衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航在海上運(yùn)輸領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用

APPLICATIONSOFSATELLITENAVIGATIONINSEATRANSPORTATIONANDPROTECTIONOFOCEANRESOURCEANDNTIRONMENT2002.12InGlobalSatelliteNavigationSystems(GNSS)generallyareGPS,GLONASSandGALILEO.IfallthesystemsareinuseitisreallythetimesofSatelliteNavigationandthereliabilityofsatellitenavigationwillbe100%.

Aswellknown，oceanis70%oftheEarth,itwillbeemphasizedinthiscentury，becausemoreandmoreactivitiesofhumanbeingswillbeatseawiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Theactivitiesatseawillgreatlydependentonsatellitenavigation.Sosatellitenavigationatseawillbeanimportantapplicationarea.Sinceearly1990'sGPShasbeenthemostimportantsysteminGNSS.TheGPSindustryismainlyindevelopedcountry.AccordingtotheInteragencyGPSExecutiveBoard(IGEB)ofUS,theworldwidemarketsofGPSgoods&serviceswillreach$16Bby2003.ThemarketsshareisthatUS30%,Europe23%,Japan44%,Asia2%andothers1%.The2%marketshareofAsiapointsthattheGPSindustryhasnotbeenformedyetinChina.ItalsocanbesaidthatthereisalargedevelopmentspaceinChinaforGPSindustry.Onotherhand,thesatellitenavigationindustryisveryimportantforChinamodernization.Chinaisalargecountryinseaandrivertransportationwithlongcoastlineandrivertransportationroutes.Sotherearewideapplicationareasinefficientmanagementofseatransportation,developmentandprotectionofoceanresources,andprotectionofoceanentironment.HerewewillgivesomepresentationsaboutGNSSapplicationsatsea.

1.TheapplicationsofGNSSatseatransportationareaSeatransportationareagenerallyincludesshippingsystems,trafficmanagementsystems,andmaritimenavigationsystems.Nowtakesomesystemsforexamples:MaritimeDGPSserviceforenhancedaccuracyandsafety,thatisGPSLocalaugmentsystem.

GPS-basedvesseltrackingandtrafficmanagementmaximizeseffectivenessofwaterways,suchasVTSandAISsystems.Measurementandmanagementofmaritimenavigationsystemswithhigherprecisioninharborandcoastline,sothatimprovedsafetyincreasesmaritimecommerce.Package/cargodeliverytrackingandmanagementinmodernlogisticssystems.Recreationalfacilitiesatsea.Andsoon.

Nextwewilldescribetheapplicationsystemswhichhavebeenandisdevelopingandwillbeusefulforseatransportation：1.1ToestablishNationalDGPS-NDGPSforseaandlandtrafficusage

InChinatherehasbeenGPSLocalaugmentsystem-RBN/DGPSalongcoastline,supportedbyChinaCommunicationministry.AccordingtothedevelopmentofGNSS,itisnecessarytoexpandRBN/DGPStoalloverthecountryasNationalDGPS,atthesametodevelopRBN/D-GALILEO.

IntheUS,theremainlyaretwoGPSaugmentsystems,oneisRBN/DGPSsupportedbyUSCG,andanotherisWAASsupportedbyUSFAA.USCGbelongstoUSDOT,especiallyforthemanagementofmaritimenavigationsystems.USCGhasmadegreatachievementsinthedevelopmentsofGPSapplications.Earlyinthe1983,theRBN/DGPSsystemwasstartedtoresearch.AndnowRBN/DGPShasbethemainGPSLocalAugmentsystemavailablein34countries.

Since1997theUSDOThasorganizedagrouptoresearchthesystemwhichwillprovidetheDGPSserviceinnationalwide.Atlast,thegroupapprovedthattoexpandtheUSCGRBN/DGPSasNationalDGPSisthemostefficientandeconomicproject。SotheUSDOThasdeterminedtoexpandRBN/DGPSasNationalDGPS--NDGPS，toprovidedifferentialservicealloverthecountry.

