管理學(xué)英文版版本一management

1、Chapter 5: Social Responsibility and Business Ethics5.1 What Is Social Responsibility? Differentiate between social obligation, social responsiveness and social responsibility.Discuss whether organizations should be socially involved.Describe what conclusion can be reached regarding social involveme

2、nt and economic importance.5.2 Green Management.Define green management.Describe how organizations can go green.Explain how green management can be evaluated.5.3 Managers and Ethical BehaviorDefine ethics.Discuss the factors that influence whether a person behave ethically or unethically.Describe wh

3、at managers need to know about international ethics.Chapter 5: Social Responsibility and Business Ethics5.4 Encouraging Ethical BehaviorDescribe managers important role in encouraging ethical behavior.Discuss specific ways managers can encourage ethical behavior.5.5 Social Responsibility and Ethics

4、Issues In Todays World.Discuss how managers can manage ethical lapses and social responsibility.Explain the role of social entrepreneurs.Discuss how businesses can promote positive social change.Chapter 5: Social Responsibility and Business Ethics5.1 What Is Social ResponsibilitySocial ObligationThe

5、 obligation of a business to meet its economic and legal responsibilities and nothing more.Social ResponsivenessWhen a firm engages in social actions in response to some popular social need. Social ResponsibilityA businesss intention, beyond its legal and economic obligations, to do the right things

6、 and act in ways that are good for society.5.1. 1 The Classical ViewManagements only social responsibility is to maximize profits (create a financial return) by operating the business in the best interests of the stockholders (owners of the corporation).Expending the firms resources on doing “social

7、 good” unjustifiably increases costs that lower profits to the owners and raises prices to consumers.5.1.2 The Socioeconomic ViewManagements social responsibility goes beyond making profits to include protecting and improving societys welfare.Corporations are not independent entities responsible onl

8、y to stockholders.Firms have a moral responsibility to larger society to e involved in social, legal, and political issues.“To do the right thing”Exhibit 51Social Responsibility Versus Social ResponsivenessSocial Responsibility Social ResponsivenessMajor considerationEthical PragmaticFocus Ends Mean

9、sEmphasis Obligation ResponsesDecision framework Long term Medium and short termSource: Adapted from S.L. Wartick and P.L. Cochran, “The Evolution of the Corporate Social Performance Model,” Academy of Management Review, October 1985, p. 766.Exhibit 52 Arguments For and Against Social Responsibility

10、ForPublic expectationsLong-run profitsEthical obligationPublic imageBetter environmentDiscouragement of further governmental regulationBalance of responsibility and powerStockholder interestsPossession of resourcesSuperiority of prevention over curesAgainstViolation of profit maximizationDilution of

11、 purposeCostsToo much powerLack of skillsLack of accountability5.1.3 Does Social Responsibility Pay?Studies appear to show a positive relationship between social involvement and the economic performance of firms.Difficulties in defining and measuring “social responsibility” and “economic performance

12、” raise issues of validity and causation in the studies.Mutual funds using social screening in investment decisions slightly outperformed other mutual funds.A general conclusion is that a firms social actions do not harm its long-term performance.Exhibit 53 Trends in SRISource: Social Investment For

13、um Foundation.5.2 The Greening of ManagementThe recognition of the close link between an organizations decision and activities and its impact on the natural environment.Global environmental problems facing managers:Air, water, and soil pollution from toxic wastesGlobal warming from greenhouse gas em

14、issionsNatural resource depletion5.2.1 How Organizations Go GreenLegal (or Light Green) ApproachFirms simply do what is legally required by obeying laws, rules, and regulations willingly and without legal challenge.Market ApproachFirms respond to the preferences of their customers for environmentall

15、y friendly products.Stakeholder ApproachFirms work to meet the environmental demands of multiple stakeholdersemployees, suppliers, and the community.Activist ApproachFirms look for ways to respect and preserve environment and be actively socially responsible.Exhibit 54 Green ApproachesSource: Based

16、on R.E. Freeman. J. Pierce, and R. Dodd. Shades of Green: Business Ethics and the Environment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).5.2.2 Evaluating the Greening of ManagementOrganizations e “greener” byUsing the Sustainability Reporting Guidelines to document “green” actions.Adopting ISO 14000

17、standards for environmental management.Being named as one of the 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World.5.3 Managerial EthicsEthics DefinedPrinciples, values, and beliefs that define what is right and wrong behavior.Exhibit 55 Factors That Determine Ethical and Unethical Behavior5.3.1 Factor

18、s That Affect Employee Ethics1) Moral DevelopmentA measure of independence from outside influencesLevels of Individual Moral DevelopmentPreconventional levelConventional levelPrincipled levelStage of moral development interacts with:Individual characteristicsThe organizations structural designThe or

19、ganizations cultureThe intensity of the ethical issueExhibit 56Stages of Moral DevelopmentSource: Based on L. Kohlberg, “Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Development Approach,” in T. Lickona (ed.). Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research, and Social Issues (New York: Holt, Rineh

20、art & Winston, 1976), pp. 34 Factors That Affect Employee EthicsResearch Conclusions:People proceed through the stages of moral development sequentially.There is no guarantee of continued moral development.Most adults are in Stage 4 (“good corporate citizen”).5.3.1 Factors That Affect Employ

