科學(xué)研究和論文寫作5節(jié)課件

1、科學(xué)研究和論文寫作主要內(nèi)容第1章 科學(xué)研究與科研課題第2章 科學(xué)研究的進(jìn)行第3章 科技論文的基礎(chǔ)知識第4章 科技論文寫作中的一般問題第5章 科技論文的撰寫第6章 科技論文的發(fā)表第5章 科技論文的撰寫第1節(jié) 題名第2節(jié) 署名及作者信息第3節(jié) 摘要和分類號第4節(jié) 關(guān)鍵詞第5節(jié) 分類號及文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼第6節(jié) 目錄第7節(jié) 引言第8節(jié) 文獻(xiàn)綜述第9節(jié) 實驗方法或計算方法第10節(jié) 實驗結(jié)果第11節(jié) 討論第12節(jié) 結(jié)論第13節(jié) 參考文獻(xiàn)第14節(jié) 符號表第15節(jié) 附錄科學(xué)論文有比較清晰的結(jié)構(gòu)，一般包括：TitleAbstractIntroductionSupport (theoretical or experim

2、ental)DiscussionConclusionReference第1節(jié) 題名題名擬定要點中文題名一般不超過20個漢字。應(yīng)避免選擇重復(fù)的詞語，同時避免同義詞和近義詞的連用，也要減少形容詞的使用。題名要準(zhǔn)確得體，不要太大，以免失之籠統(tǒng)，也不要太具體。題名不成句必要時可以加上副標(biāo)題題名中用科學(xué)名詞要規(guī)范，也要盡可能不要化學(xué)式盡可能反映創(chuàng)新點和難點，最好能包括更多的關(guān)鍵詞有英文題名，且應(yīng)該與中文題名一致，不是完整的句子。Characteristics of an effective titlePotential readers will use the title to decide wheth

3、er to read your work so it should give a clear indication of what is to follow. The title should provoke interest in the topic. It should use the fewest number of words possible to represent the content of the text. It should be an honest representation of the content of the dissertation. It should

4、indicate the topic and the scope of the topic.命題易犯的毛病 虛、大、空不宜用一個大領(lǐng)域或?qū)W科分支的名稱作為學(xué)位論文題目?！凹{米材料的物理化學(xué)研究”“磷的生命化學(xué)研究”“摩擦化學(xué)機(jī)理研究”“非電解質(zhì)溶液的熱力學(xué)研究類似的題目可用于學(xué)術(shù)專著或?qū)W報特約撰寫的評論，但不適用于學(xué)位論文或小論文又如：同一篇化學(xué)論文可選用四個題目：題目 3 簡明扼要，且切題。顯然最為得體1.聚合物的溶解性研究3.聚氯三氟乙烯與有機(jī)溶劑間相平衡的溫度效應(yīng)2.聚氯三氟乙烯的溶解熱力學(xué)問題4.關(guān)于在加溫下聚氯三氟乙烯與鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯和一氯三氟乙烯等溶劑之間的相平衡研究3.聚氯三氟

5、乙烯與有機(jī)溶劑間相平衡的溫度效應(yīng)Language and punctuation features of titlesComputer supported collaborative learning: lessons from a college classroomIntegrating technology into the classroom3D CAFE modelling of transitional ductile fracture in steelsThe cultural acceptance of e-commerce in ChinaEmbryo research: th

6、e scientific, ethical and legal conflictChildrens out-of-school literacies: what do they tell us?The legality, rationality and morality of an assisted death通常由名詞、形容詞、必要的介詞和冠詞；不包含動詞第2節(jié) 署名及作者信息作用條件順序真名單位署名第3節(jié) 摘要和分類號目的內(nèi)容：四要素寫作中的注意點英文摘要類型指示性摘要（介紹性摘要）主要敘述一篇文章的主題思想，幫助讀者了解是否有必要參閱全文。通常用于評述文章和會議報告；信息性摘要概括介紹論

