考研考博-英語-山東醫(yī)學(xué)高等?？茖W(xué)校考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東醫(yī)學(xué)高等專科學(xué)?？荚囇侯}卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Thespeaker,ateacherfromacommunitycollege,addressedasympatheticaudience.Headsnoddedinagreementwhenhesaid,“HighschoolEnglishteachersarenotdoingtheirjobs.”Hedescribedtheinadequaciesofhisstudents,allhighschoolgraduateswhocanuselanguageonlyatagrade9level.Iwasunabletodeterminefromhisanswerstomyquestionshowthisgrade9levelhadbeenestablished.

Mytopicisnotstandardsnoritsdecline.Whatthespeakerwasreallysayingisthatheisnolongeryoung;hehasbeenteachingforsixteenyears,andisabletothinkandspeaklikeamatureadult.

Mypointisthatthefrequentcomplaintofonegenerationabouttheoneimmediatelyfollowingitisinevitable.Itisalsohumannaturetolookforthereasonsforourdissatisfaction.BeforeEnglishbecameaschoolsubjectinthelatenineteenthcentury,itwasdifficulttofindthetargetoftheblameforlanguagedeficiencies.Butsincethen,Englishteachershavebeenunderconstantattack.

Thecomplainersthinktheyhavehituponanoriginalidea.Astheirowncommandofthelanguageimproves,theynoticethatyoungpeopledonothavethissameability.Unawarethattheirownabilityhasdevelopedthroughtheyears,theyassumethenewgenerationsofyoungpeoplemustbehopelessinthisrespect.Totheeyesandearsofsensitiveadultsthelanguageoftheyoungalwaysseemsinadequate.

SincethisconcernaboutthedeclineandfalloftheEnglishlanguageisnotperceivedasagenerationalphenomenonbutratherassomethingnewandpeculiartotoday’syoungpeople,itnaturallyfollowsthattoday’sEnglishteacherscannotbedoingtheirjobs.Otherwise,youngpeoplewouldnotcommitoffensesagainstthelanguage.

1.Thespeakertheauthormentionedinthepassagebelievedthat________.

2.Intheauthor’sopinion,thespeaker________.

3.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.

4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthespeaker’sremarksis________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thelanguageoftheyoungergenerationisusuallyinferiortothatoftheoldergeneration

B.thestudentshadapoorcommandofEnglishbecausetheydidn’tworkhardenough

C.thewasanexcellentlanguageteacherbecausehehadbeenteachingEnglishforsixteenyears

D.Englishteachersshouldbeheldresponsibleforthestudents’poorcommandofEnglish

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.gaveacorrectjudgmentoftheEnglishlevelofthestudents

B.hadexaggeratedthelanguageproblemsofthestudents

C.wasrightinsayingthatEnglishteacherswerenotdoingtheirjobs

D.couldthinkandspeakintelligently

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.itisjustifiabletoincludeEnglishasaschoolsubject

B.theauthordisagreeswiththespeakeroverthestandardofEnglishatGrade9level

C.Englishlanguageteachingisbynomeansaneasyjob

D.languageimprovementneedstimeandeffort

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.neutral

B.positive

C.critical

D.compromising

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】第1題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Thespeakertheauthormentionedinthepassagebelievedthat________.作者在文中提到的演講者認(rèn)為________。

A.thelanguageoftheyoungergenerationisusuallyinferiortothatoftheoldergenerationA.年輕一代的語言通常不如老一代的語言

B.thestudentshadapoorcommandofEnglishbecausetheydidn’tworkhardenoughB.這些學(xué)生的英語水平很低，因?yàn)樗麄儾粔蚺?/p>

C.thewasanexcellentlanguageteacherbecausehehadbeenteachingEnglishforsixteenyearsC.他是一位優(yōu)秀的語言老師，因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)教了16年英語了

D.Englishteachersshouldbeheldresponsibleforthestudents’poorcommandofEnglishD.英語教師應(yīng)該對(duì)學(xué)生英語不好負(fù)責(zé)

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞Thespeaker定位到第一段第一句，該處講到“演講者（Thespeaker）是一所社區(qū)大學(xué)的教師”，結(jié)合該段第二句“他說，高中英語老師沒有做好他們的工作（HighschoolEnglishteachersarenotdoingtheirjobs）。”，可知他認(rèn)為學(xué)生英語不好是高中老師的責(zé)任，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“年輕一代的語言通常不如老一代的語言”：文中沒有提到，屬于無中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“這些學(xué)生的英語水平很低，因?yàn)樗麄儾粔蚺Α保貉葜v者認(rèn)為其原因在于老師沒教好，而不是學(xué)生不努力，屬于偷換概念；

