名字(選自雙城記)特別提示“happen to do/be”句型，可根據(jù)時(shí)間關(guān)系選用to do sth，to have done sth，to be doing sth。其否定式可在happen前加dont或did

31、nt，也可在不定式前加not，表示”碰巧不”。如：He happened not to be in the office when I got there=He didnt happen to be in the office when I got there我到那里時(shí)他恰好不在辦公室。歸納拓展It(so)happened that碰巧as it happens令人驚奇的是；恰恰It so happened that the famous actor was her brother碰巧那位著名演員是她哥哥。As it happened，1 was there when the fire sta

32、rted火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)我碰巧在那里。happen to do/be與happen to sb(1)happen to do/be(to為動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào))表示”碰巧，恰好”，后接動(dòng)詞原形。Someone in the ticket office happened to notice her售票處正好有人注意到了她。(2)happen to sb(to為介詞)表示”(某人)發(fā)生了某事”。如：A bad accident happened to the family那家發(fā)生了不幸。Mom asked her if (whether) she was very hot with so many cloth

33、es on.媽媽問(wèn)她穿那么多衣服是不是很熱。解釋 with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：with + 賓語(yǔ)+ v. ing / v. ed / to do / adj. / adv. / prep. phrases由“介詞with+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)” 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中通常作為狀語(yǔ)，表示背景情況，為方式，原因或條件等，另外，該結(jié)構(gòu)也可以作為定語(yǔ)使用。下面簡(jiǎn)述幾種情況：1) 如果在該結(jié)構(gòu)中的分詞表示的動(dòng)作是由前面的名詞或代詞發(fā)出的，構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，該分詞用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。2) 如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作與前面的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，該分詞用過(guò)去分詞形式。3) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)也可以使用介詞短語(yǔ)，形容詞或副詞來(lái)充當(dāng)。典例1.wit

34、h + 賓語(yǔ) + 副詞，如：The square looks more beautiful with all the lights on (= while all the lights are on). With his parents away (= As his parents are away), Tom becomes more naughty. 2.with + 賓語(yǔ) + 介詞短語(yǔ)，如：The teacher came in with a book in his hand (= while a book was in his hand). The girl looked up wit

35、h tears in her eyes (= while tears were in her eyes). 3.with + 賓語(yǔ) + 現(xiàn)在分詞，如：With summer corning (= As summer is corning), the weather is becoming hotter and hotter.With the teacher standing beside (= As the teacher was standing beside)，she felt a bit uneasy. 4.with + 賓語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞，如：With the work done (=

36、 As the work had been done), she felt greatly relieved. With his hair cut (= As his hair has been cut), he looks much younger. 5.with + 賓語(yǔ) + 不定式，如：With her to go with us (= As she will go with us), were sure to have a pleasant journey. With Mr Smith to teach them English next term（= As Mr Smith will

37、 teach them English) , they will be greatly improved in spoken English. I dont set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do 我不愿意像大多數(shù)人那樣在日記中記流水帳解釋 as引導(dǎo)的從句為比較狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“像大多數(shù)人那么做”。as 用作連詞，可引導(dǎo)下列狀語(yǔ)從句：1). 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與從句謂語(yǔ)的同時(shí)性As he grew older he lost interest in everything except gardening. 隨著他

38、年紀(jì)越來(lái)越大，他失去了對(duì)所有事物的興趣，除了園藝。2). 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“盡管，雖然，即使”（從句需倒裝）Cold as it is, my brother wears only a shirt. 盡管天氣冷，我哥只穿了一件襯衫。3). 引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“以方式”。Why didnt you take the medicine as I told you to? 為什么你沒(méi)有按我說(shuō)的服這藥？4). 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句 (=since; because)，“由于，因?yàn)椤薄s you were not there, I left a message. 因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)你不在那，所以我給你留了

39、便條。5) 引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句。She is as tall as you. 她和你一樣高。練習(xí) 中譯英1. 隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)我越來(lái)越對(duì)科學(xué)感興趣。_2. 由于雨下得很大，你最好穿上雨衣。_3. 他學(xué)習(xí)很努力，但考試還是沒(méi)及格。 _【答案】 1. As l get older l get more interested in science 2. As it is raining hard，youd better put on your raincoat 3. Hard as he worked，he failed in the examIts the+序數(shù)詞+time(that)it was t

40、he first time in a year and half that Id seen the night face to face該句型為：It(That/This)is/was the first(second，third)time+that從句(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)/過(guò)去完成時(shí))，表示”這(那)是某人第幾次做”。(1)在該句型中it可換成this或that，that從句中多用完成時(shí)態(tài)。This was the last time I had asked you for money這是我最后一次問(wèn)你要錢。(2)該句型的反意疑問(wèn)句式為isnt it或washt itThis is the firs

