歷年托?？荚囬喿x習題匯總含答案

1、*0308托福試題閱讀（55minutes）Question1-11Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterialisexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothesebacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfood?Evenuntilthemid-nineteenthcentury,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsori

2、ginatedbyspontaneous(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonlivingmatter.ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructurespresentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninput

3、refyingmaterials.Hedidthisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.Aftertheguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithadtrappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteurfoundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstr

4、ucturesranginginsizefrom0.1mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive(15)structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycouldnotbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputre

5、fyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginatedfromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthat1*thesebodiesareconstantly(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedtoboilingtodestroyallthelivingorganisms

6、contaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryforspontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmateria

7、lscouldheheatedtoboiling,butaircouldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask.Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(a)Pasteursinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.(c)Theeffectsofpa

8、steurizationonfood.(d)Pasteursargumentnasgtthieatheoryofspontaneousgeneration.2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(a)fullof(b)developinginto(c)resistantto(d)hurtby3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsare

9、seenonsomefood?(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto(a)benefitfrom(b)appearsimilarto2*(c)jointogetherwith(d)growfrom5,Thepurposeof

10、the“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto(a)trapparticlesforanalysis(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction(c)increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject(b)diameterofthefiberst

11、hatwereintheguncottonfilters(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected0.2Theword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested0.3TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere(a)pr

12、imarilysingle-celledorganisms(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials(c)fairlyrare(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether0.4Theword“it”inline22refersto(a)anutrientsolution(b)aglassflask(c)boiling(d)spontaneousgeneration0.5Accordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedtha

13、twhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?(a)Asealedcontainer(b)Freshair3*(c)Heat(d)Thepresenceofnutrients0.6Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution(c)disproveacriticismo

14、fhisconclusions(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofairQuestions12-20IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmerassocietyhsero.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.TheperiodbetweentheRevolution,whi

15、chendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,whichendedin1865,wastheageof(5)thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlybyThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagoodsociety,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.Andvirtuallyallpolicymakers,whet

16、hertheysubscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagricultureasthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat(10)alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomicenterprise.Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrastru

17、cture,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructionsfromnavigablestreams.Thenationalgovernmentimportedplantandanimalvarietiesand(15)launchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefarmlandsintheWest.Inaddition,governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagricultura

18、l4*products.Fortheirpart,farmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarianphilosophershadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbehavior.Farmersseemedtobecome(20)morescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarmnewsp

19、apersthatsprangupthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednewcropsandpureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstategovernments.FarmersstreamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.Butfarmersresp

20、ondedlesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarketopportunities.EuropeandemandforfoodfromtheUnitedStatesseemedinsatiable.War,industrialization,andurbanizationallkeptdemandhighinEurope.UnitedStatescitiesandindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthr

21、ivedbecauseofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.0.7Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(a)TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJefferson(b)Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagriculture(c)Improvementsinfarmingtechniques(d)Theimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmer0.8Theword“depended”

22、inline3isclosestinmeaningto(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained0.9TheauthormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asan5*exampleof(a)aleaderduringtheRevolution(b)aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques(c)aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsociety(d)afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianm

23、ovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopment0.10Thephrase“subscribedto”icnlolisnees8tiinsmeaningto(a)contributedto(b)agreedwith(c)thoughtabout(d)expandedon0.11Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbytheinformationinparagraph1?(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJeffersonvieswsofagricultureandfarme

24、rs.(b)Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.(c)Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.(d)Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenationseconomy.0.12Accordingtothepassage,thenationalandstategovernmentsdidallofthefollowingEXCEPT(a)buildroads(b)importnewplantvarieties(c)givefarmersmoneyfortheircrop

25、s(d)developpoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproducts0.13AllofthefollowingarementionedasexamplesoffarmersmeetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT(a)obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers(b)accumulatingpersonalwealth(c)plantingnewcrops(d)becomingmorescientific0.14Theword“stunning”inline24

26、isclosestinmeaningto(a)predictable(b)impressive6*(c)famous(d)gradual0.15Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4?(a)Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.(b)EuropeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedintheUnitedStates.(c)Thegrow

27、ingsettlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.(d)Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.Question21-29ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelpedspawnacomplexpatternofsoilregions.Ingeneral,therealmssoilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioningint

28、o“humidAmerica”and“aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops(5)dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic(higherinacidcontent)noralkaline(higherinsaltcontent).fertilizationisnecessarytoachievethedesiredlevelofneutralitybetw

29、eenthe7*two.AridAmericassoilsaretypicallyalkalineandmustbefertilizedbacktowardneutralitybyaddingacidiccompounds.Althoughmanyofthesedrylandsoils,particularlyintheGreatPlains,arequitefertile,Europeansettlerslearnedoveracenturyagothatwateristhemainmissingingredientinachievingtheiragriculturalpotential.