C選項(xiàng)“他是一位優(yōu)秀的語言老師，因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)教了16年英語了”：對(duì)應(yīng)第二段最后一句“他已經(jīng)教書十六年了（teachingforsixteenyears），能像成年人一樣思考和說話（thinkandspeaklikeamatureadult）?！?，能像成年人一樣思考和說話不等同于是一位優(yōu)秀的語言老師，演講者沒有這樣的意思，屬于偷換概念。

第2題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Intheauthor’sopinion,thespeaker________.在作者看來，演講者_(dá)_______。

A.gaveacorrectjudgmentoftheEnglishlevelofthestudentsA.對(duì)學(xué)生的英語水平做出了正確的判斷

B.hadexaggeratedthelanguageproblemsofthestudentsB.夸大了學(xué)生的語言問題

C.wasrightinsayingthatEnglishteacherswerenotdoingtheirjobsC.說英語老師沒有做好他們的工作是對(duì)的

D.couldthinkandspeakintelligentlyD.能聰明地思考和說話

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞author’sopinion定位到第三段第一、二句，該處講到“我的觀點(diǎn)是（Mypointisthat），一代人對(duì)下一代人的頻繁抱怨（frequentcomplaint）不可避免（inevitable）。尋找不滿（lookfordissatisfaction）也是出于人的天性（humannature）?！?，可知作者認(rèn)為上一代人找理由抱怨下一代人的語言能力是出于天性，而不是因?yàn)檫@些學(xué)生的英語水平真的很低，夸大了學(xué)生的語言問題，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)學(xué)生的英語水平做出了正確的判斷”：作者認(rèn)為沒有正確、客觀地評(píng)價(jià)，反而夸大了學(xué)生的語言問題，屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“說英語老師沒有做好他們的工作是對(duì)的”：對(duì)應(yīng)該段第三、四句“在19世紀(jì)末英語成為一門學(xué)科（Englishbecameaschoolsubject）之前，很難找到語言缺陷的指責(zé)對(duì)象。但從那以后（Butsincethen），英語教師一直受到攻擊（havebeenunderconstantattack）?！保芍髡哒J(rèn)為對(duì)英語老師的批評(píng)不公正、不客觀，并非正確，屬于反向干擾；

D選項(xiàng)“能聰明地思考和說話”：對(duì)應(yīng)第二段最后一句“說話者真正想說（speakerwasreallysaying）的是……他能像成年人一樣思考和說話。”，可知這是演講者自己認(rèn)為的，而不是作者認(rèn)為的，屬于張冠李戴。

第3題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.從文章中可以得出結(jié)論：________。

A.itisjustifiabletoincludeEnglishasaschoolsubjectA.把英語作為一門學(xué)科很合理

B.theauthordisagreeswiththespeakeroverthestandardofEnglishatGrade9levelB.作者不同意演講者對(duì)九年級(jí)英語水平標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的看法

C.EnglishlanguageteachingisbynomeansaneasyjobC.英語教學(xué)絕不是一件容易的工作

D.languageimprovementneedstimeandeffortD.提高語言需要時(shí)間和努力

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】此題定位到第四段第三句，該處講到“他們沒有意識(shí)到自己的能力已經(jīng)發(fā)展了這么多年（abilityhasdevelopedthroughtheyears），并且認(rèn)為新一代的年輕人在這方面肯定是沒有希望了（hopelessinthisrespect）?！?，可知語言能力的提高需要長時(shí)間的努力，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“把英語作為一門學(xué)科很合理”：文中沒有探討英語作為一門學(xué)科的問題，屬于無中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“作者不同意演講者對(duì)九年級(jí)英語水平的看法”：對(duì)應(yīng)第一段最后一句“我無法確定（unabletodetermine）這個(gè)9年級(jí)的水平是如何判定的?！?，可知作者對(duì)此的態(tài)度是不確定，而非不同意，屬于偷換概念；

C選項(xiàng)“英語教學(xué)絕不是一件容易的工作”：文中沒有提到英語教學(xué)的要求和難度，屬于無中生有。

第4題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthespeaker’sremarksis________.作者對(duì)演講者言論的態(tài)度是________。

