后備雞和產(chǎn)蛋雞的光照

June12,2014后備雞和產(chǎn)蛋雞的光照

LightingPulletsandLayers?Hy-LineInternationalIanRubinoff,DVM,MPHHy-LineInternationalTechnicalServicesVeterinarian了解家禽光照

Understandingpoultrylighting設(shè)定光照程序

Settingupalightingprogram對于不同燈泡的指南

Aguidetodifferentbulbs?Hy-LineInternational概述Outline光Light電磁譜輻射的一部分

PortionoftheElectromagneticSpectrumRadiation紫外光UltraViolet(UV)可見光Visible紅外線Infrared(IR)光照環(huán)境LightEnvironment:持續(xù)時(shí)間即：光周期、白晝長度

Duratione.i.,Photoperiod,Daylength亮度即：光照強(qiáng)度

Luminancee.i.,Intensity波長即：顏色Wavelengthe.i.,Color基本概念BasicConcepts?Hy-LineInternational電磁波譜Electromagneticspectrum?Hy-LineInternational家禽可識別波長FowlwavelengthrecognitionCourtesyofONCEInnovations地方家禽對可適光波譜的反應(yīng)?Hy-LineInternational人類可識別波長HumanwavelengthrecognitionCourtesyofONCEInnovations人眼對可適光波譜的反應(yīng)100lumen100lux1m2強(qiáng)度，亮度Intensity,Luminance:1勒克斯=1㎡1流明

1Lux=1Lumenin1m2人類的感覺與鳥類不同

Perceptionforhumansisnotthe

sameasforbirds.10lux10m2100lumen?Hy-LineInternational顯色指數(shù)

Colorrenderingindex(CRI)

色度是測量光的相對暖性和冷性的一種方法

Chromaticityisamethodtomeasuretherelativewarmnessorcoolnessoflight以開爾文為單位表示

ExpressedindegreesofKelvin最初用來表述白熾燈

Wasoriginallydevelopedforincandescentlights>4000K-冷色

>4000K-cool3500-3600K-中等且平衡

3500–3600K–neutralandbalanced<3000K-暖色

<3000K-warm?Hy-LineInternational色度Chromaticity?Hy-LineInternational色度Chromaticity家禽生物學(xué)Poultrybiology感受Reception:

視網(wǎng)膜Retinal

-錐形體Conephotoreceptors

-視覺感知Visualperception

-多巴胺Dopamine&UV-A?

褪黑激素melatonin2a.松果體Pineal

“Soulgland” -光感受器

Photoreceptors(>4lux)

-生物鐘Circadianclock:血清素和褪黑激素serotoninandmelatonin2b.下丘腦Hypothalamic

性成熟SexualMaturity

-大腦深處的光感受器Deepencephalicphotoreceptor

-性激素Sexualhormones2a.2b.光的基本生理效應(yīng)

BasicPhysiologicaleffectsoflight:

增強(qiáng)視力Facilitatesight

-尋找食物Foodsearch刺激內(nèi)循環(huán)StimulateInternalCycles生理節(jié)奏-白晝長度變化

Circadian-daylengthchanges產(chǎn)生并調(diào)節(jié)激素分泌Initiateandregulatehormonerelease

-新陳代謝調(diào)節(jié)：脂肪和肌肉沉積

Metabolicregulation:fat&muscledeposition

-繁殖Reproduction

-鈣磷和骨骼形成Calciumandphosphorusandboneformation

家禽生物學(xué)

Poultrybiology波長不同Wavelengthdifferences紫外線A-B光UltravioletA-Blight維生素D轉(zhuǎn)換、鈣磷代謝、骨骼形成、免疫系統(tǒng)、血壓和血液循環(huán)、肌肉發(fā)育

VitaminDconversion,calciumandphosphorusmetabolism,boneformation,immunesystem,bloodpressureandcirculation,muscledevelopment可見光Visuallight鳥類有4種類型的單獨(dú)錐形體光感受器和四色光感覺

Birdshave4typesofsingle-conephotoreceptorsandtetra-chromaticcolorvision第5個單獨(dú)錐形體用于基于亮度的運(yùn)動檢測