7、文的研究目的、研究方法、研究結(jié)果與結(jié)論，但不照搬各部分標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)性摘要按照期刊要求直接標(biāo)出各部分標(biāo)題。通常用于醫(yī)學(xué)期刊摘要四要素目的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論摘要特點：摘要應(yīng)簡明摘要的編寫應(yīng)該客觀、真實摘要應(yīng)具有獨(dú)立性和自明性Purpose: Summarize your contributionsStyle:What is the problemWhat is your workFeatures of your workAdvantages of your workResults編寫摘要時的注意事項排除在本學(xué)科領(lǐng)域方面已經(jīng)成為常識的內(nèi)容。不得簡單地重復(fù)文章篇名中已經(jīng)表述過的信息。要求結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語義確切

8、，表述簡明，一氣呵成。要用第三人稱，不要使用“作者”、“我們”等作為摘要陳述的主語。要采用規(guī)范化的名詞術(shù)語。不要使用圖、表或化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式必要提及的商品名應(yīng)加注學(xué)名。應(yīng)該使用法定計量單位以及正確地書寫規(guī)范字和標(biāo)點符號。英文摘要 ( Abstract )內(nèi)容基本與中文摘要相同 但不要逐字逐句直譯。要按英文科技論文摘要通用格式和英語習(xí)慣重新組織段落和語句普遍問題：句型及語法錯誤較多，中文味濃提高技巧的途徑是模仿好的范文，主要是英語國家作者寫的論文（摘要）不要自行創(chuàng)造句型，它幾乎百分百是錯的！在句型及語法正確的前提下改善修辭摘要中都涵蓋了哪些內(nèi)容？分別是第幾句？在描述研究背景時用的什么時態(tài)和語態(tài)？在描述

9、研究目的時用的什么時態(tài)？為什么？研究方法用的什么時態(tài)？研究發(fā)現(xiàn)用的什么時態(tài)？研究結(jié)論和啟示用什么時態(tài)？哪些句子用了被動語態(tài)？為什么？第4節(jié) 關(guān)鍵詞選取方法關(guān)鍵詞順序英文關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞對索引來說至關(guān)重要：它們使你的論文更易于被識別和引用;關(guān)鍵詞要具體避免使用罕見縮寫詞和一般性詞匯第6節(jié) 目錄實 例：第7節(jié) 引言作用和內(nèi)容期刊論文和學(xué)位論文引言的不同引言的作用：向讀者解釋論文的主題和目的幫助讀者更方便地閱讀論文，了解課題的背景和意義向讀者解釋清楚：為什么做這項研究？怎么做？主要內(nèi)容A clear statement of the topic areaAn introduction to the

10、 context and importance of the topicA definition or definitions of the key terms in the title A clear description of the aim or purpose of the writerIndicate a gap in the existing literature or area of study, or a specific problem A clear indication of the structure of the writing with a sequenced o

11、verview of the content注意事項對前人的結(jié)果，要用流暢的語言概括和評述。不要大段直譯照抄，使文體不倫不類對本領(lǐng)域進(jìn)展與動向要給出恰當(dāng)評價期刊論文引言要遵循規(guī)則要盡可能清楚地給出論文所研究問題的性質(zhì)和范圍；引言要簡要回顧相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)中的工作；引言應(yīng)明確指出采用的研究方法，引言應(yīng)該陳述主要的研究結(jié)果；引言應(yīng)該簡單指出研究結(jié)果得出的主要結(jié)論。 IntroductionPurpose: Background and organization of the paperStyle:Problem X is importantA, B, and C have been doneA, B, a

12、nd C have their weaknessOur work DFeatures and advantages of DResultsOrganization of the paperestablishing a research territoryby showing that the general research area is important, central, interesting, problematic, or relevant in some way. (optional); by introducing and reviewing items of previou

13、s research in the area. (obligatory)1. recently, there has been growing interest in.;2. the possibility of has generated wide interest in3. the development of is a classic problem in4. the development of has led to the hope that5. the has become a favourite topic for analysis6. knowledge of has grea

14、t importance for7. the study of has become an important aspect of 8. a central issue in. isRecently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine . Previous studies have reported .Note: 動詞的選擇，時態(tài)及語態(tài)establishing a niche: by i

15、ndicating a gap in the previous research, raising a question about it, or extending previous knowledge in some way.Nevertheless, it is a fact that there is still controversy and considerable uncertaintySo far, however, there has been little discussion about.However, far too little attention has been

16、 paid to .Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.Negative Words Verbs: Concentrated on, disregarded, failed to consider, ignored, been limited to, misinterpreted, neglected to consider, overestimated, overlo