A.neutralA.中立的

B.positiveB.肯定的

C.criticalC.批判的

D.compromisingD.有失體面的，不宜泄露的

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。

【解題思路】此題定位到第一段最后一句“我無法確定（unabletodetermine）這個(gè)9年級(jí)的水平是如何判定的?！保约暗谌巍拔业挠^點(diǎn)是（Mypointisthat），一代人對(duì)下一代人的頻繁抱怨不可避免。尋找不滿也是出于人的天性……但（But）從那以后，英語教師一直受到攻擊（constantattack）。”，可知作者并不贊同演講者對(duì)于學(xué)生語言水平的判定，并且反對(duì)演講者對(duì)英語老師所做工作的否定，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“中立的”：作者有明確的觀點(diǎn)，并沒有保持中立，屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“肯定的”：作者明確地反對(duì)，屬于反向干擾；

D選項(xiàng)“有失體面的”：作者并沒有認(rèn)為演講者的言論是錯(cuò)誤的，所以不能公開，屬于無中生有。

2.單選題

Howcanwefinishtheworkinthe（）ofanyotherhelpers?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.shortage

B.haste

C.deficiency

D.absence

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)shortage“缺乏，不足”。B選項(xiàng)haste“匆忙，急忙”。C選項(xiàng)deficiency“缺陷，缺點(diǎn)”。D選項(xiàng)absence“缺席，缺少，沒有”。句意：如果沒有其他幫手，我們?cè)趺茨芡瓿蛇@項(xiàng)工作呢?本句表示“缺乏幫手的話，難以完成這項(xiàng)工作”。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

EducatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropoutsamongthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.Somehasplacedthedropoutslossashighas50percent.Theextentofthelosswas,however,largelyamatterofexpertguessing.Lastweekawell-roundedstudywaspublished.Itwasbasedon22,000questionnairessenttoformergraduatewhowereenrolledin24universitiesanditseemedtoshowmanypastfearstobegroundless.

Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percentandinmostcasesthedropouts,whilenotcompletingthePh.D.requirement,wentontoproductivework.Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.

Discussingthestudylastweek,Dr.Tuckersaidtheprojectwasinitiated“becauseoftheconcernfrequentlyexpressedbygraduatefacultiesandadministratorsthatsomeoftheindividualswhodroppedoutofPh.D.programswerecapableofcompletingtherequirementforthedegree.AttritionatthePh.D.levelisalsothoughttobeawasteofpreciousfacultytimeandadrainonuniversityresourcesalreadybeingusedtocapacity.SomepeopleexpressedtheopinionthattheshortageofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedbypersuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompletethePh.D.”

“Theresultsofourresearch”，Dr.Tuckerconcluded,“didnotsupporttheseopinions."

(1)Lackofmotivationwastheprincipalreasonfordroppingout.

(2)Mostdropoutswentasfarintheirdoctoralprogramaswasconsistentwiththeirlevelsofabilityortheirspecialties.

(3)Mostdropoutsarenowengagedinworkconsistentwiththeireducationandmotivation.

Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision,butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfailuretopassthequalifyingexamination,uncompletedresearchandfailuretolanguageexams.Amongthesinglemostimportantpersonalreasonsidentifiedbydropoutsfornon-completionoftheirPh.D.program,lackoffinanceswasmarkedby19percent.

Asanindicationofhowwellthedropoutsweredoing,achartshowed2%inhumanitieswerereceiving$20,000andmoreannuallywhilenoneofthePh.D.’swiththatbackgroundreachedthisfigure.ThePh.D.’sshoneinthe$7,500to$15,000bracketwith78%atthatlevelagainst50%forthedropouts.Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D’stendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.

Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.Themainconditionwhichwouldhavetoprevailforatleast25%ofthedropoutswhomightconsiderreturningtograduateschoolwouldbetoguaranteethattheywouldretaintheirpresentlevelofincomeandinsomecasestheirpresentjob.

1.Theauthorstatesthatmanyeducatorsfeelthat（）.

2.Researchhasshownthat（）.

3.MeetingforeignlanguagerequirementsforthePh.D.（）.

4.Afterreadingthearticle,onewouldrefrainfromconcludingthat（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredthatthehighrateofdropoutsliesin（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.stepsshouldbetakentogetdropoutsbacktocampus.

B.thedropoutsshouldreturntoalowerqualityschooltocontinuetheirstudy.

C.thePh.

