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ABOBLOODGROUPDR.MOHAMMEDHSAIEMALDAHRFacultyofAppliedMedicalSciencesBLOODBANKMEDICALTECNOLOGYKAAUABOBLOODGROUPDR.MOHAMMEDH1ABOBLOODGROUPHistoryLandsteinersdiscoveredtheABOBloodGroupSystemin1901Heandfiveco-workersbeganmixingeachothersredbloodcellsandserumtogetherandaccidentallyperformedthefirstforwardandreverseABOgroupings.LandsteinersRule:Ifanantigen(Ag)ispresentonapatientsredbloodcellsthecorrespondingantibody(Ab)willNOTbepresentinthepatientsplasma,under‘normalconditions’.ABOBLOODGROUPHistory2ABOBLOODGROUPImportanceofABOTherearetwoprinciples1-almostallnormalhealthyindividualsabove3-6monthsofagehave“naturallyoccurringAbs”totheABOAgsthattheylackTheseAbstermednaturallyoccurringbecausetheywerethoughttoarisewithoutantigenicstimulationABOBLOODGROUPImportanceofA3ABOBLOODGROUPImportanceofABO2-These“naturallyoccurring”AbsaremostlyIgMclass.Thatmeansthat,theyareAbscapableofagglutinating

saline/lowproteinsuspendedredcellwithoutenhancementandmayactivatecomplementcascade.ABOBLOODGROUPImportanceofA4MajorABOBloodGroupForwardbloodgroupingusinganti-seraandredbloodcellsABOGroupAntigen

PresentAntigen

MissingAntibody

PresentAABAnti-BBBAAnti-AONoneAandBAnti-A&BABAandBNoneNoneIfanantigen(Ag)ispresentonapatientsredbloodcellsthecorrespondingantibody(Ab)willNOTbepresentinthepatientsplasma,under‘normalconditions’.MajorABOBloodGroupForward5ABOBLOODGROUP(Forwardbloodgrouping)

DeterminationofABOantigensfoundonpatientredbloodcellsusingreagentanti-sera.SerumfromBGBagglARBCs,thatanAbtoAAgwaspresentinGrpBserum,serumfromAaggGrpBRBCsPatientRedCellsTestedWithPatientAnti-AAnti-BInterpretation100O24+0A304+B44+4+ABABOBLOODGROUP(Forwardblood6ReverseGrouping(Confirmatorygrouping)

PatientSerumTestedWithreagentredbloodcells

SerumfromGRPOindividualagglbothAandBcellsindicatethepresenceofAbstobothAandBingroupOserum

PatientA1CellsBCellsInterpretation14+4+O204+A34+0B400ABReverseGrouping(Confirmatory7FORWARD&REVERSEABOBLOOD

GROUPINGReactionofCellsTestedWithReactionofSerumTestedAgainstABOGroupAnti-AAnti-BA1CellsBCells100++O2+00+A30++0B4++00ABFORWARD&REVERSEABOBLOODG8ABO-BLOOD-GROUP教學(xué)講解課件9ABOINHERITANCET2

Dad=A/O

andMom=B/OMomBODadAA/BA/OOO/BO/OABOINHERITANCET2Dad=A/OM10ABOgroupsoftheoffspringfromthevariouspossibleABOmatingPhenotypes

Genotype

offspring

AxAAAxAAA(AA)AAxAOA(AAorAO)AOxAOA(AAorAO),O(OO)BxBBBxBOB(BBorBO)

AxABAAxABAB(AB)orA(AA)AOxABAB(AB),A(AA,AO),B(BO)

ABOgroupsoftheoffspringfr11InheritanceDefinition

Isoagglutinins:aredefinedasantibodiesthatagglutinatebloodcellsofsomeindividualsofthesamespecies

Glycosyltransferases:areenzymethatfacilitatethetransferofcarbohydrate(sugar)moleculesontocarbohydrateprecursormolecules

Immunodominantsugar:isthesugarmoleculethatcompletetheantigenicdeterminantwhencombinedwiththeprecursorsubstanceInheritanceDefinition12ABHANTIGENTheinheritanceoftheABObloodgroupwasdemonstratedthateachindividualinheritsoneABOgenefromeachparentandthesetwogenesdeterminewhichAgsarepresentonRBCsmembraneOnepositionorLocus,oneachchromosomenumbernineisoccupiedbyanA,B,oranOgene

