國(guó)外辦公照明設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與設(shè)計(jì)

WATCHINGABROADWHICHARETHEOFFICELIGHTINGSTANDARTSINACCORDANCETOBETTERWORKSPACESINCOMBINATIONWITHENVIRONMENTALFRIENDLYAPPLICATIONS放眼世界，辦公照明的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是因應(yīng)工作間與環(huán)境之融和而確立的.SEETWOCOUNTRIESPOLICIESANDNORMATIVES12請(qǐng)參閱以下兩個(gè)國(guó)家/地區(qū)之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及法例ISSUESREQUESTEDBYLAW-法例衍生物DESIGNOFOFFICELIGHTINGINRESPECTOFLAWANDPRACTICEANDTOCREATEBETTERWORKSPACESFORPEOPLE辦公照明之設(shè)計(jì)要尊重法例,重視實(shí)踐應(yīng)用,幷且要為人們創(chuàng)造更好的辦公環(huán)境1ISSUESREQUESTEDBYLAW-法例衍生物L(fēng)AWANDNORMATIVEFORHEALTHANDSAFTYATWORK

有關(guān)職業(yè)健康及安全保障的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)LAWANDNORMATIVEFORENVIROMENTALPROTECTIONANDENERGYSAVING

有關(guān)環(huán)保與節(jié)能的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1LAWANDNORMATIVEFORENVIROMENTALPROTECTIONANDENERGYSAVING有關(guān)環(huán)保與節(jié)能的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)BothcountriesareconsciousthatLightingisresponsibleforonefourthofallenergyconsumedworldwideandthatalmost20%ofLightingisusedinOfficeandWorkspaces.歐盟及美國(guó)都意識(shí)到,照明所需之能耗占全球總能耗的四分之一,而照明所需之能源有20%消耗在辦公場(chǎng)所中。EuropedomorefocusoncorrectLightlevelincombinationwithlawonminimumofdaylightinofficespacesandtheefficiencyoflightingfixturesandlightsources.歐盟更注重因應(yīng)法例而制定的光照水平,即工作場(chǎng)所中的日光與燈具及光源的融合,用最低的能耗創(chuàng)造出理想的照明效果。1USAdomorefocusonLightingcontrolsystemsandtointegratetheLightingintheglobalbuildingenergycontrolsystem.美國(guó)更注重照明控制系統(tǒng)之應(yīng)用,實(shí)現(xiàn)照明系統(tǒng)與大廈能源控制系統(tǒng)之一體化.BothcountriesdonotjustconsidertheWatt/Squaremetermaximumrequiredbylawbutthecorrectlightlevelfordifferentworkspacesanddocontrol“overlighting”=correctluxleveldefinedbylaw.歐盟及美國(guó)不單止考慮到法定的最高每平方米的瓦特?cái)?shù),而且還考慮到不同工作區(qū)間的光照水平,甚至考慮到控制超出法定的”過度光照”LAWANDNORMATIVEFORENVIROMENTALPROTECTIONANDENERGYSAVING有關(guān)環(huán)保與節(jié)能的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)BothcountriesbutnotonlyUSAandEUROPEbutalsoAUSTRALIAandseveralMIDDLEEASTcountriesareintroducingalotofnewlawsinordertobanthetraditionalincandescentLightBulb.1不單止是歐盟及美國(guó),而且澳洲與某些中東國(guó)家都引入新的法例以禁止使用傳統(tǒng)白熾燈。LAWANDNORMATIVEFORENVIROMENTALPROTECTIONANDENERGYSAVING有關(guān)環(huán)保與節(jié)能的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)InEuropeanUSAtherealsoalreadyProhibitionsfortheuseof:Low-efficiencyfluorescenttubesHigh-loss"ballasts"forfluorescenttubesHalogenuplightersHigh-losshalogentransformersMercurydischargelamps(oftenusedinstreetlighting)1歐盟以及美國(guó)已經(jīng)禁止使用以下物品：低效熒光燈管；與熒光燈管配套的高耗能”變壓器”；向上照射的鹵素?zé)?高耗能的鹵素?zé)糇儔浩?常用作街燈的水銀燈。LAWANDNORMATIVEFORENVIROMENTALPROTECTIONANDENERGYSAVING有關(guān)環(huán)保與節(jié)能的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Theindicativevaluesfor"lightingwithartificiallight"intheworkplaceandthecorrelatedeffectsonhealtheveninUSA,AUSTRALIAdidalltakethebaseonanormcalledDIN5035issuedforthefirsttimeinGermanyalreadyinthelate1935.1LAWANDNORMATIVEFORHEALTHANDSAFTYATWORK有關(guān)職業(yè)健康及安全保障的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在工作區(qū)間中的”具有人造光的照明”以及對(duì)健康的相關(guān)影響,這兩者的指示價(jià)值,即使在美國(guó)以及澳洲,都是根據(jù)1935年首次在德國(guó)應(yīng)用的DIN5035這個(gè)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)作爲(wèi)基礎(chǔ)的.Sincethanofcoursealotofatthattimedefinedissueshavebeenbroughtatthelatesttechnologystandard.ThetodayvalidnorminEuropeisfromyear1990andactuallyunderrevisiontobeissuedbylawwiththelatestupdatesin2009.USAdidissuethelateststandardin2002withtheintroductionoftheLightingdesignerslegalresponsibilityofthecorrectLighting.1自始以後,此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及其衍生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都被引入到將來(lái)的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中.歐洲現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)始于1990年,幷且伴隨法例而不斷修正.美國(guó)在2002年確立最新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),幷且把照明設(shè)計(jì)師對(duì)正確的光照水平負(fù)有法律責(zé)任這一規(guī)定引入其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中.LAWANDNORMATIVEFORHEALTHANDSAFTYATWORK有關(guān)職業(yè)健康及安全保障的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1WHATDOESTHISLAWMAINLYDEFINE?此法例的主旨是什麼？§theminimumandmaximumilluminationinlux關(guān)於勒克斯照度的最高值和最低值；§therecommendedlightcolour推薦淺顔色