D.holderisgenerallyabetteradjustedpersonthanthedropout.D.thehighdropoutrateislargelyattributabletothelackofstimulationonthepartoffacultymembers

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.dropoutsaresubstantiallybelowPh.D’sinfinancialattainment.

B.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studies.

C.D.studies.C.

D.studies.C.thePh.D.candidateislikelytochangehisfieldofspecializationifhedropsout.D.aboutone-thirdofthosewhostartPh.D.workdonotcompletetheworktoearnthedegree.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.isthemostfrequentreasonfordroppingout.

B.ismoredifficultforthesciencecandidatethanforthehumanitiescandidate.

C.isanessentialpartofmanyPh.

D.programs.D.doesnotvaryindifficultyamonguniversities.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.optimismreignsinregardtogettingPh.D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegree.

B.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegree.

C.D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegree.B.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegree.C.

D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegree.B.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegree.C.collegesanduniversitiesemployasubstantialnumberofPh.D.dropouts.D.Ph.D.’sarenotearningwhattheydeserveinnonacademicpositions.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.salaryforPh.D.toolow

B.academicrequirementtoohigh

C.D.toolowB.academicrequirementtoohighC.

D.toolowB.academicrequirementtoohighC.salaryfordropoutstoohighD.l,000positions

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干意思定位到第三段SomepeopleexpressedtheopinionthattheshortageofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedbypersuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompletethePh.D.“一些人認(rèn)為，可以通過說服輟學(xué)者重返研究生院完成博士學(xué)位，來減少受過高等教育的專家和大學(xué)教師的短缺”由此可知A選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該采取措施讓輟學(xué)者重返校園”與原文意思相符，為正確選項(xiàng)。

第2題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段中Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percentandinmostcasesthedropouts,whilenotcompletingthePh.D.requirement,wentontoproductivework“博士候選人的輟學(xué)率高達(dá)31%，在大多數(shù)情況下，這些輟學(xué)生在沒有完成博士學(xué)位要求的情況下，都在繼續(xù)從事生產(chǎn)性工作?！庇纱丝赏瞥鯠選項(xiàng)“大約三分之一開始攻讀博士學(xué)位的人沒有完成學(xué)業(yè)獲得學(xué)位”與原文相符。A選項(xiàng)“輟學(xué)者在經(jīng)濟(jì)成就方面遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于博士”與文章最后一句表達(dá)意思相反，所以不正確；B選項(xiàng)“在攻讀博士學(xué)位方面，激勵(lì)因素是次要的”與原文不符；C項(xiàng)“如果這位博士候選人退出，他很可能改變他的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域”在文中并未提及。因此，選項(xiàng)A、B、C均為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，D選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第八段中Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision,butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfailuretopassthequalifyingexamination,uncompletedresearchandfailuretolanguageexams.“近75%的退學(xué)學(xué)生表示，他們的決定并非出于學(xué)術(shù)原因，但那些提到學(xué)術(shù)原因的學(xué)生表示，他們沒有通過資格考試、沒有完成研究以及沒有通過語言考試?！庇纱丝赏浦狢選項(xiàng)“是許多博士課程的重要組成部分”與原文意思相符，正確。

第4題:判斷推理題。本題題干意思是讀完這篇文章后，人們不會(huì)得出這樣的結(jié)論……文章最后一段中Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.“至于讓輟學(xué)學(xué)生重返校園的可能性，前景不容樂觀?！盇選項(xiàng)“讓博士輟學(xué)生重新回到他們對(duì)學(xué)位的追求中，樂觀主義占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位”與原文意思相反，因此選項(xiàng)A為正確選項(xiàng)。

第5題:判斷推理題。由倒數(shù)第二段中Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D’stendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.“這也可能表明了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即博士往往能拿到最高薪水的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域的高薪仍落后于其他領(lǐng)域。”由此可以推出，博士的薪資并不高，因此A選項(xiàng)“博士的薪水太低”與原文相符。選項(xiàng)B、C都屬于過度推斷，選項(xiàng)D文章并未提及。由此可知，選項(xiàng)A為正確選項(xiàng)。

4.單選題

Herremarks（）acompletedisregardforhumanrights.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.magnified

B.maintained

C.manipulated

D.manifested

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)magnified“擴(kuò)大，放大”；B選項(xiàng)maintained“保持，供養(yǎng)”；C選項(xiàng)manipulated“操縱，控制”；D選項(xiàng)manifested“表明，顯示”，句意：她的評(píng)論表明了對(duì)人權(quán)的完全漠視，所以只有D選項(xiàng)符合。