ABHANTIGENTheinheritanceof13ABHANTIGENALocustermedHandthefinalproductofthegenesatthatlocus,Hantigen,wasnecessaryfortheexpressionofnormalABOantigens(Allele:anyalternateformofagenethatcanoccupyagivenchromosomallocation(locus).ABHAgsoftheRBCmembranearefoundpartlyasglycolipids,butprimarilyasglycoproteins.Itmayalsooccurinthesecretionasglycoproteins.ABHANTIGENALocustermedHan14ABHAntigensAgsbelongingtoABHbloodgroupsystemarepresentonRBCsandotherbodycellsandbodyfluids.ThepresenceofA,B,andOAgsonRBCsdependsupontheallelicgenes,A,B,andOAnH

genesataseparatelocuscodesfortheprecursorsubstanceonwhichtheAandBgeneproductsactTheproductsoftheAandBgenesareenzymes

thatactasaspecifictransferasesABHAntigensAgsbelongingtoA15ABHAntigensHgeneproductsisanenzymethatproduceHsubstanceTheOgeneisasilentalleleItdoesnotalterthestructureofHsubstance.ABHAntigensHgeneproductsis16FormationofA1B&HAntigenTheABOgenes

donotcodefortheproductionofABOantigens,BUTratherproducespecificglycosyltransferases

ABOproducesaspecificglycosyltransferasesthataddsugarstoabasicprecursorsubstanceontheRBCsAdonornucleotidederivativesuppliesthesugarthatconfers(gives)ABOspecificity(isthesugarmoleculethatcompletetheantigenicdeterminantwhencombinedwiththeprecursorsubstance)TheformationofABHantigensresultsfromtheinteractionofABOgeneswithseveralotherseparate,independentbloodgroups.FormationofA1B&HAntigenThe17FormationofA1B&HAntigenTheinheritanceofatleastoneHgene(HHorHh)elicits(obtain)theproductionofanenzymecalled,α-2-L-Fucosyltransferase,whichtransfersthesugarfromtheGuanosinediphosphateL-fucose(GDP-Fuc)donornucleotidetotheterminalgalactose

oftheprecursorchain.TheHsubstancemustbeformedfortheothersugarstobeattachedinresponsetoaninheritedAand/orBgenes

FormationofA1B&HAntigenThe18ABHAgTherearetwopotentialprecursorssubstance(PS)botharecomprisedofidenticalsugar(galactos-N-acetylgluctosamin-galactose-glucose)butdifferentinlinkage.TypeIPShasaterminalgalactose(Gal)linkedtoasubterminalNacetylgucoseamine(GlcNAc)in1-3linkageTypeIIPS,hasthesamesugarcombinein1-4linkageABHAgsonRBCsarederivedfromTypeIIchains.ABHAgTherearetwopotential19ABOGeneticsGenesatthreeseparatelocicontroltheoccurrenceandlocationofAandBantigensHhgenes–HandhallelesHallelecodesforafucosyltransferaseenzymethataddsafucoseonType2chains(primarily)toformtheHantigenontowhichAandBantigensarebuiltonredbloodcells.halleleisasilentallele(amorph)ABOGeneticsGenesatthreesep20ABOGeneticsA,BandHantigensarebuiltonoligosaccharidechainsof4types.ThemostcommonformsareType1andType2.Type1:#1carbonofGalisattachedtothe#3carbonofGlcNAc.Type2:#1carbonofGalisattachedtothe#4carbonofGlcNAc.ABOGeneticsA,BandHantigen21ABOGenetics

2-Segenes–SeandseallelesSeallelecodesforafucosyltransferaseenzymethataddsfuscosontoType1chains(primarily)insecretoryglands.ControlsexpressionofHantigensinsecretions(i.e.saliva,bodyfluids,etc.)sealleleisanamorph3.ABOgenes–A,BandOallelesAandB

allelescodefor(glycosyltransferase)

afucosyltransferaseenzymesthataddasugarontoHantigenstoproduceAandBantigensOalleledoesnotcodeafunctionalenzymeABOGenetics2-Segenes–S22ABOGeneticsOccurancea. ThepresenceorabsenceoftheABHantigensontheredbloodcellmembraneiscontrolledbytheHgeneb. PresenceorabsenceoftheABHantigensinsecretionsisindirectlycontrolledbythe

