2023年研究生類研究生入學考試專業(yè)課英語專業(yè)語言學2010-2022歷年真題選編帶答案難題含解析

2023年研究生類研究生入學考試專業(yè)課英語專業(yè)語言學2010-2022歷年真題選編帶答案難題含解析（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）第1卷一.歷年考點試題黑鉆版(共75題)1.Theoldmanlivesdownthestreet.2.Thefollowingfigureswereveryinfluentialinthefieldoflinguisticsinthefirsttwodecadesofthetwentiethcenturyexcept______.A.SaussureB.BloomfieldC.ChomskyD.Firth3.homonymy4.ThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalledDESIGNFEATURES.Dualityandcreativityaretheonlytwodesignfeaturesoflanguage.5.Theoriginalversion:

Thepeople'scourtmustalwayspayattentiontoactualfacts.

Therevisedversion:

Thepeople'scourtmustalwaysnayattentiontofacts.6.register7.UniversalGrammar8.Indirectspeechact9.Accordingtomanylinguists,thereisnofuturetenseinEnglish,butthereareanumberofwaystoexpressfuturetime.Discussthisstatementwithexamples.10.imageschema11.Multipleprocessesinwordformation12.Explainbrieflybilingualismanddiaglossia.13.morphology14.Doyoupreferdescriptivelinguisticstoprescriptivelinguistics?Giveyourreasons.15.Virtuallyeverysentencethatapersonuttersorunderstandsisabrand-newcombinationofwords,appearingforthefirsttimeinthehistoryoftheuniverse.Therefore,alanguagecannotbearepertoireofresponses;thebrainmustcontainarecipeorprogramthatcanbuildanunlimitedsetofsentencesoutofafinitelistofwords.Thatprogrammaybecalleda______grammar.Itshouldbenotconfusedwith______or______grammarsthatarejustguidestotheetiquetteofwrittenprose.A.Proscriptive-teaching-mentalB.Mental-prescriptive-descriptiveC.Teaching-descriptive-mentalD.Mental-teaching-prescriptive16.[w]______17.AspeechactconsistsofthreerelatedactsaccordingtoJ.L.Austin'sSpeechActtheory.Whatarethey?AnalyzethefollowingconversationinthelightofSpeechActtheory.

Customer:Waiter!There'saflyinmysoup.

Waiter:Don'tworry,there'snoextracharge.18.Asentencestructurethatismadeupoflayersofwordgroupsiscalleda______structure.19.bindingtheory20.Whatarethecausesoflanguagechange?Discussthemindetail.21.open-classwords22.wives23.concord(or:agreement)24.WhatisChomsky's"InnatenessHypothesis"?Explainthereasonswhythishypothesisismade.25.What'sconversationalimplicature?26.Languagesdifferintheirdegreesofdependenceonthemorphologicalcomponents.27.Whatisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage?28.Whyisspeechconsideredpriortowriting?29.pathetic30.Howdoesthetop-clownapproachdifferfromthebottom-upapproachinlanguageprocessing?______A.Bottom-upprocessingismoreeffectivethantop-downprocessinginspeechsynthesis.B.Bottom-upprocessingutilizesallinformationonehasinspeechperception.C.Top-downprocessingusesone'sexistingknowledgeandtheincomingspeechsignal.D.Top-downprocessingismoreefficientthanbottom-upprocessinginspeechcomprehension.31.Consonantsarticulationsarerelativelyeasytofeel,andasaresultaremoreconvenientlydescribedintermsofplaceand______ofarticulation.32.originate33.Accordingto______periodhypothesis,inchilddevelopmentthereisaperiodduringwhichlanguagecanbeacquiredmoreeasilythanatanyothertime.Theperiodlastsuntilpuberty(aroundage12or13years),andisduetobiologicaldevelopment.34.Broadeningisaprocesstoextendorelevatethemeaningfromitsoriginallyspecificsensetoarelativelygeneralone.35.subtlety36.StatethevariousstagesofChomsky'sTransformationalGrammar,anddescribethetheory'sphilosophical/methodologicalfeatures.37.suprasegmentalfeatures38.Phoneticsandphonology39.Endocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichserveasadefinablecentreorhead.40.WhyisSaussurehailedasthefatherofmodernlinguistics?41.minimalpairs42.endocentricconstruction43.Accordingto______(1996),thespeechpresentationcontinuummayhavethefollowingpossibilities:directspeech,indirectspeech,narrator'srepresentationofspeechactsandnarrator'srepresentationofspeech.44.Commentonthefollowingstatement:

"ItisbelievedthatSCHEMATA,meaningpacketsofstoredknowledge,playanimportantroleinlanguageprocessing."45.Walkinginthepark,thetreesaresoverdantandthefollowerssobeautiful.46.langue47.Thecheeseburgerdidn’torderonions.48.Whatissociolinguistics?49.Inyouropinioninwhatwayscancorpusdatacontributetolexicalstudies?50.Whatisresonancemodel?Howisitusedtoexplaintextcomprehension?51.Whatisyourunderstandingoflinguisticcompetenceandcommunicativecompetence?Doyouagreewithdrawingadistinctionbetweenthesetwocompetences?Whyorwhynot?Pleasejustifyyouranswerwithoneortwoexamples.52.StatetheReferential-Theory(ormeaningtriangle)putforwardbyOgdenandRichards,andillustratethetheorywithanexample.53.Senseductivity(designfeatureoflanguage)55.culturaltransmission56.A.Jack'sbrotherhasgonebankrupt.

B.Jackhasabrother.

C.Jack'ssiblinghasgonebankrupt.

D.Jack'sbrotherhasnotgonebankrupt.57.The______istheminimaldistinctiveunitingrammar,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetherlexicalorgrammatical.58.Linguaffanca59.HowdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintroducedbySaussure?60.performance61.hybridword62.displacement63.StudentswhowishtotakeLinguisticsshouldsignhisnameonasheetofpaper.64.[Focusonsemanticroles]A.goalB.rhemeC.instrumentD.causative65.Chomskyclaimsthatitisthelinguist'stasktocharacterizewhatspeakersknowabouttheirlanguage,i.e.,their______,notwhattheydowiththeirlanguage,i.e.,their______.66.distinctivefeatures67.elevation68.Somecommentsonthefollowinglinguisticviewaccordingtoyourownexperiences:

Aconstructivistviewoflanguagearguesthatlanguage(oranyknowledge)issociallyconstructed(Nunnan,1999).Learnerslearnlanguagebycooperating,negotiatingandperformingallkindsoftasks.Inotherwords,theyconstructlanguageincertainsocialandculturalcontexts.69.Thewords"boys"and"raise"haveacommonphonemeandacommonmorphemeaswell.70.Phoneticsimilaritymeansthattheallophonesofaphonememustbearsomemorphologicalresemblance.71.emoticons72.AccordingtoShort,thespeechpresentationcontinuummayNOThavethepossibilityof______.A.DirectspeechB.IndirectspeechC.Narrator'sRepresentationofSpeechActsD.Author'sRepresentationofSpeechActs73.Polysemy74.Whatiscognitivelinguistics?75.SpeechacttheorywasproposedbyG.Leech.第1卷參考答案一.歷年考點試題黑鉆版1.參考答案：Thereisnophrasalverbinthissentence,sincethegroupingofthephrase"livesdownthestreet"shouldbe"lives/downthestreet".2.參考答案：C3.參考答案：Thetermhomonymyisusedwhenoneform(writtenandspoken)hastwoormoreunrelatedmeanings.Forinstance,homophones:flower-flour,dear-deer;homographs:closeclose,sow;perfecthomonyms:bank(ofanver)-bank(financialinstitution),bat(flyingcreature)-bat(usedinsports).[解析]本題考查同形/同音異義的定義，考生也應了解同義、反義、上下義及一詞多義等概念。4.參考答案：F[解析]本題考查語言的本質(zhì)特征及其內(nèi)容。語言的本質(zhì)特征不僅包括其二重性和創(chuàng)造性，同時還具有任意性和移位性等，因此說語言的本質(zhì)特征只有二重性和創(chuàng)造性是不正確的。5.參考答案："Fact"implicatessomethingthatisactual;thereforeitwouldbeanoverlaptocombine"actual"and"fact"together.6.參考答案：Register:Itisaspeechvarietyusedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,usuallysharingthesameoccupationorthesameinterests.Aparticularregisteroftendistinguishesitselffromotherregistersbyhavinganumberofdistinctivewords,byusingwordsorphrasesinaparticularway,andsometimesbyspecialgrammaticalconstructions.Forexample,thereistheregisterofmilitarylanguage,registerofpoliticallanguage,andsoon.7.參考答案：Universalgrammarisatheoryoflinguisticspostulatingprinciplesofgrammarsharedbyalllanguages,thoughttobeinnatetohumans(linguisticnativism).Itattemptstoexplainlanguageacquisitioningeneral,notdescribespecificlanguages.Universalgrammarproposesasetofrulesintendedtoexplainlanguageacquisitioninchilddevelopment.8.參考答案：AccordingtoSearle,indirectspeechactsreferstothekindofspeechacts,orillocutionaryacts,inwhichoneillocutionaryactisperformedbywayofperforminganother.Forexample,thesentence"Couldyoudothisforme?",inspiteofthemeaningofthelexicalitemsandtheinterrogativeillocutionaryforce-indicatingdevicesisnotcharacteristicallyutteredasasubjunctivequestionconcerningyourabilities;itischaracteristicallyutteredasarequest.[解析]本題考查間接言語行為定義，考生也應了解會話含義、合作原則、關聯(lián)理論等語用學涉及的重要概念。9.參考答案：Tenseandaspectaretwoimportantcategoriesoftheverb,andtheywerenotseparatedintraditionalgrammar.BasedonthetensesysteminLatingrammar,Englishusedtobesaidtohavesixteentenses.Nowadays,linguistsmaketwodistinctions:onebetweentimeandtense,andtheotherbetweentenseandaspect.Timeisauniversalconcept,whicheverylanguageiscapableofexpressing;whiletenseisalinguisticconcept,whichvariesfromlanguagetolanguage.Thedifferencebetweentenseandaspectisthattheformerisdeictic,i.e.indicatingtimerelativetothetimeofutterance;whilethelatterisnotdeictic,thetimeindicatedisnotrelativetothetimeofutterance,butrelativetothetimeofanothereventdescribed,orimplied,inthenarrative.Asaresult,thereareonlytwotensesrecognizednow:pastandpresent.Theso-calledfuturetenseisnotexpressedinthesamewayasthesetwo.Thatis,itisnotexpressedbymorphology/notbythedifferentformsoftheverb,butbyvariousothermeans,suchas"will/shall+infinitive","begoingto+infinitive","presentprogressiveaspect","simplepresenttense"and"will/shall+progressiveinfinitive".Andwillandshallarebasicallymodalverbslikecanandmay.[解析]本題考查英語將來時的表達方式。10.參考答案：Imageschemaisarecurring,dynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogramsthatgivescoherenceandstructuretoourexperience.