5.翻譯題

Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessandwhatitcandoforusnowthanformerly.Summerhomes，Europeanvacations,travel,BMW's—suchitemsdonotseemlessindemandthantheydidadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotadmittheirdreamsaseasilyandopenlyastheyoncecould,lesttheybethoughtofaspushing,acquisitive,andvulgar.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsooutstanding,theproperactionseemstobe,“Succeedatallcostsbutrefrainfromappearingambitious.”Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles,whileitspublicdefendersarefewandineffective.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandcultivatedintheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsurges,butonlythatsinceitisnolongeropenlyhonored,itisthereforelessoftenopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenundergroundormadedevious.

【答案】當(dāng)然，相比于從前，人們對(duì)于成功以及成功給我們帶來的東西興趣似乎不會(huì)減少。人們對(duì)避暑別墅、歐洲旅行、旅游、寶馬這類事物的需求相比一二十年前似乎也沒有減少。情況是人們現(xiàn)在不敢簡單公開地像以前那樣承認(rèn)自己的夢(mèng)想，怕被認(rèn)為是急功近利、貪得無厭和庸俗的人。對(duì)于這樣的人，或許還有很多不那么優(yōu)秀的人，正確的做法是：不惜一切代價(jià)取得成功，但是要避免變得野心勃勃。人們從各個(gè)角度對(duì)野心有很多批評(píng)，但是公開批評(píng)者很少，并且顯得很無力。因此，在美國，將雄心看作是一種健康的動(dòng)力，一種可敬的從年輕就開始培養(yǎng)了的品質(zhì)，這很少有人支持。這并不意味著雄心已經(jīng)沒有了，也不意味著人們不再感受到雄心帶來的驅(qū)動(dòng)力，相反地，因?yàn)椴辉俟_推崇，那么也不會(huì)公開宣揚(yáng)了。這樣做帶來的結(jié)果是，雄心以一種私下看不見的方式驅(qū)動(dòng)著人們。

6.單選題

Oneargumentusedtosupporttheideathatemploymentwillcontinuetobethedominantformofwork,andthatemploymentwilleventuallybecomeavailableforallwhowantit,isthatworkingtimewillcontinuetofall.Peopleinjobswillworkfewerhoursintheday,fewerdaysintheweek,fewerweeksintheyear,andfeweryearsinalifetime,thantheydonow.Thiswillmeanthatmorejobswillbeavailableformorepeople.This,itissaid,isthewayweshouldsetaboutrestoringfullemployment.

Thereisnodoubtthatsomethingofthiskindwillhappen.Theshorterworkingweek,longerholidays,earlierretirement,job-sharing—theseandotherwaysofreducingtheamountoftimepeoplespendontheirjobs—arecertainlylikelytospread.Amixofpart-timepaidworkandpart-timeunpaidworkislikelytobecomeamuchmorecommonworkpatternthantoday,andaflexi-lifepatternofwork-involvingpaidemploymentatcertainstagesoflife,butnotatothers—willbecomewidespread.Butitissurelyunrealistictoassumethatthiswillmakeitpossibletorestorefullemploymentasthedominantformofwork.

Inthefirstplace,solongasemploymentremainstheoverwhelminglyimportantformofworkandsourceofincomeformostpeople,itisverydifficulttoseehowreductionsinemployees’workingtimecantakeplaceonascalesufficientlylargeandatapacesufficientlyfasttomakeitpossibletoshareouttheavailablepaidemploymenttoeveryonewhowantsit.Suchnegotiationsastherehaverecentlybeen,forexampleinBritainandGermany,aboutthepossibilityofintroducinga35-hourworkingweek,havehighlightedsomeofthedifficulties.But,secondly,ifchangesofthiskindweretotakeplaceatapaceandonascalesufficienttomakeitpossibletoshareemploymentamongallwhowantedit,theresultingsituation—inwhichmostpeoplewouldnotbeworkingintheirjobsformorethantwoorthreeshortdaysaweek―couldhardlycontinuetobeoneinwhichemploymentwasstillregardedastheonlytrulyvalidformofwork.Therewouldbesomanypeoplespendingsomuchoftheirtimeonotheractivities,includingotherformsofusefulwork,thattheprimacyofemploymentwouldbeboundtobecalledintoquestion,atleasttosomeextent.

1.TheauthorusesthenegotiationsinBritainandGermanyasanexampleto（

）.

