高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法(8)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正第八章獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)是句子的主語(yǔ)。但有時(shí)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞帶有自己的主語(yǔ)，進(jìn)而在構(gòu)造上與主語(yǔ)不發(fā)生關(guān)系，我們稱之為獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造AbsoluteConstruction）。其實(shí)，所謂“獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造”也并不是真實(shí)獨(dú)立，它仍是一種附屬的構(gòu)造。一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造在獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造中，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。Suchanablemantohelpyou，youwillsurelysucceedsoonerorlater.有這么能干的人來(lái)幫你,你早晚必定會(huì)成功的。（suchanableman和tohelpyou之間存在著主謂關(guān)系）Sincesuchanablemanwillhelpyou,youwillsurelysucceedsoonerorlater.Heseatinghimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory.他在書(shū)桌旁坐好后，他母親開(kāi)始給他講故事。（seatinghimselfatthedesk擁有了自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)he，注意是“主格”）=Whenheseatedhimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory.Thekeytothebikelost,hehadtowalktoschool.因?yàn)閬G了自行車(chē)鑰匙，他只能步行去學(xué)校。（lost的邏輯主語(yǔ)是thekey，lost也能夠用達(dá)成式havingbeenlost）=Becausethekeytothebikehadbeenlost,hehadtowalktoschool.1第1頁(yè)共14頁(yè)v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正A．不定式“獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造”在“邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式”構(gòu)造中，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這類構(gòu)造也可用一個(gè)從句或并列分句來(lái)表達(dá)。．動(dòng)詞不定式用主動(dòng)的形式在獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造中，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。Hismothertocometonight，heisbusypreparingthedinner.他母親今夜要來(lái),他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。（=Ashismotheristocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.）——willyougotothecomcerttonight你今夜去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)嗎——manyexerise-bookstocheck,Iriallycan'taffordanytime.對(duì)不起，有這多的作業(yè)要批，我真的抽不出時(shí)間。（＝BecauseIshallchecksomanyexercise-bookstonight,Ireallycan'taffordanytime.）Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflabour,eachtotranslateaquarterofthebook.我們四人贊同分工干，每人翻譯全書(shū)的四分之一。（＝Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflabourandeachistotranslateaquarterofthebook.）Manytrees,flowers,andgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.種上很多的樹(shù)，花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)校將看上去更美。2第2頁(yè)共14頁(yè)v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正(=Ifmanytrees,flowers,andgrassareplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.)B．-ing形式“獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造”動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般應(yīng)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。Beingill,hewenthome.因?yàn)榛疾?他回家了。（=Ashewasveryill,hewenthome.）Seatinghimselfatthedesk,hebegantoreadamagazine.在課桌旁坐好后，他開(kāi)始看雜志。（=Whenhehadseatedhimselfatthedesk,hebegantoreadamagazine.）1．表示時(shí)間的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造”Everyonebeingready,theteacherbeganhisclass.每一個(gè)人都準(zhǔn)備好后，老師開(kāi)始上課。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句Wheneveryonewasready)Thechairmanbeganthemeeting,everyonebeingseated.每一個(gè)人坐好后，主席開(kāi)始開(kāi)會(huì)。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句aftereveryonewasseated）2．表示原由的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造”Theboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.由那個(gè)男孩領(lǐng)路，我們沒(méi)有困難就找到了那奇異的洞。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原由狀語(yǔ)從句Becausetheboyledtheway）Manyeyeswatchinghim,hefeltabitnervous.很多眼睛看著他，他感覺(jué)有3第3頁(yè)共14頁(yè)v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正點(diǎn)兒緊張。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原由狀語(yǔ)從句Asmanyeyeswerewatchinghim）必背：含有being的獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造。ItbeingNationalDaytoday，thestreetsareverycrowded.今日是國(guó)慶節(jié),街上很擁堵。=AsitisNationalDaytoday,thestreetsareverycrowded.Therebeingnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.沒(méi)有其余事可議論，我們都回家了。Astherewasnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.3．表示條件的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造”Timepermitting,wewillhaveapicnicnextweek.時(shí)間贊同的話，我們下禮拜將進(jìn)行一次野炊。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句Iftimepermits)Myhealthallowing,Iwillworkfarintothenight.我的健康贊同的話，我愿工作到深夜。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句Ifmyhealthallows）4．表示方式的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造”Thestudentsarewalkingintheschoolhappily,eachwearingacardinfrontofhischest.