A5thsingle-coneisluminancebasedformotiondetection紅外光Infraredlight感覺為熱能Perceivedasheat家禽生理學(xué)Poultryphysiology野生鳥類的季節(jié)性源于光照

LightisResponsibleforWildBird’sSeasonality?白晝時(shí)間和光照強(qiáng)度上升Daylength&Intensity

↑食物供應(yīng)增加FoodSupply↑

繁殖行為增多Reproduction↑

產(chǎn)蛋LAY熱量強(qiáng)度增加IntensityHeat,T↑孵卵≠產(chǎn)蛋Brooding

≠LAY白晝時(shí)間和光照強(qiáng)度下降Daylength&Intensity

↓食物供應(yīng)減少FoodSupply↓

小鳥出殼PULLETSHATCH體型成熟MatureBodySize

白晝時(shí)間和光照強(qiáng)度上升

↑Daylength&Intensity

性成熟開始OnsetSexualMaturitySpringSummerFallWinter春夏秋冬?開始增加光照時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度Startwith↑

light

L&I光照時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度逐漸減少StepDown:

↓lightL&I光照刺激增加LightStimulation:↑Photoperiod白晝時(shí)間逐漸增加維持產(chǎn)蛋Gradually↑

DaylengthToSustainProductionPulletLayingHenGrownPullet遵守生理規(guī)律RespectPhysiologicalRules現(xiàn)代蛋雞生產(chǎn)模擬自然的季節(jié)性

ModernLayerProductionMimicsNaturetoTrickSeasonality后備雞后備雞育雛育成期產(chǎn)蛋期雛雞需要強(qiáng)光來尋找食物和飲水

Chicksneedintenselighttofindfeed&water雛雞需要長時(shí)間的光照來采食和飲水

Chicksneedmanyhoursoflighttoeat&drink雛雞也需要休息的時(shí)間

Chicksdoneedarestperiod第一周：20小時(shí)光照

Week1:20hoursoflight循環(huán)的光照和黑暗時(shí)間以刺激采食量和飲水量-間歇性光照

Cyclelightanddarkperiodstostimulatefeed&waterintake–intermittentlighting生理規(guī)律:后備雞PhysiologicalRules:Pullets

逐漸降低：通過光照時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度的減少來模擬秋天的光照模式

StepDown:↓daylength&intensitytomimicfalllightpattern褪黑激素分泌增加：阻斷促性腺激素釋放激素和促黃體素 ↑Melatoninsecretion:keepsgonadotropin-releasinghormone(GnRH)&luteinizinghormone(LH)blocked

刺激：光照時(shí)間增加以模擬春天

Stimulation:↑daylengthtomimicspring褪黑激素分泌下降：刺激促性腺激素釋放激素和促黃體素的分泌 ↓Melatoninsecretion:stimulateGnRH&LHsecretion開始排卵產(chǎn)蛋階段

OnsetovulationLayingphase生理規(guī)律：后備雞PhysiologicalRules:Pullets

除非想刺激產(chǎn)蛋，否則不要增加光照強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間

Donotincreaselightintensityordaylengthuntilyouwanttostimulateproduction

進(jìn)入產(chǎn)蛋期后，每周緩慢增加光照時(shí)間可以幫助維持較高的產(chǎn)蛋高峰

Increasedaylengthbysmallamountweeklyenteringintolayhelpsbirdsmaintainhighproductionpeak雞只繼續(xù)生長并成熟直到32周齡，對于正在生長和成熟的雞只，緩慢的刺激非常關(guān)鍵

Birdscontinuetogrowandmatureto32weeks.Slowstimulationiscriticaltothestillgrowing&maturingbird

光照時(shí)間的減少對成年雞來說意味著換羽

Decreasingdaylengthforadultbirdsisasignaltostartmolting生理規(guī)律：后備雞和產(chǎn)蛋雞

PhysiologicalRules:Pullets&Layers雛雞到達(dá)之前就制定好光照程序

Planyourlightingprogrambeforechicksarrive了解光照對于后備雞生長發(fā)育的影響

Understandimpactoflightonpulletgrowthanddevelopment體重達(dá)標(biāo)后再開始加光刺激開產(chǎn)