§thesocalledreductionfactor所謂的換算繫數(shù)

§classifyingtheglarefactorandvisualcomfort

眩光因素以及視覺舒適度的分等LAWANDNORMATIVEFORHEALTHANDSAFTYATWORK有關(guān)職業(yè)健康及安全保障的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)REDUCTIONFACTOR

Itdoesdeterminatethestateofagingandpollution(dustecc.)ofthelightingsystem.Thisdeclineiscalledthereductionfactor.Fornewoneforexamplethefactoris1.25.TThismeansthatanewlightingsystemhavetobebyfact25%brighterthantheactualplanninggoal.Throughthecontinuousdecreaseinlightintensityuntilthenextmaintenance(atthelatestat80%oflightingpower),achievedatleastamediumconstructedlightinglevelof100%.Thereforealso,amaintenanceoflightingsystemsareindispensable.Dependingonthekindofworkingplacethereareprescribedcleaningintervalsof1to5years.1換算繫數(shù)

換算繫數(shù)體現(xiàn)著照明系統(tǒng)的老化以及玷污(譬如是染塵)等狀態(tài).此下降狀態(tài)被稱爲(wèi)換算繫數(shù).舉例,譬如此繫數(shù)是1.25T,意味著一個(gè)新的照明系統(tǒng)的照明強(qiáng)度必須比原定目標(biāo)高出25%,通過不斷的光衰,直至下一次之維護(hù)(此時(shí)祇剩餘原先光照的80%),能夠保證達(dá)到原定100%的照明強(qiáng)度.因此,照明系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)是不可缺失的,幷且取決于工作區(qū)間的種類,清潔間隔期從1至5年不等.GLAREFACTORANDVISUALCOMFORT

Theevaluationofdirectandreflectionglareisprerequisiteforcorrectandrapidvision.Disturbingreflexes-forexampleonglossypaper,monitors,tableandcalculatordisplays,etc.arebylampsandtheirrighttoworkarrangementavoidable.ThewidespreadparabolicdownlightshiningdirectlywithfluorescenttubesonthetableaxisisTHEMOSTPROBLEMATICofallsolutions.1眩光因素以及視覺舒適對(duì)

眩光的直射與反射的評(píng)估是正確與舒暢顯像的首要條件.令人煩擾的光反射—諸如是光滑紙張,鏡面,書臺(tái)以及計(jì)算機(jī)顯示屏–是由燈具引緻的,因爲(wèi)燈具之原因而使其稱爲(wèi)不可避免.這些泛濫的裝有熒光管的傳統(tǒng)格柵燈的光直射到書臺(tái)軸上,簡(jiǎn)直就是所有方案中最失敗的一個(gè).1BesidetheDIN5035thereisanothernormprescribedbylawwhichiscalled:除了DIN5035之外,還有一個(gè)法定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),名為:WorkplacesRegulation(ArbSt?ttV)工作區(qū)間規(guī)章(ArbSt?ttV)