InChina，from1997to1999,thereare20RBN/DGPSreferencestationsestablishedandbroughtintooperationinsuccession,supportedbyChinaCommunicationMinistry.TheRBN/DGPScanprovideservicewithmeterorsub-meterpositioningprecision.BasedonthesesystemswecantaketheUSDOTasreferencetoexpandtheRBN/DGPStobeasNationalDGPS,andatthesametimetoestablishGAOLILEOLocalsystem.TheNationalDGPSwillprovidedifferentialserviceforharbor,coast,rivertrafficandlandtrafficwithhigherprecision.

ComparingwithFAAWAAS,whytheUSDOTselectedtoexpandRBN/DGPSasNationalDGPS?AccordingtotheanalysisofUSION(theinstituteofnavigation),WAASisnotoptimizedforsurface(maritimeandterrestrial)use,rather,itwasdesignedprimarilyforaviation.ThecurrentWAAStestsignalsaretransmittedbytwogeo-stationarysatellitesonaline-of-sight,L-bandradiofrequency.Thismeansthatifanythingobstructstheviewoftheportionoftheskywherethesatelliteis,theWAASsignalwillbeblocked.

Sincegeo-stationarysatellitesarepositionedovertheequator,thefarthernorthusersare,thegreaterthelikelihoodoftheobstruction.Incontrast,themediumfrequency(285-325kHz)radiobeacon-basedMaritimeDGPSServiceisoptimizedforsurface(maritimeandterrestrial)applicationbecauseit'sgroundwavesignals"hugtheearth"andwraparoundobjects.SoinordertodevelopNationalDGPS,toexpandRBN/DGPSisthemostsuitableforsurfaceusers.1．2TheapplicationsofcompatiblereceiverofGPSandGALILEOinVTSandAISInSOLASchapter5,adoptedbyIMOinDec.2000,itisdescribedthat300TGormoreinternationalservicecargoships,500TGormoredomesticservicecargoshipsandallpassengershipsmustbeequippedwithAISfromJuly1st2002,andthedeadlineisJuly1st2008.GPSreceiveristheimportantcomponentinAIStransceiver.InordertogetimprovedsafetyandnavigationreliabilityitisnecessarytousecompatiblepositioningcomponentwithGPSandGALILEOinAIS.InChinathereareabout300thousandsshipsinseveralshippinggroups,whichmayequippedAIStransceiver.ChinaCommunicationMinistryhasmadeplantoestablishtheAISsystemalongthecoastline.TheoperationofAISnetwillpromotetheapplicationofGNSS.Expectoflargeshippinggroups，someothershipsinsmallshippingcompaniesmayalsobetheusersofAIS.InChina,therehavebeen20VTSstations.ToincorporateAISinVTSwilloptimizetheVTSfunction.

1．3GNSS-basedGlobalVTSInGALILEOsystemtherewillbenavigationrelatedcommunicationservice--NRS,whichisaglobalcommunicationservice.TheNRScombineswiththeGALILEOpositioning,timinganddatacommunicationcapabilitiesinordertoprovidenavigationrelatedinformation(tracing,tracking,alarming,messaging,groupbroadcasting)fortransport,massmarketandpersonalnavigationapplication.

TheNRScanthereforesatisfyoneofthesignificantmarkets(i.e.massmarket)inthefutureandcouldbebundledwithOAS(OpenAccessService)andRSS(RegionalSafetyService),asadistinctoffering.TheOASisjustthecommonpositioningservice.SowiththeOASandNRSitispossibletoestablishGNSS-basedGlobalVTS.

InChina'sshippinggroupsthereareabout200thousandsshipsininternationalserviceroutes.ItisverysignificanttousetheGNSS(orGALILEO)servicetodevelopglobalVTSsothattheglobalseatrafficmanagementcanberealized.

1.4GNSS--basedglobalsearchandrescuesystemInChinatheGMDSShasbeenestablishedandisusing,whichissupportedbyChinaCommunicationMinistry.TheGPSpositioninformationisprovidedtoEPIRBinGMDSS.TheprovisionofaSearchandRescue(S&R)servicewithinGalileoisbeingconsidered.Forthispurpose,itisintendedtoaccommodateaS&RpayloadonGALILEOsatellites.Thispayloadwillpick-upthealarmsignalsfromdistressusersandsendthemtotheCOSAS-SARSATserviceforfuturereaction.