2.Attheendofthepassagetheauthorseemstoimplythatasaresultofshorterworkingtime

（

）.

3.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsfuturefullemploymentisgenerally（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.supportreductionsinemployeesworkingtime

B.indicateemployeesareunwillingtosharejobs

C.provethepossibilityofsharingpaidemployment

D.showthatemploymentwillloseitsdominance

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.employmentmaynotretainitsusualimportance

B.employmentmaynotberegardedasvalidwork

C.peoplecanbeengagedinfarlessunpaidwork

D.peoplecanbeengagedinfarmoreunpaidwork

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.supportive

B.wavering

C.skeptical

D.unclear

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。本題是問作者用英國和德國的談判這個(gè)例子的目的是什么。由本文最后一段中的內(nèi)容“itisverydifficulttoseehowreductionsinemployees’workingrimecantakeplaceonascalesufficientlylargeandatapacesufficientlyfasttomakeitpossibletoshareouttheavailablepaidemploymenttoeveryonewhowantsit.Suchnegotiationsastherehaverecentlybeen,forexampleinBritainandGermany,aboutthepossibilityofintroducinga35-hourworkingweek,havehighlightedsomeofthedifficulties.很難看出，員工的工作時(shí)間是如何以足夠大的規(guī)模、足夠快的速度減少的，以至于有可能將可用的帶薪就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)分配給每一個(gè)想要的人。最近在英國和德國就引入每周35小時(shí)工作制的可能性進(jìn)行的談判，突顯了其中的一些困難?！笨芍岬搅诉@次談判，主要目的是為了支持減少員工們的工作時(shí)間，A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.推理判斷題。本題是問文章的最后作者想表達(dá)更短的工作時(shí)間的一個(gè)結(jié)果是什么。根據(jù)本文最后一段最后一句內(nèi)容“Therewouldbesomanypeoplespendingsomuchoftheirtimeonotheractivities,includingotherformsofusefulwork,thattheprimacyofemploymentwouldbeboundtobecalledintoquestion,atleasttosomeextent.將有如此多的人把如此多的時(shí)間花在其他活動(dòng)上，包括其他形式的有益工作，就業(yè)的首要地位必然會(huì)受到質(zhì)疑，至少在某種程度上是這樣?！笨芍懈痰墓ぷ鲿r(shí)間的結(jié)果是人們就可以把時(shí)間放到更多其他的活動(dòng)或者有價(jià)值的工作中去，所以C選項(xiàng)‘人們可以從事少得多的無薪工作’正確。

3.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。本題是問作者對(duì)于未來的完全雇傭所持有的態(tài)度。A選項(xiàng)supportive“支持的”；B選項(xiàng)wavering“搖擺的，猶豫不決的”；C選項(xiàng)skeptical“懷疑的”；

D選項(xiàng)unclear“不清楚的”。根據(jù)本文第二段最后一句話寫到“Butitissurelyunrealistictoassumethatthiswillmakeitpossibletorestorefullemploymentasthedominantformofwork.但是，如果認(rèn)為這將使充分就業(yè)成為可能，重新成為占主導(dǎo)地位的工作形式，那肯定是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的?！笨芍鲎髡哒J(rèn)為恢復(fù)完全雇傭?yàn)楣ぷ鞯闹饕问绞遣滑F(xiàn)實(shí)的，C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

7.單選題

Heneverfeltthatbeingdisabled（）himofallmoralresponsibilitytohimselfandhiscommunity.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.released

B.relieved

C.removed

D.relied

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。release“釋放；允許發(fā)表”；relieve“解除；減輕；使放心”；remove“移動(dòng)；開除”；rely“依靠，信賴”。句意：他從不認(rèn)為，變得殘疾……他所有對(duì)自己和社區(qū)的道德責(zé)任。可知“減輕”更合適，因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.單選題

Weagreethatacentralpurposeofdramahasalwaysbeentoprovideameansforasocietyto_______uponitselfanditsbeliefs.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.manifest

B.reflect

C.invent

D.respect

【答案】B

【解析】manifest證明,顯示;reflect反映;invent發(fā)明,創(chuàng)作;respect尊重。句意：我們一致認(rèn)為,戲劇的中心思想一直是為社會(huì)提供一種反映自身及其信仰的手段。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

9.單選題

VI.LitigationProcedure

Methodsofservingprocessincivilcaseshavebothevolvedanderoded.InmedievalEngland,arrestofthedefendantwascommonattheoutsetofcivilactionsatlaw.Althougharrestcertainlyprovidednotice,itsprimarypurposewastoaccomplishthecourt’sassertionofphysicalpoweroverthedefendant.Eventually,arrestatthecommencementofacivilactionwasdeferred.Arrestwasthenreplacedwithsubjectiontothecourt’spowerbypersonaldeliveryofprocess,whichservedasthefoundationforonemodernservicemethodwhereaUnitedStatesMarshalpersonallyhandsthesummonstoadefendant.