30、Inthe1970sc,ertainirrigationmethodswereperfectedandfinallyprovidedarealopportunitytoexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromtheCentralLowlandintothedrierportionsoftheGreatPlains.GlaciationalsoenhancedtherichlegacyoffertilesoilsinthecentralUnitedStates,bothfromthedepositionofmineral-richglacialdebrisleftby

31、meltwaterandfromthicklayersoffinewind-blownglacialmaterial,calledloess,inandaroundthemiddleMississippiValley.NaturalvegetationpatternscouldbedisplayedonamapofNorthAmerica,buttheenormoushumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentinmoderntimeshasallbutreducedthisregionalizationschemetothelevelofthe

32、hypothetical.Nonetheless,thehumidAmerica-aridAmericadichotomyisstillavalidgeneralization:thenaturalvegetationofareasreceivingmorethan20inchesofwateryearlyisforest,whereasthedrierclimatesgiverisetoagrasslandcover.TheforestsofNorthAmericatenttomakeabroadtransitionbylatitude.IntheCanadianNorth,needle-l

33、eafforestsdominate,buttheseconiferoustreesbecomemixedwithbroadleafdeciduoustreesasonecrossesthe(25)borderintotheNortheastUnitedStates.AsoneproceedstowardtheSoutheast,broadleafvegetationbecomesdominant.AridAmericamostlyconsistsofshort-grassprairiesorstepper.TheonlyareasoftruedesertareintheSouthwest.8

34、*21WhataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Thewidevarietyofclimates(B)Soiltypesandvegetationpatterns(C)Improvedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansionofagriculture(D)Thechangeinprecipitationpatterns22Theword“spawn”inline1isclosestinmeaningto(A)distinguisheliminateprotect(D)create23Theword“pa

35、rtitioning”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(A)divisionmodificationopening(D)circulating24Accordingtothepassage,acidicsoilstenttobeassociatedwith(A)ahighsaltcontent(B)anincreaseinfarming(C)largeamountsofrain(D)glacialmeltwater25Theword“enhanced”inline13isclosestinmeaningto(A)impliedincreasedindicated(D)in

36、formed26HowdidglacialmeltdownaffectthesoilinNorthAmerica?(A)ItredistributedthesoiltypesItaddedsalttothesoilItmadethesoilmoreneutralincontent(D)Itaddedmineralstothesoil27Thephrase“rethgiisonalizationschememovementsofglacialdeposits”inline19referstothe(A)9*patternsofnaturalvegetationhumanmodificationo

37、ftheNorthAmericanenvironment(D)distinctionbetweenhumidAmericaandaridAmerica28Theword“transition”inline23isclosestinmeaningto(A)elevationchange(C)advantage(D)condition29Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?(A)AridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedbythepresenceofdeserts(B)MostofCanadaandt

38、henortheasternUnitedStatesconsistsofshort-grassprairieswherevernaturalvegetationhasnotbeenmodifiedbyhumans(C)Theaccumulationofloessisprimarilytheresultofirrigation(D)GlaciationremovedthefertilelayerofsoilfrommuchoftheMississippiValleyQuestions30-40Mostsourcesofilluminationgeneratelightoveranapprecia

39、bleperiod,andindeedifanobjectislitforaverybrieftime(lessthat1/25second),thehumaneyewillnotreactintimetoseetheobject.Aphotographicemulsion-thatis,alight-sensitivecoatingonphotographicfilm,paper,orglass-will,however,recordmuchshorterburstsoflight.A(5)photographicflashcanthereforebeusedtocapturehigh-sp

40、eedmovementonfilmaswellastocorrectdeficienciesofthenormalsurroundinglighting.Photoflashisnowgeneratedelectronically,buttheearliestform,firstusedin1864,wasapaperbagcontainingmagnesiumwireandsomeoxygen-richsubstance,suchaspotassiumchlorate.Whenthebagwasignited,themetalburnedwithanintenseflash.Acontemp

41、oraryobserverreportedthat“thisquiteunsafedeviceseemstohavedonenothingworsethatengulftheroomin10*densesmokeandleadtopicturesofdubiousqualityandoddposes.”Theevolutionofthephotoflashwasslow,flashbulbs,containingfinewiremadeofametal,suchasmagnesiumoraluminum,capableofbeingignitedinanatmosphereofpureoxyg

42、enatlowpressure,wereintroducedonlyinthe1920asr.liIensthteypee,themetalwasseparatedfromtheoxygenbyathinglassbulb.Theflashwasfiredbypiercingthebulbandallowingtheoxygentocomeintocontactwiththemetal,whichignitedspontaneously.Laterbulbswerefiredbyanelectricbattery,whichheatedthewirebypassingasmallcurrent