17、oked, been restricted to, suffered from, underestimated; Adjectives: controversial, incomplete, inconclusive, misguided, questionable, unconvincing, unsatisfactorynegative openingsUncountable: little information, little attention, little work, little data, little researchCountable: few studies, few

18、investigations, few researchers, few attemptsOccupying the niche by outlining purposes or stating the nature of the present research. (obligatory); by announcing principle findings. (optional); by indicating the structure of the research project. (optional)The aim of the present paper is to giveIn t

19、his paper we give preliminary results forThe main purpose of the experiment reported here was toThis study was designed to evaluate a program toThe present work extends the use of the last model by.We now report the interaction between.Previous worksPurpose: Why your work, the differencesStyle:Categ

20、orization of previous worksOne or two sentences for a workStrengthWeaknessDont over-criticize previous worksPurpose: Introduce your workStyle:Motivation Definition, notationExplanationsIf you were the reader, what questions you want to ask?Your contribution第8節(jié) 文獻(xiàn)綜述-文獻(xiàn)綜述的作用尊重前人表明起點和創(chuàng)新成果備查：本論文與文獻(xiàn)中的差別就

21、是論文的成果主要內(nèi)容和目的to provide a historical context for your research to give an overview of the current context in which your research is situated to show relevant theories and concepts for your research to provide definitions and relevant terminology for your research to describe related research in the

22、field and how your work extends this or addresses a gap in previous work in the field to provide supporting evidence for a practical problem which your research is addressing 文獻(xiàn)綜述的寫法 要注意起點。有理論深度的論文起點要適當(dāng)提高。不要寫得太遠(yuǎn)，只寫與論文作對比的內(nèi)容在文獻(xiàn)綜述中主要介紹前人文獻(xiàn)的成果、特色、理論，特別是新的思維，但不要細(xì)節(jié)。在文獻(xiàn)綜述最后，最好能給出一個簡明的總結(jié)學(xué)位論文的文獻(xiàn)綜述一般可以占整個論文的

23、1025paraphrase/summary or direct quotation大多數(shù)情況下，工程、科學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)論文經(jīng)常采用summary，而藝術(shù)類的論文有時選擇直接引用；當(dāng)作者的觀點非常強(qiáng)烈、有效時可以采用直接引用。Chen (1997) has argued that there should be awareness raising campaigns in local supermarkets regarding the dangers of a high fat diet. Changes in the purchasing habits of customers were not

24、ed after awareness raising campaigns took place (Chen 1997). According to Ely et al. (1997, p160), interpretation means drawing meanings from the analyzed data and attempting to see these in some larger context.Attitudeagree or endorse the information in the reference?challenge or express uncertaint

25、y about the information?neither challenge nor express uncertainty about the information?Introduction or Literature Reviewfocusing on an historical or contemporary overview of the field of study；A concise reference to research already carried out in the fieldAn overview of the theories underpinning t

26、he current researchA discussion of the key concepts and terminology relevant to the current researchA detailed overview of related research studies in the field第9節(jié) 實驗方法或計算方法是學(xué)位論文的主體的一部分。是體現(xiàn)其科技價值和學(xué)術(shù)水平的核心部分該部分結(jié)構(gòu)可因課題性質(zhì)的不同而異；但均須合理劃分章、節(jié)實驗方法有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的研究技術(shù)路線，或較復(fù)雜的研究方案宜借助流程圖來輔助說明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)儀器設(shè)備僅需標(biāo)明其型號、廠家通用或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實驗、測試方法不必詳細(xì)

27、介紹，只需標(biāo)明有關(guān)參考文獻(xiàn)出處自行設(shè)計的實驗方法和裝置應(yīng)有詳細(xì)說明和附圖必要時，可附上實驗裝置照片圖3.2 激光蒸發(fā)源與飛行時間質(zhì)譜儀組合實驗裝置主要內(nèi)容A general description of the type of study： general strategy and approachthe subjects or participants of the study: who or what the subjects of the studySampling techniques： how and where the subjects or participants were s

28、elected; the number and the reasons why you selected this particular group and number. Measures: how the variables are categorised and measured. the categories and themes and how they can be developed. Procedures describe when, where and how the data is collected. A description of the materials invo