Imageschemaexistsatalevelofabstraction,operatesatalevelofmentalorganizationbetweenpropositionstructuresandconcreteimage,anditcanbesubdividedintothefollowingitems:acenter-peripheryschema,acontainmentschema,acycleschema,aforceschema,alinkschema,apart-wholeschema,anend-of-pathschema,ascaleschemaandaverticalityschema.11.參考答案：Multipleprocessesinwordformation.Wordformation,initsbroadsense,includesseveralprocesses,suchasinvention,blending,abbreviation,acronym,back-formation,analogicalcreation,andborrowing.Multipleprocessisanoperationofmorethanoneprocessatworkinthecreationofaparticularword.(a)Inventionreferstotheprocessbywhichmanynewlexicalitemscomedirectlyfromtheconsumeritems,theirproducersortheirbrandnames,suchasCoke.(b)Blendingreferstotheprocessinwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Suchas"smog",thisisablendingfrom"smoke"and"fog".(c)Abbreviationreferstotheprocessinwhichanewwordiscreatedbycuttingthefinalpart,cuttingtheinitialpart,orcuttingboththeinitialandfinalpartsaccordingly.Forexample,"ad"isabbreviatedfrom"advertisement".(d)Acronymismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,suchasWTO.(e)Back-formationreferstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.Suchas"edit",whichisderivedfrom"editor".(f)Analogicalcreationreferstothephenomenonthatanewwordoranewphraseiscoinedbyanalogybetweenanewlycreatedoneandanexistingone.Forexample,"telethon"wasanalogizedfrom"marathon".(g)BorrowingmeansthattheEnglishlanguageborrowedwordsfromforeignlanguages,suchas"encore",whichwasborrowedfromFrench.12.參考答案：Ithasbeenobservedthatinsomespeechcommunities,twolanguagesareusedsidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay,andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituationchanges.Thisconstitutesthesituationofbilingualism.Forthesepeople,theproficiencyintheuseoftwolanguagesisrequiredtofulfilldifferentneedsofsocialcommunication.AtypicalexampleofbilingualismisCanadawherebothFrenchandEnglisharerecognizedasofficiallanguages.

Whilethetermdiglossia,firstusedbyFergusonin1959,referstoasociolinguisticsituationsimilartobilingualism.Butinsteadoftwodifferentlanguages,inadiglossicsituationtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.Oneofthemostimportantfeaturesofdiglossiaisthespecializationoffunctionofthetwovarieties.Eachvarietyistheappropriatelanguageforcertainsituationswithveryslightoverlapping.[解析]此題考查的是考生對雙語制及高低語的理解。兩者都是指存在于同一語言社區(qū)的語言現(xiàn)象。雙語制是指在同一語言社區(qū)同時存在著的兩種不同語言，并且這兩種語言起著不同的社會作用。使用者可以依需要在兩種一語言之間自如地轉換。而高低語現(xiàn)象是指在同一語言社區(qū)存在著的同一語言的兩種變體，這兩種變體在該語言社區(qū)起著不同的社會作用。同時，高低語現(xiàn)象的一個特征是，兩種語言變體分別適用于不同的社會場合，同時也偶有交叉?？忌瑫r還應理解并掌握高低語現(xiàn)象中的highvariety與lowvariety的含義。13.參考答案：Morphology:thestudyofmorphemesandtheirdifferentforms(allomorphs),andthewaytheycombineinwordformation.Forexample,theEnglishwordunfriendlyisformedfromfriend,theadjective-formingsuffix-lyandthenegativeprefixun-.14.參考答案：Yes,Ipreferdescriptivelinguisticstoprescriptivelinguistics.

Thedistinctionbetweenthemliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.Prescriptivismistolaydownrulesforthecorrectuseoflanguageandsettlethedisputesoverusageonceandforall.Someusageswereprescribedtobelearnedbyheart,followedaccuratelyoravoidedaltogether.Itwasamatterofblackorwhite,rightorwrong.

"Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptive(i.e.non-normative)scienceistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguagecommunityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemother(i.e.extraneous)rules,ornorms,ofcorrectness."(Lyons,1981:47)

Languagechangesanddevelopsinaccordancewiththedevelopmentofsociety.Thenatureoflinguisticsasasciencedeterminesitspreoccupationwithdescriptioninsteadofprescription.Modemlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.Itdiffersfromearlierstudiesoflanguagenormallyknownas"grammar"inthatthelatterisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itaimstosetmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.Ontheotherhand,modernlinguisticsissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveanditstaskistodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,beit"correct"ornot.Ofcourse,thisdoesnotmeanthattherearenotrulesgoverningthelanguageuse.Modemlinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.[解析]此題考查的是考生對語言學中的規(guī)定式和描寫式的理解。這兩者之間的區(qū)別在于，前者說明事情應該如何，而后者描述事情本是怎樣。規(guī)定式是指語法學家嘗試為正確使用語言定下各種規(guī)則，一勞永逸地解決用法上的爭議。一些被規(guī)定為需要記住的用法要么被嚴格接受要么被一致反對。因為在規(guī)定式看來，這是黑與白、對與錯的問題?！鞍颜Z言學說成描述性(即非標準化)的科學是說語言學家試圖發(fā)現(xiàn)和記錄同一語言共同體的成員所遵循的規(guī)則，并不是強加給他們其他(即外來的)規(guī)則或正確的標準?！?Lyons，1981:47)。15.參考答案：D16.參考答案：[-Cons,+Approx,+Voiced]17.參考答案：Thethreerelatedactsare:LOCUTIONARYACT,ILLOCUTIONARYATC,PERLOCUTIONARYACT.