Segenes.ABOGeneticsOccurance23ABOGeneticsHhgene–Handhalleles(hisanamorph)Segene–Seandsealleles(seisanamorph)ABOgenes–A,BandOallelesControlspresenceofH,A,andBantigensonbothRBCsandinSecretionsControlspresenceofHantigeninthesecretionsInherit1genefromeachparentthatcodesforanenzymethataddsasugartotheHantigenABOGeneticsHhgene–Handh24HgeneactsonaPrecursorsubstance(PS)*byadding

FucoseHAntigen*PS=oligosaccharidechainattachedtoeitherglycosphingo-lipid,Type2chain(onRBC)orglycoprotein,Type1chain(insecretions)TheH

genecodesforanenzyme(fucosylytranferase)thataddsaFucosetotheterminalsugarofaPrecursorSubstance(PS*).ThebiochemicalstructurebelowconstitutestheHAntigen.(hgeneisanamorph.)HgeneactsonaPrecursorsub25ABOGeneticsHantigenisthefoundationuponwhichAandBantigensarebuilt.AandBgenescodeforenzymesthataddanimmunodominantsugartotheHantigen.ABOGeneticsHantigenisthef26Formationofthe

AAntigenThe

AgenecodesforanenzymethataddsGalNAc

(N-Acetyl-Dgalactosamine)

totheterminalsugarofthe

HAntigen.

ThebiochemicalstructureconstitutestheAantigen.Formationofthe

AAntigenTh27Formationofthe

BAntigenB

genecodesforanenzymethatadds

D-Galactose

totheterminalsugaroftheHAntigen.Thebiochemicalstructure

constitutesthe

BAntigen.Formationofthe

BAntigenBg28TheHantigenisfoundontheRBCswhenthereisanHhorHHgenotypesbutNOTwiththehhgenotype.TheAantigenisfoundontheRBCswhenthereisHh,HH,andA/A,

A/OorA/Bgenotypes.TheBantigenisfoundontheRBCswhenthereisHh,HH,andB/B,

B/OorA/Bgenotypes.TheHantigenisfoundonthe29AmountofHAntigenAccordingtoBloodGroupBloodGroupOpeoplehaveredbloodcellsrichinHantigen.Why?NeithertheAorBgeneshaveconvertedtheHantigenstoAorBantigens-justawholebunchofH!OalleleattheABOlocus(amorph)ItdoesnotalterthestructureofHsubstance.Greatest

AmountofHLeast

AmountofH

O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1BAmountofHAntigenAccording30DonorNucleotides&ImmundominantSugarsresponsibleforH,A,andBAgsspecificity

GeneGlcosyltransferaseNucleotideImmunodominantsugarAntigenH

L-fucosyltrnsferasGuanosineGDP-FUCL-fucoseHANacetylgalactosaminyltransferaseUridineUDP-GALNACN-acetyl-D-galactoseamineABD-galactosyltransferaseUridineUDP-GALD-galactoseBDonorNucleotides&Immundomin31ABOBLOODGROUPDR.MOHAMMEDHSAIEMALDAHRFacultyofAppliedMedicalSciencesBLOODBANKMEDICALTECNOLOGYKAAUABOBLOODGROUPDR.MOHAMMEDH32ABOBLOODGROUPHistoryLandsteinersdiscoveredtheABOBloodGroupSystemin1901Heandfiveco-workersbeganmixingeachothersredbloodcellsandserumtogetherandaccidentallyperformedthefirstforwardandreverseABOgroupings.LandsteinersRule:Ifanantigen(Ag)ispresentonapatientsredbloodcellsthecorrespondingantibody(Ab)willNOTbepresentinthepatientsplasma,under‘normalconditions’.ABOBLOODGROUPHistory33ABOBLOODGROUPImportanceofABOTherearetwoprinciples1-almostallnormalhealthyindividualsabove3-6monthsofagehave“naturallyoccurringAbs”totheABOAgsthattheylackTheseAbstermednaturallyoccurringbecausetheywerethoughttoarisewithoutantigenicstimulationABOBLOODGROUPImportanceofA34ABOBLOODGROUPImportanceofABO2-These“naturallyoccurring”AbsaremostlyIgMclass.Thatmeansthat,theyareAbscapableofagglutinating