學(xué)生們快樂(lè)地在學(xué)校里走著，每一個(gè)人胸前都帶著一張卡。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句andeachwearsacardinfrontofhischest）Theboylayonthegrass,hiseyeslookingatthesky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看著天空。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句andhiseyeswerelooking4第4頁(yè)共14頁(yè)v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正atthesky）．-ed形式“獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造”與邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式同樣，假如-ed形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)不一致的話，就需要用-ed形式的獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造。ThebookwritteninsimpleEnglish,Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit.該書(shū)是用簡(jiǎn)單英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的，英語(yǔ)初學(xué)者也能看懂。=AsthebookwaswritteninsimpleEnglish，Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit.Theworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatlyimproved.因?yàn)楣と藗兊纳顥l件大大提升，他們工作得更起勁了。=Astheirlivingconditionsweregreatlyimproved,theworkersworkedstillharder.Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.他上課專心聽(tīng)講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,andhiseyeswerefixedontheblackboard.Thetaskcompleted,hehadtwomonths'leave.任務(wù)達(dá)成此后，他休了兩個(gè)月的假。（=Whenthetaskhadbeencompleted,hehadtwomonths'leave.）比較：動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生或馬上發(fā)生，動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動(dòng)詞5第5頁(yè)共14頁(yè)v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正-ing形式常常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。Themanagerlooksworried，manythingstosettle.經(jīng)理看上去很焦急,有這么多的事情要辦理。（事情還沒(méi)有辦理，并且是由經(jīng)理自己來(lái)辦理，用不定式tosettle）Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythingssettled.很多事情已經(jīng)辦理好了，經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)辦理好了，用動(dòng)詞-ed形式settled表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatchingTV.少兒一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行）Thefoodcooked,theboywenttobed.飯做好了，少兒去睡了。（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先后，飯已做好，少兒才去睡覺(jué)的）二、動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造“邏輯主語(yǔ)+being+其余”是獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造中的“邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞-ing形式”的一種形式。在這類構(gòu)造中，being常常能夠被省去，這類省去being的構(gòu)造，稱之為無(wú)動(dòng)詞“獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造”。A．邏輯主語(yǔ)+名詞Tenstudentsenteredforthecompetition,theyoungestaboyof12.十個(gè)學(xué)生報(bào)名參加了此次比賽，年齡最小的是個(gè)12歲的男孩。（theyoungest和aboyof12之間省去了being）注意：獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造中的being在以下兩種狀況下一般不可以省略，一是在“Therebeing6第6頁(yè)共14頁(yè)v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正名詞”構(gòu)造中，二是在邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞的狀況下。Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.因?yàn)闆](méi)有公共汽車(chē)，我們只能走回家。ItbeingSunday,alltheofficesareclosed.因?yàn)槭嵌Y拜日，全部辦公室都關(guān)門(mén)。B．邏輯主語(yǔ)+形容詞Heturnedtome,hiseyessleepy.他睡眼惺忪地轉(zhuǎn)向我。（hiseyes和sleepy之間省去了being）Heturnedtome,andhiseyesweresleepy.Hestoodthere,hismouthwideopen.他站在那邊，嘴張得大大的。（hismouth和wideopen之間省去了being）Hestoodthere,andhismouthwaswideopen.C．邏輯主語(yǔ)+副詞Schoolover,weallwenthome.放學(xué)了，我們都回家了。（school和over之間省去了being）Schoolwasover,andweallwenthome.Hesatathisdesk,hisshoesoff.他坐在課桌旁，沒(méi)穿鞋子。（hisshoes和off之間省去了being）Hesatathisdeskandhisshoeswereoff.D．邏輯主語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)Heisstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,hisbacktowardsus.他站在黑板眼前，背對(duì)著我們。=Hewasstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,andhisbackwastowardsus.7第7頁(yè)共14頁(yè)v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正Thenewteachercamein,asmileonherface.新老師面帶淺笑走了進(jìn)來(lái)。=Thenewteachercameinandshehadasmileonherface.Theteachercameintotheclassroom，aruleinhishand.老師走進(jìn)教室，手里拿著一把直尺。=Theteachercameinandarulerwasinhishand.提示：在“邏輯主語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)”組成的獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造里，假如名詞用單數(shù)，能夠不用冠詞，同時(shí)介詞短語(yǔ)里的限制詞也可省略。Themusicteacherstoodatthedoor,violininhand.音樂(lè)老師站在門(mén)口,手里拿著一把小提琴。（=Themusicteacherstoodatthedoor,aviolininhishand.）三、withwithout指引的獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造介詞withwithout+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)能夠組成獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造，上邊議論過(guò)的獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造的幾種狀況在此構(gòu)造中都能表現(xiàn)。A．with+名詞代詞+形容詞Hedoesn誸liketosleepwiththewindowsopen.他不喜愛(ài)開(kāi)著窗子睡覺(jué)。Hedoesn誸liketosleepwhenthewindowsareopen.Hestoodintherain,withhisclotheswet.他站在雨中，衣服濕透了。