Theideathatonlyagovernmentalofficer,suchasaUnitedStatesMarshalordeputy,couldbetheserverwaseventuallyabandonedinfavorofallowingtheservertobeanypersonthatisatleasteighteenyearsoldandnotapartytothelawsuit.Eventherequirementthatadefendantpersonallyreceivethesummonswasdilutedbytheadditionofanalternativemethodallowingasummonsandcomplainttobeleftatthedefendant’s“dwellingorusualplaceofabodewithsomeoneofsuitableageanddiscretionwhoresidesthere.”

Fromtherecipient’sperspective,thesummoningcourt’sassertionofpowerhasgraduallywornaway.Asoneexpertinthefieldaptlydescribed:“TheawesomeimpactofthesheriffarrivinginarmorandonhorsebacktodeliverawritinmedievalEnglandandtheauthorityofthesovereignsealedinthehot,redwaxofearliertimeshasbeenreplacedbyablandmanilaenvelopecarryingapostagestampthatmaycelebratenotionsofloveorpoetry.”

Althoughmostmodernservicemethodsarewelcomeimprovementstothoseofearlieryears(i.e.,notneedingtoarrestalldefendantsineverycivilaction),thisArticlearguestheservicemethodauthorizedbyRule7004(b)(1)oftheFederalRulesofBankruptcyProcedureviolatesadefendant’sdueprocessrightsundertheFifthAmendment.Rule7004(b)(1)allowsasummonsandcomplainttobeservedby“firstclassmailpostageprepaid...totheindividual’sdwellinghouseorusualplaceofabodeortotheplacewheretheindividualregularlyconductsabusinessorprofession.”Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt,nocertifiedmailing,andnowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned.Otherthanthedefendant’sresponse,ifany,thereisnowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint.

71.ThedefendantinacivilcaseintheUnitedStateshadbeennotifiedaboutthecaseinthefollowingwayBUT___.

72.Thelastsentenceinthe3rdparagraphmeansthat___.

73.AccordingtoRule7004(b)(1),adefendantinabankruptcycaseisservedby___.

74.TheproblemoftheRule7004(b)(1)forservingasummonsisthefollowing,except___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.personaldeliveryofthesummonsbyUSMarshal

B.personaldeliveryofthesummonsbyanyoneabove18notapartytothelawsuit

C.summonsandcomplaintbeleftatthedefendant’sdwelling

D.arrested

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.summoningprocessisthecourt’sassertionofpower

B.deliveryofasummonsisnolongerasseriousasbefore

C.thereshouldbeaspecialformofsummoning

D.asummonsmaybesentwithablandmanilaenvelopetogetherwithaloveletter

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.registeredmail

B.personaldelivery

C.firstclassmail

D.firstclassmailpostagetobepaid

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thedefendantisnotnotified

B.Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt

C.Nowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned

D.Nowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】71.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段InmedievalEngland,arrestofthedefendantwascommonattheoutsetofcivilactionsatlaw.Althougharrestcertainlyprovidednotice,itsprimarypurposewastoaccomplishthecourt’sassertionofphysicalpoweroverthedefendant.（在中世紀(jì)的英國，逮捕被告在民事訴訟開始時(shí)是很常見的。雖然逮捕確實(shí)提供了通知，但其主要目的是實(shí)現(xiàn)法院對(duì)被告人的實(shí)際權(quán)力的主張）可知逮捕是在中世紀(jì)的英國而不是美國，D選項(xiàng)“逮捕”符合題意；第二段Theideathatonlyagovernmentalofficer,suchasaUnitedStatesMarshalordeputy,couldbetheserverwaseventuallyabandonedinfavorofallowingtheservertobeanypersonthatisatleasteighteenyearsoldandnotapartytothelawsuit.（認(rèn)為只有政府官員，比如美國法警或副警長才能成為傳送者的想法最終被放棄，轉(zhuǎn)而允許傳送者是任何年滿18歲的人，且不是訴訟的一方）可知A選項(xiàng)“美國法警親自交付傳票”和B選項(xiàng)“18歲以上的非訴訟方的個(gè)人送達(dá)傳票”符合美國民事案件中傳送法院傳票的方法，排除；第二段Eventherequirementthatadefendantpersonallyreceivethesummonswasdilutedbytheadditionofanalternativemethodallowingasummonsandcomplainttobeleftatthedefendant’s“dwellingorusualplaceofabodewithsomeoneofsuitableageanddiscretionwhoresidesthere.”（甚至要求被告親自收到傳票的要求也因增加了另一種方法而被淡化了，這種方法允許將傳票和申訴留在被告的“由具有適當(dāng)年齡和自由裁量權(quán)的人居住在那里的住所或通常居住的地方”）可知C選項(xiàng)“傳票和申訴留在被告住所”符合美國民事案件中傳送法院傳票的方法，排除。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