saline/lowproteinsuspendedredcellwithoutenhancementandmayactivatecomplementcascade.ABOBLOODGROUPImportanceofA35MajorABOBloodGroupForwardbloodgroupingusinganti-seraandredbloodcellsABOGroupAntigen

PresentAntigen

MissingAntibody

PresentAABAnti-BBBAAnti-AONoneAandBAnti-A&BABAandBNoneNoneIfanantigen(Ag)ispresentonapatientsredbloodcellsthecorrespondingantibody(Ab)willNOTbepresentinthepatientsplasma,under‘normalconditions’.MajorABOBloodGroupForward36ABOBLOODGROUP(Forwardbloodgrouping)

DeterminationofABOantigensfoundonpatientredbloodcellsusingreagentanti-sera.SerumfromBGBagglARBCs,thatanAbtoAAgwaspresentinGrpBserum,serumfromAaggGrpBRBCsPatientRedCellsTestedWithPatientAnti-AAnti-BInterpretation100O24+0A304+B44+4+ABABOBLOODGROUP(Forwardblood37ReverseGrouping(Confirmatorygrouping)

PatientSerumTestedWithreagentredbloodcells

SerumfromGRPOindividualagglbothAandBcellsindicatethepresenceofAbstobothAandBingroupOserum

PatientA1CellsBCellsInterpretation14+4+O204+A34+0B400ABReverseGrouping(Confirmatory38FORWARD&REVERSEABOBLOOD

GROUPINGReactionofCellsTestedWithReactionofSerumTestedAgainstABOGroupAnti-AAnti-BA1CellsBCells100++O2+00+A30++0B4++00ABFORWARD&REVERSEABOBLOODG39ABO-BLOOD-GROUP教學(xué)講解課件40ABOINHERITANCET2

Dad=A/O

andMom=B/OMomBODadAA/BA/OOO/BO/OABOINHERITANCET2Dad=A/OM41ABOgroupsoftheoffspringfromthevariouspossibleABOmatingPhenotypes

Genotype

offspring

AxAAAxAAA(AA)AAxAOA(AAorAO)AOxAOA(AAorAO),O(OO)BxBBBxBOB(BBorBO)

AxABAAxABAB(AB)orA(AA)AOxABAB(AB),A(AA,AO),B(BO)

ABOgroupsoftheoffspringfr42InheritanceDefinition

Isoagglutinins:aredefinedasantibodiesthatagglutinatebloodcellsofsomeindividualsofthesamespecies

Glycosyltransferases:areenzymethatfacilitatethetransferofcarbohydrate(sugar)moleculesontocarbohydrateprecursormolecules

Immunodominantsugar:isthesugarmoleculethatcompletetheantigenicdeterminantwhencombinedwiththeprecursorsubstanceInheritanceDefinition43ABHANTIGENTheinheritanceoftheABObloodgroupwasdemonstratedthateachindividualinheritsoneABOgenefromeachparentandthesetwogenesdeterminewhichAgsarepresentonRBCsmembraneOnepositionorLocus,oneachchromosomenumbernineisoccupiedbyanA,B,oranOgene

ABHANTIGENTheinheritanceof44ABHANTIGENALocustermedHandthefinalproductofthegenesatthatlocus,Hantigen,wasnecessaryfortheexpressionofnormalABOantigens(Allele:anyalternateformofagenethatcanoccupyagivenchromosomallocation(locus).ABHAgsoftheRBCmembranearefoundpartlyasglycolipids,butprimarilyasglycoproteins.Itmayalsooccurinthesecretionasglycoproteins.ABHANTIGENALocustermedHan45ABHAntigensAgsbelongingtoABHbloodgroupsystemarepresentonRBCsandotherbodycellsandbodyfluids.ThepresenceofA,B,andOAgsonRBCsdependsupontheallelicgenes,A,B,andOAnH