AndwithinthisregulationissuedbytheEUin1996thereistheregulationforOfficespacescalled:在這個(gè)由歐盟于1996年頒布的規(guī)章當(dāng)中,還有一個(gè)適用于辦公區(qū)間的規(guī)章,名為:ScreenworkRegulation(BSAP)工作屏幕規(guī)章(BSAP)AlsointhiscasethelawwhichregulatethisintheUSAisverysimilartotheEuropeanStandardlikealsoinAustraliaandNewZealand美國(guó),澳洲以及紐西蘭的相關(guān)法律規(guī)章都類似此規(guī)章.TheemployerisresponsiblefortheinscreenworkplacessafetyandHealthcriteria,particularlyconcerningapossiblethreatofEyesightandphysicalproblemsandpsychologicalburdens

1ScreenworkRegulation(BSAP)工作屏幕規(guī)章(BSAP)

顧主有責(zé)任使具有屏幕的工作區(qū)間達(dá)到健康標(biāo)準(zhǔn),尤其是有可能對(duì)視力以及身體以及心理構(gòu)成威脅的工作區(qū)間.DESIGNOFOFFICELIGHTINGINRESPECTOFLAWINTHEPRACTICEANDTOCREATEBETTERWORKSPACESFORPEOPLE2在實(shí)踐中,因應(yīng)法例,為顧主及雇員創(chuàng)造更好工作區(qū)間的辦公照明設(shè)計(jì)2DAYLIGHTANDARTIFICALLIGHT自然光及人造光

2DAYLIGHTANDARTIFICALLIGHT自然光及人造光

2Mattesurfacesinbright

tomediumgrayformallyofferthebestQualityforaworkplacewithoutstrongDifferencesinluminance.MATERIALSANDCOLOURSINOFFICES辦公室的材質(zhì)以及色彩

光亮的凹凸面在艶麗至中度灰色的過度中,沒有太大的照明落差,這樣就賦予工作區(qū)間最佳的效果.2Officesaredesignedtohouseworkingpeopleengagedinthoughtandinmultipleformsofcommunication-written,visual,aural,electronic,andface-to-face.Officelightingshouldenabletheseworkerstoperformsuchtaskscomfortablyandeffectivelyinanenvironmentwheretheywillspendone-thirdoftheirlives.ItisessentialthatofficelightingbeincludedasavitalconsiderationtowardsthesuccessfuloperationofanybusinessLIGHTINGSOLUTIONS照明方案

辦公室是為容納,關(guān)懷顧主及雇員,使其能夠開展例如是書面,視覺,聽覺,電子,面對(duì)面等多種渠道的溝通方式,辦公照明應(yīng)該要令雇員更舒適更有效的工作,因爲(wèi)他們要在辦公室中度過生命中1/3的光陰.鑒于其特性,辦公照明應(yīng)該要在成功的商業(yè)運(yùn)作中占有重要地位.2LIGHTINGSOLUTIONS照明方案

DIRECTLIGHTING-直接照明DIRECT-INDIRECTLIGHTING-直接間接照明INDIRECTLIGHTING–間接照明2DIRECTLIGHTING-直接照明Thisisthemost“StandardSolution“,butalsoposesthegreatestshadowsandglareproblems.Thedirect-radiatinglampsmakeaverypreciseplanningnecessary,asubsequentamendmentofthespacefacilityisdifficult.Thissolutionworksonlysatisfactory,andalsoonlyifthelightsareinstalledinthecorrectdistancetotheworkstationsEveniftherulesaystoinstallthelightsparalleltothedirectionofviewthissolutionisthemostproblematicinglareinqualityofLight-andinEuropeandUSAalmostonly10%ofVideoTerminalofficesdohavethiskindofsolution.這是最”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案”,但是亦最能引緻陰影與眩光問題.