41、t time that you have been here，isnt it?這是你第一次來(lái)這里，對(duì)嗎?It was the first time I had heard her sing，wasnt it?這是我第一次聽(tīng)她唱歌，不是嗎?(3)當(dāng)主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí)，從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，當(dāng)主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。It was the last time that I had taken the plane那是我最后一次乘坐飛機(jī)。歸納拓展Its time+that從句，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種形式，或者用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be用were)，或者用”should+動(dòng)詞原形(should不能省

42、略)”。此句型為虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示”某人該做某事了”，含有該事早該去做而實(shí)際上卻未做，現(xiàn)在去做似乎都為時(shí)已晚的意思。Its time(that)we went to bed我們?cè)撊ニX(jué)了。Its high time that the article were published發(fā)表這篇文章是適時(shí)的。Its time you should do cleaning你該去打掃衛(wèi)生了。八、【語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)歸納】直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)（）一、基本定義直接引語(yǔ)：直接引用別人的原話，并在原話前后加引號(hào)。間接引語(yǔ)：用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，多數(shù)以賓語(yǔ)從句的形式構(gòu)成。二、陳述句和疑問(wèn)句中直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)間的轉(zhuǎn)換1.直接引語(yǔ)變

43、為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，不同種類的句子有著不同的變化方式。陳述句、一般疑問(wèn)句和特殊疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)都轉(zhuǎn)化成了賓語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句必須用陳述語(yǔ)序。直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)陳述句He said，“Im from America. ”用連詞that引導(dǎo)，that可以省略。He said（that）he was from America. 一般疑問(wèn)句He said，“Are you interested in English？”用連詞if或whether引導(dǎo)，said改為asked，其后還可以加sb. ，句子用陳述語(yǔ)序。He asked me if/whether I was interested in Englis

44、h.特殊疑問(wèn)句 “What do you want？”he asked me.用原來(lái)的特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)，句子用陳述語(yǔ)序。He asked me what I wanted. 2.直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等都要作相應(yīng)的變化。（1）人稱的變化在人稱變化方面，漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)有相似之處，因此在轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)，要特別注意句子的意義。記憶要訣 直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)人稱代詞轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)律一主，二賓，三不變。說(shuō)明：一主指“第一人稱看主語(yǔ)”。直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，第一人稱的代詞和物主代詞，必須與主句中的主語(yǔ)的人稱一致，在數(shù)上不發(fā)生變化。二賓指“第二人稱看賓語(yǔ)”。第二人稱的代詞和

45、物主代詞變化時(shí)，必須隨主句中的賓語(yǔ)，如果沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)可以加個(gè)賓語(yǔ)（如me或us）。三不變指“第三人稱不發(fā)生變化”。第三人稱的代詞和物主代詞在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，一律不變。“一主”：He/I/You said to Rose，“I can help them.”He/I/You told Rose that he/I/you could help them.“二賓”：He said to her/me/you，“You can help them.”He said to her/me/you that she/I/you could help them.“三不變”：He said to Rose，“Sh

46、e/He/They could help them.”He told Rose that she/he/they could help them.（2）時(shí)態(tài)的變化直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)He said，“Im afraid I cant finish the work before dark.”一般過(guò)去時(shí)He said（that）he was afraid he couldnt finish the work before dark.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)He said，“Im using the knife.”過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)He said that he was using the knife.一般將來(lái)時(shí)

47、She said，“Ill do it after class.”過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)She said（that）she would do it after class.一般過(guò)去時(shí)He said，“I came to help you.”過(guò)去完成時(shí)He said（that）he had come to help me.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)She said，“Ive not heard from him since May.”過(guò)去完成時(shí)She said（that）she had not heard from him since May.過(guò)去完成時(shí)He said，“I had finished my homework

48、 before supper.”過(guò)去完成時(shí)He said（that）he had finished his homework before supper.注意：直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，總的原則是向過(guò)去推一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。（3）時(shí)態(tài)保持不變的情況主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞可保持原來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如：He says，“I had a good time last night.”他說(shuō)：“我昨晚過(guò)得很愉快?！盚e says he had a good time the night before.他說(shuō)他昨晚過(guò)得很愉快。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)不變。如：“American Indians had alread

49、y been in America by that time，” the historian said. 那個(gè)歷史學(xué)家說(shuō)：“美洲印第安人那時(shí)已經(jīng)存在于美洲大陸上了?！盩he historian said American Indians had already been in America by that time.那個(gè)歷史學(xué)家說(shuō)美洲印第安人那時(shí)已經(jīng)存在于美洲大陸了。間接引語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞所表示的情況說(shuō)話時(shí)仍繼續(xù)進(jìn)行或存在，其時(shí)態(tài)可以不變。如：“I am eight，” the boy said. 那個(gè)男孩說(shuō)：“我8歲。” The boy said that he is eight.（現(xiàn)在還是8歲）

50、那個(gè)男孩說(shuō)他8歲。直接引語(yǔ)中若有具體的過(guò)去某年、某月、某日作狀語(yǔ)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：I said，“I was born in March，1977.”我說(shuō)：“我生于1977年3月?！?I said I was born in March，1977.我說(shuō)我生于1977年3月。直接引語(yǔ)表達(dá)的是習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀事實(shí)或科學(xué)真理時(shí)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：“The moon moves around the earth，” the astronomer said. 天文學(xué)家說(shuō)：“月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)?！盩he astronomer said the moon moves around the

