英漢互譯技巧課件

英漢互譯技巧

北津?qū)W院外語系專業(yè)外語教研室

高濤翻譯的性質(zhì)有人認為翻譯是語言學(xué)的一個分支有人認為把翻譯看成是一種藝術(shù)活動，屬于文藝學(xué)的范疇有人認為翻譯是一種文化交流，屬于文化領(lǐng)域我們認為：翻譯是一門綜合性學(xué)科，涉及社會科學(xué)和人文科學(xué)。

從媒介手段來看，翻譯可以分為筆譯學(xué)，口譯學(xué)（包括同聲翻譯）和機器翻譯。從翻譯的內(nèi)容分，翻譯可以分為文學(xué)翻譯，科技翻譯，實用翻譯等。英漢兩種語言的宏觀對比1形合與意合(hypotacticvs.paratactic)

英語語句關(guān)系（包括句子，短語）靠緊密的句法銜接，漢語講究“不言而喻”，沒有從屬連詞。Hehadadisconcertinghabitofexpressingcontradictoryideasinrapidsuccession.他有一種令人難堪的習(xí)慣：一會兒一個看法，自相矛盾，變化無常。Thepresentonslaughtofvehiclesposesaseriousthreattourbanlifeandpedestrianpeaceofmind.車輛橫沖直撞，嚴重地威脅著城市生活，路上行人無不提心吊膽。3復(fù)雜與簡單(complexvs.simplex)

英語句子長而復(fù)雜，漢語句子短而簡練。Manyman-madesubstancesarereplacingcertainnaturalmaterialsbecauseeitherthequalityofthenaturalproductcannotmeetourever-increasingrequirement,or,moreoften,becausethephysicalpropertiesofthesyntheticsubstance,whichisthecommonnameforman-madematerials,havebeenchosen,andevenemphasized,sothatitwouldbeofthegreatestuseinthefieldsinwhichitistobeapplied.人造材料通稱為合成材料。許多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料，這或者是由于天然物產(chǎn)的數(shù)量不能滿足日益增長的需要，或者是由于人們選擇了合成材料的一些物理性質(zhì)并加以突出而造成的。因此，合成材料在其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域?qū)⒕哂袠O大的用途。4物稱與人稱(impersonalvs.personal)

英語多用非人稱代詞作主語，漢語多用人稱代詞作主語。Whathashappenedtoyou?你出了什么事兒啦？Anideasuddenlystruckme.我突然想到一個主意。Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.她獨處時感到一種特別的安寧。Notasoundreachedourears.我們沒有聽到任何聲音。Agreatelationovercamethem.他們欣喜若狂。Thethickcarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上，聽不見一點腳步聲。Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.我興奮得說不出話來。Thetruthfinallydawnedonher.她最終明白了真相。5抽象與具體(abstractvs.concrete)表達同樣的想法，英語多用抽象概念，漢語多用具體措辭。Theabsenceofintelligenceisanindicationofsatisfactorydevelopments.沒有消息即表明有令人滿意的進展。Ahighdegreeofcarelessness,pre-operativeandpost-operative,onthepartofsomeofthehospitalstaff,tookplace醫(yī)院某些醫(yī)護人員在手術(shù)前后都非常擔心。6間接與直接(indirectvs.direct)英語多用間接肯定、否定，漢語多用直接肯定、否定。Icouldn’tfeelbetter.我覺得身體好極了。Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore.我太贊成你的看法了。Hecan’tseeyouquickenough.他很想盡快和你見面。Thisbookisquitebeyondme.這本書我實在看不懂。Everypersonhastherighttobefreefromhunger.人人有不挨餓的權(quán)利。Ifyouhaveacar,youareindependentoftrainsandbuses.如果你有小汽車，就不用去坐火車或擠公共汽車。翻譯的方法和技巧很多，常見的有：1選詞用字技巧；

2詞字的增減；

3詞類轉(zhuǎn)換技巧；

4次序的調(diào)整；

5正反反正表達技巧；

6語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換；7長句的處理技巧等等。2.Butformany,thefactthatpoorpeopleareabletosupportthemselvesalmostaswellwithoutgovernmentaidastheydidwithitisinitselfahugevictory.(ibid)[譯文]但是對于許多人來講，窮人能夠在不用政府援救的條件下也像是有政府幫助那樣自己養(yǎng)活自己這一事實本身就已經(jīng)證明了它是一個巨大的勝利。(1.增譯法,2.同位語譯法，3.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換）3.Butwemustbearinmindthatthegreatproportionofbooks,playsandfilmswhichbecomebeforethecensorareveryfarfrombeing“worksofart”.(四級模擬題)[譯文]可是我們要牢記送到審讀員面前的大量書刊、戲劇和電影遠非“杰作”。(正-反翻譯法)4.Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalone.(四級模擬題)[譯文]老師教我們，公函要以正式文體書寫，而不應(yīng)以私人信函的文體來書寫。(正-反翻譯法)8.Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimulationwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.[譯文]行為主義者的看法是，如果一個兒童在許多刺激物的環(huán)境中長大，而這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其做出適當反應(yīng)的能力；那么，這個兒童將會有更高的智力發(fā)展。(分譯法)[分析]：suggest—bringanideaintomind譯為“…的看法是”；who引導(dǎo)的定語從句譯為條件句；where引導(dǎo)的定語從句采用合譯法；which引導(dǎo)的定語從句采用分譯法。1.Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.2.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.3.Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertoworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarsthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.4.Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury”.5.Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder-kitchenrage.（2001年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題—翻譯題）1.Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.2.Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.3.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.4.Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.5.Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.（2002年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題—翻譯題）1.Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.2.Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.3.Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.4.Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”5.Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,”liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.(2003年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題—翻譯題）1.TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.2.Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.3.Then