genesataseparatelocuscodesfortheprecursorsubstanceonwhichtheAandBgeneproductsactTheproductsoftheAandBgenesareenzymes

thatactasaspecifictransferasesABHAntigensAgsbelongingtoA46ABHAntigensHgeneproductsisanenzymethatproduceHsubstanceTheOgeneisasilentalleleItdoesnotalterthestructureofHsubstance.ABHAntigensHgeneproductsis47FormationofA1B&HAntigenTheABOgenes

donotcodefortheproductionofABOantigens,BUTratherproducespecificglycosyltransferases

ABOproducesaspecificglycosyltransferasesthataddsugarstoabasicprecursorsubstanceontheRBCsAdonornucleotidederivativesuppliesthesugarthatconfers(gives)ABOspecificity(isthesugarmoleculethatcompletetheantigenicdeterminantwhencombinedwiththeprecursorsubstance)TheformationofABHantigensresultsfromtheinteractionofABOgeneswithseveralotherseparate,independentbloodgroups.FormationofA1B&HAntigenThe48FormationofA1B&HAntigenTheinheritanceofatleastoneHgene(HHorHh)elicits(obtain)theproductionofanenzymecalled,α-2-L-Fucosyltransferase,whichtransfersthesugarfromtheGuanosinediphosphateL-fucose(GDP-Fuc)donornucleotidetotheterminalgalactose

oftheprecursorchain.TheHsubstancemustbeformedfortheothersugarstobeattachedinresponsetoaninheritedAand/orBgenes

FormationofA1B&HAntigenThe49ABHAgTherearetwopotentialprecursorssubstance(PS)botharecomprisedofidenticalsugar(galactos-N-acetylgluctosamin-galactose-glucose)butdifferentinlinkage.TypeIPShasaterminalgalactose(Gal)linkedtoasubterminalNacetylgucoseamine(GlcNAc)in1-3linkageTypeIIPS,hasthesamesugarcombinein1-4linkageABHAgsonRBCsarederivedfromTypeIIchains.ABHAgTherearetwopotential50ABOGeneticsGenesatthreeseparatelocicontroltheoccurrenceandlocationofAandBantigensHhgenes–HandhallelesHallelecodesforafucosyltransferaseenzymethataddsafucoseonType2chains(primarily)toformtheHantigenontowhichAandBantigensarebuiltonredbloodcells.halleleisasilentallele(amorph)ABOGeneticsGenesatthreesep51ABOGeneticsA,BandHantigensarebuiltonoligosaccharidechainsof4types.ThemostcommonformsareType1andType2.Type1:#1carbonofGalisattachedtothe#3carbonofGlcNAc.Type2:#1carbonofGalisattachedtothe#4carbonofGlcNAc.ABOGeneticsA,BandHantigen52ABOGenetics

2-Segenes–SeandseallelesSeallelecodesforafucosyltransferaseenzymethataddsfuscosontoType1chains(primarily)insecretoryglands.ControlsexpressionofHantigensinsecretions(i.e.saliva,bodyfluids,etc.)sealleleisanamorph3.ABOgenes–A,BandOallelesAandB

allelescodefor(glycosyltransferase)

afucosyltransferaseenzymesthataddasugarontoHantigenstoproduceAandBantigensOalleledoesnotcodeafunctionalenzymeABOGenetics2-Segenes–S53ABOGeneticsOccurancea. ThepresenceorabsenceoftheABHantigensontheredbloodcellmembraneiscontrolledbytheHgeneb. PresenceorabsenceoftheABHantigensinsecretionsisindirectlycontrolledbythe

Segenes.ABOGeneticsOccurance54ABOGeneticsHhgene–Handhalleles(hisanamorph)Segene–Seandsealleles(seisanamorph)ABOgenes–A,BandOallelesControlspresenceofH,A,andBantigensonbothRBCsandinSecretionsControlspresenceofHantigeninthesecretionsInherit1genefromeachparentthatcodesforanenzymethataddsasugartotheHantigenABOGeneticsHhgene–Handh55HgeneactsonaPrecursorsubstance(PS)*by

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