29、lves the use of any apparatus or equipment used in the data collection. In the data analysis you have to mention any statistic tests and computer software used in the study. Theoretical analysisPurpose: Theoretical support to your workStyle:Definition, notation (can be omitted if existing)LemmaTheor

30、emProofPut tedious details in AppendixExperimentsPurpose: Experimental support to your workStyle:Experimental designBe sure that other researchers can repeat your experiments according to your descriptionsComparisonsDiscussionsWhat is revealed by the experiments?Put tedious details in AppendixThe fi

31、fty countries selected for the analysis were chosen on the basis of current available data from the OECD. They were categorised into two groups (a larger and a smaller) according to the size of their populations, with the million as the dividing line. Next they were subdivided into developed and und

32、eveloped countries based on their per capita income. What emerges from the data is the significance of exports relative to government expenditure and investment. It appears this tendency relates to the size of the countries rather than whether they are developed or not (see Hunt 2002; Hill 2000)時態(tài)和語

33、態(tài)普遍問題和背景描述用一般現(xiàn)在時；已經(jīng)完成的程序和過程使用一般過去時；最后得出的普遍性規(guī)律總結(jié)用一般現(xiàn)在時；研究過程的描述通常使用被動語態(tài)option1option2option3Findings or ResultResult and DiscussionFindingsDiscussionConclusionDiscussion and ConclusionConclusion第10節(jié) 結(jié)果結(jié)果與討論實驗結(jié)果是論文的關(guān)鍵；研究成敗由此判斷。全部結(jié)論和推論均以此為依據(jù)用表格、曲線、圖解、照片等來輔助說明，幫助讀者理解對結(jié)果如無深入的分析討論，只是“研究簡報”，不算是科技論文對主要實驗結(jié)果要逐

34、項探討、判斷分析。這是由表及里、由此及彼，從現(xiàn)象到規(guī)律，從感性到理性的提煉升華過程結(jié)果這項研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn) 務(wù)必 切勿用圖表對數(shù)據(jù)作總結(jié) 在圖表和正文中重復(fù)出 現(xiàn)相同數(shù)據(jù)展示統(tǒng)計分析結(jié)果 用圖表來表現(xiàn)可用文本 簡單表達(dá)的數(shù)據(jù)與相似研究作對比第11節(jié) 討論目的和主要內(nèi)容A reference back to the original aims of the researchAn overview of the main findings and their significance The relationship of the findings to existing research stud

35、ies ：compare and contrast with those similar studies. Points of agreement and disagreement can be highlighted and explanations for any differences suggested. Integration of the findings with existing theory ；Discussion of any practical implications of your findings；Reference to the extent to which y

36、our findings are generalisable ：limitations of the research， how they affect the generalisability of your findings. Discussion of any methodological implications： the strengths and weaknesses of the methods Mention of future research： what research still needs to be done in the field and make sugges

37、tions for directions that future research could follow7. It may be relevant to discuss used and make recommendations for the ways in which future research should be conducted. 8. It is common to examine.討論部分的要素盡量揭示結(jié)果部分說明的原理、關(guān)系和普遍性意義。指出結(jié)果部分的特例或無法用關(guān)系描述的情況，說明尚未解決的問題。不要試圖掩蓋或規(guī)避不理想的數(shù)據(jù)；說明實驗結(jié)果與分析同文獻(xiàn)中的工作一致的地

38、方在哪里，不同的地方在哪里。不要畏縮，大膽指出科研工作具有的理論意義和可能的實際應(yīng)用價值盡可能清楚地陳述結(jié)論為結(jié)論部分的每個論點總結(jié)論據(jù)。學(xué)位論文中的討論 論文與文獻(xiàn)測定（或計算）相比，指出一致和不一致的地方；各種因素（變量）對研究目標(biāo)的影響，這類變化趨勢的原因分析；各種工藝參數(shù)的優(yōu)化；實驗值的關(guān)聯(lián)，包括方程的修正、模型的選擇、關(guān)聯(lián)誤差等；實驗結(jié)果的理論分析，解釋現(xiàn)象或規(guī)律；對于計算型的論文，最重要的是模型或方法的建立，并且其與文獻(xiàn)中的比較。Expressing degrees of certaintyWalking to work undoubtedly makes you fit and