72.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段最后一句“TheawesomeimpactofthesheriffarrivinginarmorandonhorsebacktodeliverawritinmedievalEnglandandtheauthorityofthesovereignsealedinthehot,redwaxofearliertimeshasbeenreplacedbyablandmanilaenvelopecarryingapostagestampthatmaycelebratenotionsofloveorpoetry.”（“在中世紀(jì)的英格蘭，警長身穿盔甲騎馬前來遞交令狀，君主的權(quán)威在炎熱的天氣里被封印，這種可怕的影響，早期的紅蠟已經(jīng)被一個(gè)平淡的馬尼拉信封所取代，信封上貼著郵票，可以慶祝愛情或詩歌的概念。”）結(jié)合第三段第一句Fromtherecipient’sperspective,thesummoningcourt’sassertionofpowerhasgraduallywornaway.（從接受者的角度看，傳喚法院的權(quán)力主張已逐漸消磨殆盡）可知現(xiàn)在的法院傳票已經(jīng)不像以前一樣有儀式感和嚴(yán)肅感，選B選項(xiàng)“傳票的送達(dá)不再像以前那樣嚴(yán)肅”，D選項(xiàng)“傳票可以和一封情書連同一個(gè)乏味的牛皮紙信封一起寄出”明顯不符合原文，排除；A選項(xiàng)“傳喚程序是法院對(duì)權(quán)力的主張”和C選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該有一種特殊的召喚形式”第三段未涉及，第三段只是在描述法院傳票不再像以前那樣嚴(yán)肅，沒有提出其他建議。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

73.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Rule7004(b)(1)”定位到原文第三段Rule7004(b)(1)allowsasummonsandcomplainttobeservedby“firstclassmailpostageprepaid...”（規(guī)則7004（b）（1）允許傳票和申訴通過“預(yù)付一等郵資的郵件……”）可知選D選項(xiàng)“第一類郵件的郵資預(yù)付”；A選項(xiàng)“掛號(hào)郵件”，B選項(xiàng)“個(gè)人支付”和C選項(xiàng)“第一類郵件”不符合原文。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

74.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Rule7004(b)(1)”定位到原文第三段Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt,nocertifiedmailing,andnowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned.Otherthanthedefendant’sresponse,ifany,thereisnowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint.（沒有回執(zhí)，沒有掛號(hào)信，無需簽署并返還的棄權(quán)文件。除了被告的答復(fù)（如果有的話），沒有辦法知道被告是否收到傳票和申訴）可知A選項(xiàng)“被告未被通知”并不是關(guān)于送達(dá)傳票的第7004(b)(1)條規(guī)則的問題；B選項(xiàng)“沒有回執(zhí)”，C選項(xiàng)“沒有必須簽署和返還的放棄文件”以及D選項(xiàng)“無法得知被告是否收到傳票和投訴”和原文相符。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

10.填空題

Mencannotmanufacturebloodasefficientlyaswomencan.Thismakessurgeryriskierformen.Menalsoneedmoreoxygenbecausetheydonotbreatheasoftenaswomen.Butmenbreathemoredeeplyandthisexposesthem（1）anotherrisk.Whentheairispolluted,theydrawmoreofit

（2）

theirlungs.

Amorerecentandchillingfindingistheeffectofautomobileandtruckexhaustfumes

（3）

children’sintelligence.Theseexhaustfumesarethegreatest

（

4）

ofleadpollutionincities.Researchershavefoundthatthechildrenwiththehighestconcentrationofleadintheir