LOCUTIONARYACTistheordinaryactweperformwhenwespeak,i.e.wemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.

ILLOCUTIONARYATCistheactperformedintheperformingofalocutionaryact.Whenwespeakwenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeanings,butalsomakeclearourpurposeinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood,ortheyalsohavecertainforcesasAustinpreferstosay.

PERLOCUTIONARYACTconcernstheconsequentialeffectsofalocutionuponthehearer.Bytellingsomebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareronsomething,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething,etc.whetherornottheseeffectsareintendedbythespeaker,theycanberegardedaspartoftheactthatthespeakerhasperformed.

Customer:Thelocutionaryactofthecustomeristheutteringoftheexpression"Waiter!There'saflyinmysoup".Theillocutionaryactistheexpressionofthecustomer'sdissatisfactionwiththeserviceandthedemandthatthewaitershouldapologizeandofferanotherbowlofsoup.Theperlocutionaryactofthisutteranceisthewaiterapologyandofferingofanotherbowlofsoup.

Waiter:Thelocutionaryactofthewaiteristheutteringoftheexpression"Don'tworry,there'snoextracharge".Theillocutionaryactistheliterarymeaningofhisresponse:Don'tworryandwewillnotchargeyouextramoneyforthefly,butwewillnotgetyouanotherbowlofcleansoup.Theperlocutionaryactisthatthecustomerwillnotcomplainanymore.[解析]此題考查的是考生對言語行為的理解。言語行為主要有三種：以言指事、以言行事和以言成事?？忌鷳斫庋哉Z行為理論并能夠用該理論分析案例。18.參考答案：hierarchical[解析]本題考查層次結構的概念。結構主義語言學家意識到，句子并不僅僅是個線性結構，由一個一個前后相接的單詞組成；他們也由一個層次結構，由一層一層的詞組構成。19.參考答案：BindingTheoryregulatesNPinterpretation,thatistosay,itassignsanappropriateinterpretationtoNPsatA-positions,byprovidinganexplicitformulationofsyntacticconstraintsoninterpretation.

BindingTheoryconsistsofthreeprinciples:

PrincipleA:Ananaphormustbeboundinitsgoverningcategory;

PrincipleB:Apronounmustbefreeinitsgoverningcategory;

PrincipleC:Anr-expressionmustbefreeeverywhere.

Inthegenerativeapproach,bindingreferstotherelationbetweendifferentwordandthesubjectofasentencecontainingit.[解析]本題考查約束理論概念，考生也應了解轉換生成語法理論演變。20.參考答案：Languagechangeisthemannerinwhichthephonetic,morphological,semantic,syntactic,andotherfeaturesofalanguagearemodifiedovertime.Alllanguagesarecontinuallychanging.Manyfactorscancausethechangeoflanguage.

1)Economy:Speakerstendtomaketheirutterancesasefficientandeffectiveaspossibletoreachtheircommunicativegoals.Speakinginvolvesthereforeaplanningofcostsandbenefits.

2)Analogy:Ananalogycanreducewordformsperceivedasirregularbyremakingthemintheshapeofmorecommonformsthataregovernedbyrules.Forexample,theEnglishverb"help"oncehadthepreterite"holp"andthepastparticiple"holpen".Theseobsoleteformshavebeendiscardedandreplacedby"helped"bythepowerofanalogy.However,irregularformscansometimesbecreatedbyanalogy;oneexampleistheAmericanEnglishpasttenseformof"dive:dove",formedonanalogywithwordssuchas"drive:drove".Neologismscanalsobeformedbyanalogywithexistingwords.Agoodexampleis"software",formedbyanalogywith"hardware".