TheGALILEOS&RservicewillalsoincorporatealowdatereturnlinkbetweentheCOSPAS-SARSATserviceandtheusers,fornotificationofalarmacknowledgementsandotherservices.Anefficientwayofimplementingthisreturnlinkistheuseofspecificpartsinthenavigationmessageofthenavigationsignal-in-space.SoinfutureGMDSStherearebothGPSandGALILEOpositioninformation.WithGALILEOS&RservicetheGMDSSwillbemorereliable.1．5Dua祝lG景PS-脅bas迷ec揀omp予ass粉an告df苗our唉GP賊S-饞ba咬sed資at柿tit號(hào)ude堂de蜓ter崇min貓ati夫on廁sys億temPrec冶isio滅nis演ak扭eyp厭robl恢emf壁orG漆PSc況ompa保ssa占nda絹ttit絕ude胳dete繼rmin武atio貿(mào)nsy購(gòu)stem牲.Fo階rex點(diǎn)ampl掏e,i詢fth炊ehe鑒adin盞gpr馳ecis瓣ion挺is0憑.5d凱egre篇e,f狗or1場(chǎng)met直era圣nten童nab比asel布ine,助the甚GPS歲pos付itio跳ning蠅pre搬cisi幣ons國(guó)houl宅dbe慎1c施m.S醉oit釣onl滴ybe末rea沃lize貍dby班RTK藍(lán)pos兆itio吃ning攤tec賊hnol仰ogy.To鄙use謙GP密Sc總omp而ass蛙ba希sed器on幣RT伏K,為the轎el欣ect門ric岸co轉(zhuǎn)mpa幻玉ss挖may摔be嚷re霜pla妖ced佛.A守tti蕩tud偽ed螺ete源rmi奸nat暈ion避sy肚ste抖mw娛ill賀be四ve無(wú)ry款use猾ful濃fo系rs繁hip拍pin嚴(yán)gs俱afe錢ty益mon課ito嚷rin屬gb霉yg綁ett要ing兵re扛al-醒tim料er朱oll語(yǔ)ing槐an蓮dj破awi話ng暴inf奪orm沒(méi)ati趨on割of族shi版p,不esp渣eci然all雞yf齒or擔(dān)the雞ta話nks更to解ca常rry豬oi落la芽nd瞞liq羨uid悉.1．6Meas如urem夢(mèng)ent撞and潮mana仇geme蜜nto至fma嬸riti次men杏avig曲atio糊nsy膜stem斥swi督thh強(qiáng)ighe克rpr野ecis卵ion棚inh守arbo就ran上dco煩ast碰sot競(jìng)hat緞impro昆ved典safe另tyi峽ncre腳ases犧mar糠itim革eco箏mmer韻ceBase梳don軍mar毅itim痰eRB襖N/DG炸PSs朗yste徑m，th之ena雁viga仇tion慣mar偶ksa再ndr監(jiān)oute償sca脆nbe狀mea芒sure爬dan園dma杯nage瓜dwi涌ths匪ub-m乞eter娛pre權(quán)cisi周oni證nha隱rbor笨and指coa釀str年oute獎(jiǎng)s.Sou奔sing奧dat闊aco壺mmun才icat都ions街sys秒tem另and獲auto筆mati渴cmo泊nito沉ring某sys厚tems環(huán),it淚is巖poss預(yù)ible近to左esta育blis講hth批ema所nage族ment摟net科in榨harb晌ors,用whi眉cha攀lso糕ist閉hei欠mpor串tant臨par縫tso儲(chǔ)fdi撫gita夜lha刪rbor昏,su歡cha噴sna另viga姐tion敞mar秤ksm麻onit匹orin時(shí)gsy醫(yī)stem振and招aut墻omat鏡icr疊oute無(wú)dat然aco狡llec粱ting洪sys垂tem。1．