43、throughit.Othercombinations,suchasthepairingofoxygendifluoridewithzirconium,havealsobeenused.Ineachcaseenoughenergyisgivenoutto(20)heattheoxidizablemetalmomentarilytoawhite-hotemissionofvisiblelight.Thesmokeparticlesaresosmallthattheycoolrapidly;butsincetheyarewhite,theycontributetothebrilliancebyre

44、flectingthelightfromtheirstill-glowingneighbors.Aslightlybiggerformofthemetalwillburnforalongertime.30Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)ThehistoryofthephotoflashTheoriesabouthowtheeyereactstolightThetechnologyofmodernphotography(D)Thedangersofusingtheearlyphotoflash31Accordingtothepassage,1/25secon

45、distheminimumamountoftimerequiredforthe(A)recordingofanimageonfilmgenerationofartificiallightcreationofaphotographicemulsion(D)humaneyetoreacttolight32Accordingtothepassage,anadvantageofusingaphotoflashisthatit11*(A)canproducerepeatedburstsoflightintensitiescolorsinphotographsisshortenoughnottobothe

46、rhumaneyes(D)supplementsexistinglighting33Theword“ignited”inline9isclosestningmteoa(A)setonfirecutinto(C)opened(D)shaken34Whichofthefollowingphrasesisdefinedinparagraph1?(A)”appreciableperiod”(line1)(B)”photographicemulsion”(line3)”hig-hspeedmovement”(line5)”oddposes”(line11)35Theword“evolution”inli

47、ne12isclosestinmeaningto(A)publicityadoption(C)development(D)manufacture36Thefunctionoftheglassinthefirstflashbulbswasto(A)producethesparkthatinitiatedtheflashmagnifythelightproducedbytheflashprotectthephotographerfromtheheatoftheflash(D)keepthemetalandoxygenapartbeforetheflash37Theword“it”inline18r

48、efersto(A)oxygenbattery(C)wire(D)current38Theword“momentarily”inline20isclosestininmgetoan(A)effortlesslybrieflyelectronically12*(D)gradually39Accordingtothepassage,thewhitecolorofthesmokeparticlesgeneratedbyaflashbulbcontributesto(A)rapidcooling(B)brightillumination(C)electricalconductivity(D)inten

49、seheat40Accordingtothepassage,aflashbulbcanbemadetoburnlongerbyusing(A)thickerwiremoreoxygenthinnerglass(D)continuouselectricityQuestions41-50ThestylisticinnovationinpainingknownasImpressionismbeganinthe1870sT.heImpressionistswantedtodepictwhattheysawinnature,buttheywereinspiredtoportrayfragmentarym

50、omentsbytheincreasinglyfastpaceofmodernlife.Theyconcentratedontheplayoflightoverobjects,people,andnature,breakingupseeminglysolidsurfaces,(5)stressingvividcontrastbetweencolorsinsunlightandshade,anddepictionreflectedlightinallofitspossibilities.Unlikeearlierartists,theydidnotwanttoobservetheworldfro

51、mindoors.Theyabandonedthestudio,paintingintheopenairandrecordingspontaneousImpressionsoftheirsubjectsinsteadofmakingoutsidesketchesandthenmovingindoorstocompletetheworkformmemory.(10)SomeoftheImpressionistspaintingmethodswereaffectedbytechnologicaladvances.Forexample,theshiftfromthestudiototheopenai

52、rwasmadepossibleinpartbytheadventofcheaprailtravel,whichpermittedeasyandquickaccesstothe13*countrysideorseashore,aswellasbynewlydevelopedchemicaldyesandoilsthatledtocollapsiblepainttubes,whichenabledartiststofinishtheirpaintingsonthespot.(15)Impressionismacquireditsnamenotfromsupportersbutfromangrya

53、rtloverswhofeltthreatenedbythenewpainting.Theterm“Impressionism”wasbornin1874,whenagroupofartistswhohadbeenworkingtogetherorganizedanexhibitionoftheirpaintingsinordertodrawpublicattentiontotheirwork.Reactionfromthepublicandpresswasimmediate,andderisive.Amongthe165paintingsexhibitedwasonecalled(20)Im

54、pression:Sunrise,byClaudeMonet(1840-1926),Viewedthroughhostileeyes,Monetspaintingofarisingsunoveramisty,waterysceneseemedmessy,slapdash,andanaffronttogoodtaste.BorrowingMonetstitle,artcriticsextendedtheterm“Impressionismto”theentireexhibit.Inresponse,Monetandhis29fellowartistsintheexhibitadoptedthes

55、amenameasabadgeoftheirunity,despiteindividualdifferences.Fromthenuntil1886Impressionismhadallthezealofa“church”,asthepainterRenoirputit.MonetwasfaithfultotheImpressionistcreeduntilhisdeath,althoughmanyoftheothersmovedontonewstyles.41Whataspectofpaintinginthenineteenthcenturydoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Theimpactofsomeartistsresistancetothefastpaceoflife