51、earth.天文學(xué)家說(shuō)月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。（4）指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞的變化速記表項(xiàng)目直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)指示代詞thisthatthesethosenowthen時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)todaythat daythis week（month，etc. ）that week（month，etc.）yesterdaythe day beforelast week（month，etc. ）the week（month，etc.）beforethree days（a year，etc. ）agothree days（a year，etc.）beforetomorrowthe next（following）da

52、ynext week（month，etc. ）the next（following）week（month，etc.）地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)herethere動(dòng)詞comego注意：如果在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here不必改為there；come也不必改為go。記憶要訣 陳述句和疑問(wèn)句中直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)的方法1.直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句變間接引語(yǔ)的方法去掉引號(hào)加 “that”，人稱變化要靈活，時(shí)態(tài)向后退一步，狀語(yǔ)變化背表格。2.直接引語(yǔ)是一般疑問(wèn)句變間接引語(yǔ)的方法去掉引號(hào)加 “if” (whether)，陳述語(yǔ)序要記住，時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和狀語(yǔ)，小心變化別馬虎。3.直接引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問(wèn)句變間接引語(yǔ)的方法直接引語(yǔ)去引號(hào)，陳述語(yǔ)序莫忘掉。小心

53、助動(dòng)詞，去它最重要。4.直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句變間接引語(yǔ)的方法去掉引號(hào)保留how/what；去掉引號(hào)加 “that”，感嘆語(yǔ)句改陳述。直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)當(dāng)我們引用別人的話時(shí)，如果引用的是別人的原話，那么被引用的部分就叫直接引語(yǔ)，一般用”引起來(lái)。如果我們把意思轉(zhuǎn)述出來(lái)，那么這樣的話就叫間接引語(yǔ)。間接引語(yǔ)在多數(shù)情況下都構(gòu)成一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。縱觀近幾年的高考試題，對(duì)于間接引語(yǔ)的考查一般集中在時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和語(yǔ)序上。此外，從閱卷老師反饋的信息來(lái)看，書面表達(dá)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)這方面的失分。如何把一個(gè)直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)呢?考點(diǎn)1 人稱的變化1“一隨主”。直接引語(yǔ)中的第一人稱在變?yōu)閱?wèn)接引語(yǔ)后，應(yīng)與主句中主語(yǔ)的人稱一致。He s

54、ays”I have finished my homework”=He says that he has finished his homework2“二隨賓”。若直接引語(yǔ)中有第二人稱，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)與主句中的賓語(yǔ)的人稱一致。She said to Tom”Can you help me?”=She asked Tom if/whether he could help her3”三不變”。直接引語(yǔ)中的第三人稱變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)不需要變化。如：He said to me，“Tom left your book in your room”= He told me that Tom had left m

55、y book in my room考點(diǎn)2 時(shí)態(tài)的變化主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)；一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)不變；一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)He said to me，“1 wrote to my father yesterday”He told me that he had written to his father the day beforeThe teacher asked，“Are you waiting for the bus?”。 The teacher

56、asked （me)if 1 was waiting for the bus特別提示注意時(shí)態(tài)的”五不變”(1)直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀真理、諺(習(xí))語(yǔ)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：The teacher said，“The earth goes around the sunTheteacher said that the earth goes around the sunMy father said，“Practice makes perfectMy father said practice makes perfect(2)直接引語(yǔ)中被引述的部分是反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或說(shuō)話時(shí)情況仍然存在，變間接引

57、語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)保持不變。如：The boy said to us，“I usually get up at six every dayThe boy told us he usually gets up at six every dayHe said，“We are still students”He said they are still students(3)直接引語(yǔ)中如果有明確的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：He said to me，“1 was born in 1978”He told me that he was born in 1978The engineer said，“1 w

58、as at college in 1967The engineer said he was at college in 1967(4)直接引語(yǔ)中凡有when，since，while引導(dǎo)的從句，在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，只改變主句時(shí)態(tài)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：M r Green said to them，“Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job”MrGreen told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a iobHe said，“I have stu

59、died English since 1 was a boy”He said he had studied English since he was a boyShe said，”I read the book while 1 was waiting for a bus”She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus(5)如果直接引語(yǔ)中引述部分含有insist，suggest，demand等引導(dǎo)的虛擬賓語(yǔ)從句，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，引語(yǔ)中的主從句時(shí)態(tài)都不變。如：He said，”We insisted that she st

60、art immediatelvHe said they(had)insisted that she start immediatelvShe said，”He denmnded that the如rl leave at once”She said he demanded that the girl leave at once(6)如果說(shuō)話人轉(zhuǎn)述自己的話，人稱可不變。如：I said to him，“I have finished it”I told him I had finished it考點(diǎn)3 指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)各動(dòng)詞的變化thisthat thesethosenowthen agobef