39、healthy. Walking to work is highly likely to make you fit and healthy.It is possible that walking to work makes you fit and healthy. Walking to work clearly makes you fit and healthy. There is strong evidence that walking to work makes you fit and healthy. Walking to work probably makes you fit and

40、healthy. Walking to work is likely to make you fit and healthy.From the most caution to most definite: possible, probably, likely, strong evidence, clearly, highly likely, undoubtedlyThe use of quantifiers Those expressing quantity： the majority of，many of，a number of，very little of，some ofThe surve

41、y revealed that few undergraduate students use the library during the vacations. Most of the participants in the study favoured flexible working hours.Those expressing frequency： seldom，in general，never，occasionally，usuallyCustomers rarely complain about the long queues in the January sales.On the w

42、hole, the results of the experiments were successful.The use of cautious verbsbe used in statements to add a degree of tentativeness or caution.The evidence appears to show that bilingual children have confidence in themselves. The evidence seems to show that online shopping is increasing in popular

43、ity. The chart shows that families tend to prefer to take their holidays in August. The evidence suggests that employees are reluctant to make changes in their work practices. The research indicated that parents are not aware of the content of their childrens computer games.Distancing phrasescertain

44、 phrases can limit the scope of the claim that is being made. According to these three studies.Although the data is limited .In the participating schools. With the exception of.The research helps to explain. 合理的文章結(jié)構(gòu)（提綱）依據(jù)可靠的實驗數(shù)據(jù)，通過理論分析和邏輯推理，導(dǎo)出有價值的科學(xué)結(jié)論科學(xué)性、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性、邏輯性“正文” 寫作要領(lǐng)注意觀點與材料的統(tǒng)一，用明確的觀點來統(tǒng)率素材豐富的數(shù)據(jù)、圖

45、表要合理地組織。避免簡單、雜亂的堆湊 論述的順序、層次要符合思維規(guī)律，順理成章壓縮、或刪除一些眾所周知的議論，突出論證新發(fā)現(xiàn)、新觀點。引導(dǎo)讀者思考你的結(jié)果，判斷你的論斷和推理的正確性論述自己工作要準(zhǔn)確和明確，忌用隱晦、模棱兩可的詞語。不要制造“懸念”分析、推理、判斷要注意邏輯性和科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。絕不允許出現(xiàn)科學(xué)概念上的錯誤評價、比較前人的工作時應(yīng)實事求是，不要輕率地全盤否定。談及前人不足之處時用詞應(yīng)委婉分析討論部分不能偷工減料。要善于綜合運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)知識和先進(jìn)的軟件工具提高理論水平。使感性認(rèn)識上升為理性知識第12節(jié) 結(jié)論完整性、準(zhǔn)確性主要元素A reference back to the initia

46、l aims of the dissertation, the research questions or the hypotheses；A summary and restatements of the main points or the most significant findings；An evaluation, assessment or judgment；Future prospects ；Recommendations for future research“結(jié)論”并非“摘要”，更不是詳細(xì)摘要。不應(yīng)包含不屬于結(jié)論的詞句不要簡單羅列成果，要突出通過研究所得到創(chuàng)新性的結(jié)論有理論或應(yīng)

47、用價值的科學(xué)結(jié)論 + 恰如其分的自我評價要求：精煉、準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)“結(jié)論”并非“摘要”，更不是詳細(xì)摘要。不應(yīng)包含不屬于結(jié)論的詞句不要簡單羅列成果，要突出通過研究所得到創(chuàng)新性的結(jié)論結(jié)論未經(jīng)充分證明的設(shè)想、推測和見解不能列為結(jié)論（不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)“可能是”、“似乎是”等字眼）如無扎實的結(jié)論不要勉強(qiáng)杜撰湊數(shù)。但當(dāng)心不要漏過一條真正的結(jié)論! （否定性的、負(fù)面的結(jié)論通常也是重要結(jié)論!）對成果和科學(xué)結(jié)論的自我評價應(yīng)實事求是、含蓄和留有余地ConclusionPurpose: Summary and future worksStyle:SummaryFuture worksMisconceptions 1The more, the betterDont provide too many “new”ideas in a paper. Try your best to focus on your core wor