Alwayswaittolightstimulatebirdsforproductionuntilbodyweightgoalsaremet光照程序LightingProgram白熾燈

Incandescent熒光燈

Fluorescent鹵素?zé)?/p>

HalogenLED燈

LED?Hy-LineInternational燈泡的選擇Availablelightbulbs燈泡Bulb優(yōu)點(diǎn)Advantages缺點(diǎn)Disadvantages白熾燈Incandescent便宜、光線較好、容易調(diào)暗、天氣寒冷時(shí)效果好Inexpensive,goodlightforpoultry,easytodim,goodforuseincoldweather由于壽命短、能量利用率低，許多型號的燈泡已經(jīng)不再生產(chǎn)Manydifferentbulbsarenolongermanufacturedduetopoorenergyefficiency,shortbulblife熒光燈Compactfluorescent價(jià)格開始便宜、能量利用率高、購買方便、燈泡壽命較長Becomingmoreaffordable,energyefficient,easilyavailable,mediumtolongbulblife含有需要特殊處理的重金屬、光譜對家禽不理想、不容易調(diào)暗、不宜頻繁開關(guān)Containsheavymetalsthatrequirespecialdisposal,lightspectrumnotfullyidealforpoultry,noteasytodim,notidealforturningonandofffrequently?Hy-LineInternational燈泡對比Bulbcomparison燈泡Bulb優(yōu)點(diǎn)Advantages缺點(diǎn)DisadvantagesLED能量利用率最高的燈泡、壽命超長、可用耐久和防水材料制造、一個燈泡可用轉(zhuǎn)換成多種顏色Mostenergyefficientbulb,verylongbulblife,canbemadeoutofdurableandwaterproofmaterial,onebulbcanbechangedtodifferentcolors昂貴、仍在進(jìn)行技術(shù)改進(jìn)以便更好的應(yīng)用于家禽生產(chǎn)、由于過熱而無法使用膠狀燈罩、家禽可見光譜難以界定Expensive,technologyisstillimprovingandadaptingtopoultryusage,cannotbeusedinjellyjarsduetooverheating,poultryvisiblespectrumishardtoassess.?Hy-LineInternationalBulbcomparisonLED燈有眾多的優(yōu)勢

LEDlightshavealotofadvantages仍然需要學(xué)習(xí)

Thereisstillalearningcurve了解明暗度Understandingdimming測定強(qiáng)度

Measuringintensity?Hy-LineInternational換成LED燈SwitchingtoLED調(diào)光器必須與特殊的LED燈安裝模式相匹配

DimmersneedtobecompatiblewithspecificLEDinstalled調(diào)光器不匹配將導(dǎo)致LED燈閃爍、過熱、更快的燒毀

IncompatibledimmercancauseLEDlightstoflicker,overheat,orburnoutmorequickly與LED燈生產(chǎn)廠家合作以保證調(diào)光器正確安裝

WorkwithLEDmanufacturertoensureyouhavethecorrectdimmerinstalled?Hy-LineInternational調(diào)節(jié)LED燈亮度DimmingLEDlights傳統(tǒng)的測光儀器無法在雞舍中精確測定LED燈

TraditionallightmeterscannotbeusedtomeasureLEDlightsaccuratelyinapoultryhouse多數(shù)測光儀的刻度標(biāo)度為可見光為“白光”時(shí)的溫度，大約在2800K并且波長為550-560納米

Mostlightmetersarecalibratedforvisiblelightata"white"colortemperature,usually~2800Kandmostcloselyassociatedwith~550-560nmwavelengths.多數(shù)傳感器和濾鏡的光譜反應(yīng)都是根據(jù)國際照明委員會（CIE）規(guī)定的可見光和人眼的反應(yīng)曲線設(shè)計(jì)的

ThespectralresponseofmostsensorsandfiltersaredesignedtomeettheCIEphotopic/HumanEyeRespon