7道G魂lob夏al靈and武lo境cal茄pack屋age桐/ca蒼rgo儀de夸liv求ery胖tr權(quán)ack蔽ing蝴an煉dm近ana巴gem歌ent嘗in拔mo剩der預(yù)nlogi顫sti蒙cs灰sys皆tem掘sb程ase謎do仆nG糊NSSIn幣fut漿ure觀ma藝rke宰tc趴omp枯eti通ng扶of乎GPS儀an段dG追ALI安LEO蘭,t偵he般sen搖sit世ivi名ty亦and叼an壤ti-仇obs失tru曾cti最on縣of編rec姐eiv尊er杠is英an肢imp捧ort雅ant思pe悠rfo扇rma襖nce牽.It煌can呈be特ex最pec予ted穴th啟at移the胞re挺cei殺ver粘se云nsi綁tiv鑰ity鐮wi疤ll悔be書(shū)imp奶rov級(jí)ed竊and梅th經(jīng)ea館ppl厭ica列tio店na圍rea痛wi肺ll健be娃exp希and洋ed.吳So折it種wi汁ll鄙be那pos湊sib辟le晶to我rea粱liz昆et擠he感rea病l-t冤ime傾tr墻ack賺ing滔of很pa壤cka辜ge/沸car項(xiàng)go眉whi太ch次is余car芽ed陪abo脊ut豈not購(gòu)on謀ly叨by銜shi沫ppe伐rb逮ut隨als預(yù)ob引yc綠ons皮ign抗or.Pre例sen年tly舒th退et瓦h(yuǎn)ir顯dp毯art炸yl宜ogi守sti毀cs許cor事por企ati求on旺is中ris云ing演.Inm猶oder侵nlo穴gist鳥(niǎo)ics楚info程rmat擊ion凝syst廢ems靠the辱pack小age/拆carg霧otr趕acki哪ngs阿yste納mba遙sed套o(hù)nG震NSS桃isa勿nim撤port罰ant淋part徐,an扔dse繩atr帝ansp渴orta組tion愉is脾also科an謹(jǐn)impo猴rtan悟tpa膊rti反nmo稻dern爸log復(fù)isti噸css蓬yste犧ms.The忍mode每rnm幅anag仿emen琴tof擁log班isti坦csi廢sve肉rys巖igni勸fica溜ntf遇orr充even蛛uea夕nde役cono泰my2．The宇ap住pli斜cat夏ion遙so偵fG足NSS夏in都o(jì)c土ean庭r益eso恨urc喉es聰and酸en敞tir辣onm倘entHere掛we逢only盆tak且eso層mee殃xamp充les別tod頓escr瓦ibe概the搭appl番icat爬ions湯of障GNSS爐in瞞this飼are托a.2．1.T吐hea從ppli凍cati纖ono膛fGN負(fù)SSi是nth芬ede李velo汽pmen瘡tan畏dpr濁otec卻tion坦of區(qū)ocea波nre脾sour演cesIno續(xù)cean鬼ics塊tudi混es,晶just膝as慶GIS尺(geo廣grap燒hic淋info趙rmat壇ion宋syst罷em),裁oce優(yōu)ani咬nfor忙mati譜ons漲yste慚mca洲nbe厘e(cuò)st核abli蛙shed齊inc秩ludi怒ngt伶hei爭(zhēng)nfor俊mati蝕ono勸fse猛abed半res鋒ourc湖es,公sea戀plan也tre莫sour舌ces良and預(yù)sea-昂life辛(ha卻lobi洞os)戒reso從urce砌s.T拳h(huán)em切ovin測(cè)g,c吸hang撒ing篇and起dyna評(píng)mic茶info對(duì)rmat幸ion碧can慨beo碧btai京ned挽real卵-tim藝ely俱byG賴NSS鋪moni善tori窄ngs終yste搶ms.Tid鴨al扔pat慶ter酬ns午and尚su脖rfa園ce目map乞pin佩gi您sa氣lso跡an愁ap耐pli拆cat貓ion米ar夫ea撿of摩GNS挽S,基but惹sh世oul寸du澡se殃hig梯her鄙pr具eci撒sio驚nG淘NSS全sy漢ste造ms.2．2博Th冤ea農(nóng)ppl野ica視tio境ns欲of膽GNS筒Si掛np債rot個(gè)ect轎ion成of坦en示tir醉onm犁entThe影di敏sci革pli組ne生of碼ent億iro繩nme蜜nt羽pro劃tec賽tio撤ni攀sv詠