21、ee Ethics2) Individual CharacteristicsValuesBasic convictions about what is right or wrong. PersonalityEgo strength - A personality measure of the strength of a persons convictionsLocus of ControlA personality attribute that measures the degree to which people believe they control their own life.Int

22、ernal locus: the belief that you control your destiny.External locus: the belief that what happens to you is due to luck or chance.5.3.1 Factors That Affect Employee Ethics3) Structural VariablesOrganizational characteristics and mechanisms that guide and influence individual ethics:Performance appr

23、aisal systemsReward allocation systemsBehaviors (ethical) of managers5.3.1 Factors That Affect Employee EthicsOrganizations CultureValues-Based ManagementAn approach to managing in which managers establish and uphold an organizations shared values.The Purposes of Shared ValuesGuiding managerial deci

24、sionsShaping employee behaviorInfluencing the direction of marketing effortsBuilding team spiritThe Bottom Line on Shared Corporate ValuesAn organizations values are reflected in the decisions and actions of its employees.Intensity of the Ethical IssueExhibit 57Determinants of Issue Intensity5.3.2 E

25、thics in an International ContextEthical standards are not universal.Social and cultural differences determine acceptable behaviors.Foreign Corrupt Practices ActMakes it illegal to corrupt a foreign official, yet “token” payments to officials are permissible when doing so is an accepted practice in

26、that country.The Global CompactExhibit 58Ten Principles of the United NationsHuman Rights Principle 1: Support and respect the protection of international human rights within their sphere of influence.Principle 2: Make sure business corporations are not complicit in human rights abuses.Labor Standar

27、ds Principle 3: Freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining. Principle 4: The elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labor. Principle 5: The effective abolition of child labor. Principle 6: The elimination of discrimination in respect of empl

28、oyment and occupation.Environment Principle 7: Support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges. Principle 8: Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility. Principle 9: Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.Principle 10:

29、 Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortionand bribery.Source: Courtesy of Global Compact.5.4 Encouraging Ethical Behavior5.4.1 How managers can improve ethical behavior in an organization:Hire individuals with high ethical standardsEstablish codes of ethics and

30、decision rules.Lead by example.Set realistic job goals and include ethics in performance appraisals.Provide ethics training.Conduct independent social audits.Provide support for individuals facing ethical dilemmas.Exhibit 59 Codes of EthicsCluster 1. Be a Dependable Organizational Citizen1. Comply w

31、ith safety, health, and security regulations.2. Demonstrate courtesy, respect, honesty, and fairness.3. Illegal drugs and alcohol at work are prohibited.4. Manage personal finances well.5. Exhibit good attendance and punctuality.6. Follow directives of supervisors.7. Do not use abusive language.8. D

32、ress in business attire.9. Firearms at work are prohibited.Source: F. R. David, “An Empirical Study of Codes of Business Ethics: A Strategic Perspective,” paper presented at the 48th Annual Academy of Management Conference, Anaheim, California, August 1988.Exhibit 59 Codes of EthicsCluster 2. Do Not

33、 Do Anything Unlawful or Improper That Will Harm the Organization1. Conduct business in compliance with all laws.2. Payments for unlawful purposes are prohibited.3. Bribes are prohibited.4. Avoid outside activities that impair duties.5. Maintain confidentiality of records.6. Comply with all antitrus

34、t and trade regulations.7. Comply with all accounting rules and controls.8. Do not use company property for personal benefit.9. Employees are personally accountable for company funds.10. Do not propagate false or misleading information.11. Make decisions without regard for personal gain.Source: F. R

35、. David, “An Empirical Study of Codes of Business Ethics: A Strategic Perspective,” paper presented at the 48th Annual Academy of Management Conference, Anaheim, California, August 1988.Exhibit 59 Codes of EthicsCluster 3. Be Good to Customers:1. Convey true claims in product advertisements.2. Perfo

36、rm assigned duties to the best of your ability.3. Provide products and services of the highest quality.Source: F. R. David, “An Empirical Study of Codes of Business Ethics: A Strategic Perspective,” paper presented at the 48th Annual Academy of Management Conference, Anaheim, California, August 1988

37、.5.4.2 Effective Use of a Code of EthicsDevelop a code of ethics as a guide in handling ethical dilemmas in decision making.Communicate the code regularly to all employees.Have all levels of management continually reaffirm the importance of the ethics code and the organizations commitment to the cod

38、e.Publicly reprimand and consistently discipline those who break the code.Exhibit 510 Twelve Questions ApproachHave you defined the problem accurately?How would you define the problem if you stood on the other side of the fence?How did this situation occur in the first place?To whom and to what do y

39、ou give your loyalty as a person and as a member of the corporation?What is your intention in making this decision?How does this intention compare with the probable results?Whom could your decision or action injure?Can you discuss the problem with the affected parties before you make the decision?Ar

40、e you confident that your position will be as valid over a long period of time as it seems now?Could you disclose without qualm your decision or action to your boss, your chief executive officer, the board of directors, your family, society as a whole?What is the symbolic potential of your action if

41、 understood? If misunderstood?Under what conditions would you allow exceptions to your stand?5.4.3 The Value of Ethics TrainingCan make a difference in ethical behaviors.Increases employee awareness of ethical issues in business decisions.Clarifies and reinforces the organizations standards of conduct.