直接照明的燈具最容易達(dá)到預(yù)定的照明計(jì)劃,但是對(duì)于其他設(shè)備的後期修正卻比較困難.此方案的不良特性在職員開心的時(shí)候,或者是燈具安裝在與工作區(qū)間比較適合的距離的時(shí)候,不容易察覺.甚至,“燈具安裝與視覺方向相平衡”這一規(guī)則,最容易引緻眩光,而且在歐洲與美國(guó)僅僅有10%視頻終端辦公室采用這種方案.2RecessedParabolicDownLight

傳統(tǒng)嵌入式格柵燈NEWSOLUTIONS

新的方案2DIRECT-INDIRECTLIGHTING

直接-間接照明

Thismixofdirectandindirectlightcombinestheadvantagesoftheconceptswithoutdecisivedisadvantageswithit.Thislightingconceptistodaythewidest-spreadsystem.AvarietyoflampsaredifferentarchitecturalsolutionsallowabigflexibilityinDesigns.GlareinthiscaseiscontrolledbyspecialdesignedPMMAdiffusersand/orDarklightoptics直接照明與間接照明的融合使其保留了各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn),同時(shí)摒除各自之缺點(diǎn),這種概念在現(xiàn)今的照明系統(tǒng)中應(yīng)用得最廣泛,燈具的多樣性使得衆(zhòng)多不同的建築方案設(shè)計(jì)中有著更大的靈活性.這種方案中,將會(huì)用到特製PMMA與/或光學(xué)器具.2INDIRECTLIGHTING-間接照明Theceilingsurfacereflectstheblendoflightandshadow-chargebackintotheroom.Compulsoryforthissolutionisawhiteceilingwithaminimumheightof260cm.Themaximumroomheightshouldnotexceed340cm,otherwisetoomuchlightenergyisneededtoensureasufficientreflectionoflight.Hereareavarietyofdifferentconcepts.Thepositioningofindirectlightsisnotsoproblematicasthoseofthedirectradiant.ThislightoffersthebestvisualcomfortforVideoTerminalWorkspaces.天花板表面反射光與影的混合,這中方案需要一個(gè)至少260CM高的白色天花板.天花板最高不能超出340CM,否則需要消耗太多的能源來(lái)保證足夠的照明強(qiáng)度.這是衆(zhòng)多不同的概念.間接照明的配置不會(huì)像直接照明那樣出現(xiàn)大問題.間接照明方案能夠?yàn)榫哂幸曨l終端的工作區(qū)間提供最佳的視覺舒適度.2INDIRECTLIGHTING-間接照明2NEWSOLUTIONS–新方案1AND1,OR2COMPONENTLIGHTING1加1或1加2的主次照明TASKAMBIENTLIGHTING

任務(wù)-周邊照明21AND1,OR2COMPONENTLIGHTING

1加1或1加2的主次照明

Inadditiontoanindirectlighting,informofwalllampsorfloorlampstheyadseparatelyadjustabletablelampstoprovidespecificadditionallighting.Thesecanbeusedtothetasteofeachuseraddedtothebasiclighting.Theusedtablelampmustmeetstherequirementsofflexibilityandadjustabilityand,ofcourse,anti-glare.Itshould-especiallyinuseinofficeswithseveraljobs–notglaretheworkingneighbour.Thissolutionsbigadvantageistheflexibilityininstallationanduse.除了直接照明之外,引入壁燈或者落地?zé)魜?lái)補(bǔ)充額外的照明,取決于用戶之偏好.臺(tái)燈的應(yīng)用必須能夠滿足靈活性以及可調(diào)性,當(dāng)然,還有防眩光之之要求.尤其是在幾個(gè)工作臺(tái)中,不可以為周邊的同事帶來(lái)眩光.此方的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于,具有靈活性,便于安裝及使用.2TASKAMBIENTLIGHTING

任務(wù)-周邊照明ThislightingsolutionspeciallyintheUSAisactuallyoneofthemostpopularones.Taskambientluminariesmounttoopenofficepanelsystemsandworksurfaces.Theyprovidetaskandambientlightingusingasinglelamp.Thiseliminatestheneedfortasklightsandceilingluminaries,establishescomfortableluminanceratios,andsavesenergy.這中照明方案在美國(guó)應(yīng)用得最廣泛.

任務(wù)-周邊照明方案適用于開放的辦公系統(tǒng)以及工作臺(tái)面,祇要一個(gè)燈具就能夠同事滿足工作任務(wù)照明以及周邊照明之需求.這樣就不需同時(shí)用到任務(wù)燈與天花燈,這樣既保證了視覺舒適,又減少了能耗.2>TASKAMBIENTLIGHTING任務(wù)-周邊照明1.規(guī)劃出典型的工作站,以在主要任務(wù)區(qū)中包含一個(gè)任務(wù)-周邊照明光源.若條件允許,可以用綫性光源把直接照明散布到大面積的工作臺(tái)面以及垂直的環(huán)境(獨(dú)占的辦公臺(tái))Todesignataskambientli