3)Languagecontact:Languagecontactoccurswhenspeakersofdistinctspeechvarietiesinteract.Whenspeakersofdifferentlanguagesinteractclosely,itistypicalfortheirlanguagestoinfluenceeachother.Generallytherearefiveformsofinfluences.(1)Borrowingofvocabulary.Themostcommonwaythatlanguagesinfluenceeachotheristheexchangeofwords,like"toufu"isborrowedfromChinese"豆腐"for"beancurd".(2)Borrowingofotherlanguagefeatures.Theinfluencecangodeeper,extendingtotheexchangeofevenbasiccharacteristicsofalanguagesuchasmorphologyandgrammar.Forexample,astomorphologychange,EnglishhasbecomelessinflectionalthanancientEnglishinfluencedbyotherlanguages.(3)Languageshift.Theresultofthecontactoftwolanguagescanbethereplacementofonebytheother.Thisismorecommonwhenonelanguagehasahighersocialposition.Thissometimesleadstolanguageendangermentorextinction.(4)Substratalinfluence.However,whenlanguageshiftoccurs,thelanguagethatisreplaced(knownasthesubstratum)canleaveaprofoundimpressiononthereplacinglanguage(knownasthesuperstratum),whenpeopleretainfeaturesofthesubstratumastheylearnthenewlanguageandpassthesefeaturesontotheirchildren,leadingtothedevelopmentofanewvariety.Forexample,thedistinctpronunciationofthedialectofEnglishspokeninIrelandcomespartiallyfromtheinfluenceofthesubstratumofIrish.(5)Creationofnewlanguages:Creolizationandmixedlanguages.Languagecontactcanalsoleadtothedevelopmentofnewlanguageswhenpeoplewithoutacommonlanguageinteractclosely,developingapidgin,whichmayeventuallybecomeafull-fledgedcreolelanguagethroughtheprocessofcreolization.Amuchrarerbutstillobservedprocessistheformationofmixedlanguages.Whereascreolesareformedbycommunitieslackingacommonlanguage,mixedlanguagesareformedbycommunitiesfluentinbothlanguages.

4)Themediumofcommunication.Themostdistinctexampleisinternetlanguage,whichiscausedbythedevelopmentofinternetcommunication,withnewcharacteristics.[解析](本題考查引起語言發(fā)展變化的原因，并舉例說明。)21.參考答案：Open-classwordsrefertowordswhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimitedandwiththeemergenceofnewideas,inventions,andsoon;newexpressionsarecontinuallyandconstantlybeingaddedtothelexicon.Forexample,nouns,verbs,andadjectivesallbelongtothisclass.22.參考答案：23.參考答案：Concord(orAgreement)maybedefinedastherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsofspecificwordclassesthatstandinspecificsyntacticrelationshipwithoneanother,shallalsobecharacterizedbythesameparadigmaticallymarkedcategory(orcategories).Forinstance,thesyntacticrelationshipbetweenthispenanditinthefollowingdialogue:

—Whoseisthispen?

—Oh,it'stheoneIlost.[解析]本題考查一致關系的定義，考生也應了解語法范疇中的性、數(shù)、格等重要概念。24.參考答案：Chomskybelievesthatlanguageissomewhatinnate,andthatchildrenarebornWithwhathecallsalanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD),whichisauniquekindofknowledgethatfitsthemforlanguagelearning.Hearguesthatchildrenarebornwithknowledgeofthebasicgrammaticalrelationsandcategories,andthisknowledgeofthebasicgrammaticalrelationsandcategories,andthisknowledgeisuniversal.Andthestudyoflanguagecanthrowsomelightonthenatureofthehumanmind.Thisapproachtolanguageisareactionagainstbehaviorisminpsychologyandempiricisminphilosophy,makinglinguisticsabranchofpsychology.ThisisChomsky's"InnatenessHypothesis".

