2013考研MPA英語（二）真題

1、2013考研MPA英語（二）真題Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all pa

2、yments are made electronically._1_ a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been_2_for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon revolutionize the very _3_ of mone

3、y itself, only to_4_itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so_5_in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work_6_the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very_7_to set u

4、p the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the_8_form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they_9_receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to_10_. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of float

5、 - it takes several days_11_a check is cashed and funds are_12_from the issuers account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. _13_electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may_14

6、_security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information_15_there. The fact that this is not an _16_ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payment

7、s systems and_17_from someone elses accounts. The_18_of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to_19_security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic_20_that contains a large amount of personal data.

8、 There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. A However B Moreover C Therefore D Otherwise2. A off B back C over D around3. A power B concept C history D role4. A reward B resist C resume D reverse5. A silent B sudd

9、en C slow D steady6. A forB against Cwith D on7. A imaginative B expensive C sensitive D productive8. A similar B original C temporary D dominant9. A collect B provide C copy D print10. A give up B take over C bring backD pass down11. A before B after C since D when12. A kept B borrowed C released D

10、 withdrawn13. A Unless B Until C Because D Though14. A hide B express C raise Dease15. A analyzed B shared C stored D displayed16. A unsafe B unnatural C uncommon D unclear17. A steal B choose C benefit D return18. A consideration B preventionC manipulationD justification19. A cope with B fight agai

11、nst C adapt to D call for20. A chunk B chip C path D trailSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, t

12、he author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidsons article is one of a number of piec

13、es that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with ma

14、chines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just wont earn you what it used to. It cant when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above averag

15、e cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will

16、. But theres been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, U.S. factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be chan

17、ged-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there ar

18、e many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_.A the impact of technological ad

19、vancesB the alleviation of job pressureC the shrinkage of textile millsD the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to_A work on cheap softwareB ask for a moderate salaryC adopt an average lifestyleD contribute something unique23. The quotat

20、ion in Paragraph 4 explains that _A gains of technology have been erasedB job opportunities are disappearing at a high speedC factories are making much less money than beforeD new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_A to accel

21、erate the I.T. revolutionB to ensure more education for peopleC to advance economic globalizationD to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?A New Law Takes EffectB Technology Goes CheapC Average Is OverD Recession Is BadText 2A

22、 century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian i

23、mmigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the mak

24、ing, or our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We dont need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those

25、 living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among todays birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy drive

26、n by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a pla

27、ce where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the i

28、mmigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 “Birds of pas

29、sage” refers to those who_.A immigrate across the AtlanticB leave their home countries for goodC stay in a foreign temporarilyDfind permanent jobs overseas27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US _. A needs new immigrant categoriesB has loosened control over immi

30、grantsC should be adopted to meet challengesD has been fixed via political means28 According to the author, todays birds of passage want_A financial incentives.B a global recognition.C opportunities to get regular jobs.Dthe freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage t

31、oday should be treated _A as faithful partners.B with economic favors.C with regal tolerance.Das mighty rivals.30 which is the best title of the passage?A come and go: big mistakeB living and thriving : great riskC with or without : great riskDlegal or illegal: big mistakeText 3Scientists have found

32、 that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerou

33、s, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like

34、neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli arent exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to

35、 do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else were doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer

36、 products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their

37、biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to h

38、is island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our d

39、ays contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasnt changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may_.A vary according to the urgency of the situ

40、ationB prove the complexity of our brain reactionC depend on the importance of the assessmentD predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions_.A can be associativeB are not unconsciousC can be dangerousD are not impulsive33. To reverse the neg

41、ative influences of snap decisions, we should_.A trust our first impressionB do as people usually do C think before we actD ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on_.A critical assessmentBthin sliced studyC sensible explanationD adequate information35. The

42、authors attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is_.A tolerantB uncertainC optimisticD doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely familyfriendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europes top corp

43、orate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards. The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of

44、frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up. Do we need quotas to

45、 ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I dont like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Redin

46、g, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Redings reluctance-and her frustration. I dont like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers t

47、he obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position no matter how much “soft

48、pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit ofcorporate power-as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebookthey attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all womenwhethe

49、r CEOs or their childrens caregiversand all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_. A women take the lead B men have the final say C corporate governance is overwhelmed D se

50、nior management is family-friendly37. The European Unions intended legislation is _. A a reflection of gender balance B a reluctant choice C a response to Redings call D a voluntary action38. According to Reding, quotas may help women _. A get top business positions B see through the glass ceiling C

51、 balance work and family D anticipate legal results39. The authors attitude toward Redings appeal is one of _. A skepticism B objectiveness C indifference D approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of _. A more social justice B massive media attention C suitable pub

52、lic policies D greater “soft pressure”Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how T

53、ony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has 60 a week to spend, 40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning 130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at Londons betft restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed

54、, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that Id lost. But its still a day-by-day thing. Now hes living

55、 in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. Hes feeling positive, but hell carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food - but eating well on a budget. Heres his advice for economic

56、al foodies.A Live like a peasantB Balance your dietC Shopkeepers are your friendsD Remember to treat yourselfE Stick to what you needF Planning is everythingG Waste not, want not41._Impulsive spending isnt an option, so plan your weeks menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in t

57、heir exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: its not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. Its also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, youll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42_

58、This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, theres not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, youll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed

59、 in the supermarket chiller.43_You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - thats not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables youll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits thre

60、atening to go off will be cooked or juiced.44_Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon youll feel comfortable asking if theyve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or b