8第8頁(yè)共14頁(yè)v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正=Hestoodintherain,andhisclotheswerewet.注意：在“with+名詞代詞+形容詞”組成的獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造中，也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式。Withhissonsodisappointing，theoldmanfeltunhappy.因?yàn)閮鹤舆@樣令人絕望,老人感覺(jué)很不快樂(lè)。Withhisfatherwell-known,theboydidn誸wanttostudy.父親這樣有名，兒子不想念書(shū)。B．with+名詞代詞+副詞Ourschoollooksevenmorebeautifulwithallthelightson.全部的燈都翻開(kāi)時(shí)，我們的學(xué)?？瓷先ジ馈urschoollooksevenmorebeautifulifwhenallthelightsareon.Theboywaswalking,withhisfatherahead.父親在前，少兒在后走著。=Theboywaswalkingandhisfatherwasahead.C．with+名詞代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)Hestoodatthedoor,withacomputerinhishand.或Hestoodatthedoor,computerinhand.他站在門(mén)口，手里拿著一部電腦。=Hestoodatthedoor,andacomputerwasinhishand.Vincentsatatthedesk,withapeninhismouth.或Vincentsatatthedesk,peninmouth.文森特坐在課桌前，嘴里銜著一支筆。9第9頁(yè)共14頁(yè)v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正Vincentsatatthedesk,andhehadapeninhismouth.D．with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ed形式Withhishomeworkdone,Peterwentouttoplay.作業(yè)做好了，彼得出去玩了。Whenhishomeworkwasdone,Peterwentouttoplay.Withthesignalgiven,thetrainstarted.信號(hào)發(fā)出了，火車(chē)開(kāi)始起動(dòng)了。=Afterthesignalwasgiven,thetrainstarted.Iwouldn誸daregohomewithoutthejobfinished.工作還沒(méi)達(dá)成，我不敢回家。Iwouldn誸daregohomebecausethejobwasnotfinished.E．with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式Themanfeltveryhappywithsomanychildrensittingaroundhim.有這么多的孩子坐在他四周，那男子感覺(jué)很快樂(lè)。Themanfeltveryhappywhenhefoundsomanychildrensittingaroundhim.Thegirlhidherboxwithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas.小女孩把盒子藏了起來(lái)，沒(méi)有人知道它在哪里。=Thegirlhidherboxandnooneknewwhereitwas.Withoutanyonenoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.他趁沒(méi)人注意的時(shí)候，從窗口溜走了。Whennoonewasnoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.F．with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式10第10頁(yè)共14頁(yè)v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正Thelittleboylookssad,withsomuchhomeworktodo.有這么多的家庭作業(yè)要做，小男孩看上去很不高興。=Thelittleboylookssadbecausehehassomuchhomeworktodo.Thekidfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinteresttovisit.有這么多的名勝可觀光，少兒很激動(dòng)。Thekidfeelsexcitedastherearesomanyplacesofinteresttovisit.提示：在withwithout的復(fù)合構(gòu)造中，多半狀況下with能省略，但without不可以省略。Withoutawordmorespoken,sheleftthemeetingroom.她沒(méi)再說(shuō)什么話就走開(kāi)了會(huì)議室。（without不可以省略）四、獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造的句法功能獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造在句中除了能充任原由狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)和陪伴狀語(yǔ)外，還可以作定語(yǔ)。在形式上，“獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并往常用逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。．作狀語(yǔ)獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造作狀語(yǔ)，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句或并列分句。1．表示時(shí)間Nightcomingon,weputourselvesupinasmallhotel.夜幕降臨，我們?cè)谝患倚÷玫曜×讼聛?lái)。（=Whennightcameon,weputourselvesupinasmallhotel.）Alltheguestsseated,theybegantheirdinner.11第11頁(yè)共14頁(yè)v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正全部的客人就坐后，他們才開(kāi)始吃飯。（=Whenalltheguestswereseated,theybegantheirdinner.）Witheverythingsheneededbought,Gracetookataxihome.所需要的都買(mǎi)好后，格雷斯打的回家了。（Aftereverythingsheneededwasbought,Gracetookataxihome.）2．表示原由Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.有很多災(zāi)題要解決，新入選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過(guò)。=Ashehasalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.）Therebeingnomeansoftransportation,hehadtowalkhomeatmidnight.因?yàn)樵谧右箾](méi)有交通工具了，他只能步行回家。(=Astherewasnomeansoftransportation,hehadtowalkhomeatmidnight.)．表示條件Weatherpermitting,wewillholdouryearlysportsmeetingnextweek.假如天氣贊同的話，我們下禮拜將舉行每年一次的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。（=Ifweatherpermits，wewillholdouryearlysportsmeetingnextweek.）Alltheworkdone,youcanhavearest.全部工作做好后，你能夠歇息。（=Aslongasalltheworkisdone,youcanhavearest.）Everythingtakenintoconsideration,theplanseemstobemorepractical.假如從各方面考慮，你的計(jì)劃仿佛更實(shí)質(zhì)些。12第12頁(yè)共14頁(yè)v1.0可編寫(xiě)可改正=Ifeverythingistakenintoconsideration,theplanseemstobemorepractical.）提示：表示時(shí)間、原由、條件的獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造一般放在句首，并且不可以保存連詞?！菊`】Whenclassbeingover,thestudentslefttheirclassroom.【正】Class(being)over,thestudentslefttheirclassroom.下課了，學(xué)生都走開(kāi)了教室。【誤】Themoonappearingandtheycontinuedtheirway.【正】Themoonappearing,theycontinuedtheirway.月亮出來(lái)了，他們繼續(xù)趕路。．表示陪伴狀況或增補(bǔ)說(shuō)明Thestrangemanwaswalkingdownthestreet,withastickinhishand.那個(gè)奇異的男人在街上走著,手里拿著根拐杖。=Thestrangemanwaswalkingdownthestreet,andhecarriedastickinhishand