Chomsky'sInnatenessHypothesisisbasedonhisobservationsthatsomeimportantfactscanneverbeotherwiseexplainedadequately.First,childrenlearntheirnativelanguageveryfastandwithlittleeffort.Second,childrenlearntheirmothertongueinverydifferentenvironments.Theymaybegoodatdifferentthings,butintheirfirstlanguageacquisition,theirdifferenceisamazinglysmall.Third,thechildlearnsthetotalgrammarofthelanguageduringalimitedperiodoftime,fromlimitedexposuretospeech.Hecannotonlyproduceandunderstandsentenceshehasheard,butalsosentenceshehasneverheardbefore.Whathelearnsseemstobeasetofrulesratherthanindividualsentences.Allthesesuggestthatalthoughbabiesarenotbornknowingalanguage,theyarebornwithapredispositiontodevelopalanguageinmuchthesamewayastheyarebornwithapredispositiontolearntowalk.

Butthisisnotthewholepictureyet.ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements:ahypothesis-maker,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.[解析]本題主要考查的是Chomsky的天賦假設(InnatenessHypothesis)及該假設的由來。回答問題時先要說清楚該假設的內(nèi)容，再說明為什么提出該假設。25.參考答案：Theconversationalimplicatureisamessagethatisnotfoundintheplainsenseofthesentence.Thespeakerimpliesit.Thehearerisabletoinfer(workout,readbetweenthelines)thismessageintheutterance,byappealingtotherulesgoverningsuccessfulconversationalinteraction.Griceproposedthatimplicatureslikethesecondsentencecanbecalculatedfromthefirst,byunderstandingthreethings:1)theusuallinguisticmeaningofwhatissaid;2)contextualinformation(sharedorgeneralknowledge);3)theassumptionthatthespeakerisobeyingwhatGricecallsthecooperativeprinciple.[解析](本題考查什么是會話含義。)26.參考答案：Thedistinctionoflanguageaccordingtomorphologicalcomponentsiscalledthetypologicalclassificationorthemorphologicalclassification.Thissystemistoclassifylanguagesaccordingtothemorphologicalandsyntacticstructuresaswellastotherelationshipbetweenmorphemesinthesentence.Therearemainlythreetypesoflanguages.

①Isolatinglanguages(rootlanguages):Itischaracterizedbytherelationshipsbetweenwordsandothergrammaticalrelationsindicatedbyfunctionwordsandwordorderthanbyinternalinflections.E.g.Chinese.Chineselacksbothderivationalandinflectionalmorphemes.Verbsareneverinflectedforperson,number,tense,moodorvoice.Nounsareneverinflectedfornumber,genderorcase.Prefixesorsuffixesarerarelyfound.Englishispartiallyisolating,forithasthousandsofmorphemesthatstandbythemselvesasindependentwords,suchasin,for,the,a,word,book,study,white,he,one,etc.Itexpressesfuturetensebymeansoftheauxiliarywordwillandshallorbyotherperiphrasticmeansratherthanbytheinflectionofitsverbs.

②Agglutinatinglanguages:Itisalanguagewhichcombinesintoasinglevariouslinguisticelementsormorphemeswitheachhavingadistinctandfixedgrammaticalmeaningandaseparateexistence.E.g.Turkish,Swahili,Hungarian,Japanese,Korean,etc.

③Inflectionallanguage:Aninflectionallanguageisalanguageinwhichawordundergoesachangeinmorphologicalformwhenitsgrammaticalfunctioninthesentenceischanged.Inflectionalmorphemesareaddedonlytostems,buttheseaddedinflectionalmorphemesfusewiththestemsandhavenoindependence.E.g.Latin,German,Greek,Russion.27.參考答案：Metalingualfunctionisoneofthefunctionslanguagehas.Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Forexample,wecanusethewordbooktotalkaboutabook,andwecanalsousetheexpression"thewordbook"totalkaboutthesign"book"itself.Thisisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguageandmesheswiththethematicfunctionoflanguageinfunctionalgrammar.Metalingualfunctionmakesthelanguageinfinitelyself-reflexive:Wehumanbeingscantalkabouttalkandthinkaboutthinking.[解析]此題考查的是考生對元語言功能的理解。語言可以用來討論語言本身