昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件

第三節(jié)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)殺蟲(chóng)劑昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件1第三節(jié)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)殺蟲(chóng)劑昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件1主要內(nèi)容一、昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的形態(tài)特征二、線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)殺蟲(chóng)劑的發(fā)展歷史三、昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的種類(lèi)及致病機(jī)理四、昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的特點(diǎn)五、線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)殺蟲(chóng)劑的應(yīng)用前景六、主要線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)殺蟲(chóng)劑產(chǎn)品昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件2主要內(nèi)容一、昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的形態(tài)特征昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件2一、昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的形態(tài)特征

線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)又稱(chēng)蠕蟲(chóng)，是一類(lèi)較低等的動(dòng)物，其體長(zhǎng)僅毫米級(jí)大小，分類(lèi)上屬于無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)動(dòng)物門(mén)，線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)綱。已知的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)約有42000多種。根據(jù)它們的食性可分為3類(lèi)：腐生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、植物寄生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)和動(dòng)物寄生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)。專(zhuān)性寄生在昆蟲(chóng)身體上的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)，即蟲(chóng)生線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)，已知有1000多種。昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件3一、昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的形態(tài)特征線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)又稱(chēng)蠕蟲(chóng)，是一類(lèi)較低等的一、昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的形態(tài)特征昆蟲(chóng)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)：是寄生于昆蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)，也稱(chēng)嗜蟲(chóng)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)。可分為三類(lèi)：寄生共生機(jī)械聯(lián)合作用：調(diào)節(jié)昆蟲(chóng)種群和抑制害蟲(chóng)的作用昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件4一、昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的形態(tài)特征昆蟲(chóng)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)：是寄生于昆蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)，一、昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的形態(tài)特征身體半透明，呈細(xì)長(zhǎng)的圓柱形，體表覆蓋一層非細(xì)胞的彈性角質(zhì)層，有橫條紋或外環(huán)紋，但沒(méi)有真的分節(jié)具排泄、神經(jīng)、消化、生殖和肌肉系統(tǒng)，但無(wú)循環(huán)和呼吸系統(tǒng)消化道由位于前端的口、口腔、食道、腸、直腸等組成，肛門(mén)開(kāi)口于腹面雌雄異體，行兩性生殖寄主范圍：多于3000種，分屬31科，可寄生鱗翅、鞘翅、直翅、雙翅、膜翅目等20目的數(shù)千種昆蟲(chóng)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件5一、昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的形態(tài)特征身體半透明，呈細(xì)長(zhǎng)的圓柱形，體表覆二、線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)殺蟲(chóng)劑的發(fā)展歷史第一個(gè)有關(guān)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)寄生昆蟲(chóng)的報(bào)道：18世紀(jì)中期1929粘Glaser從日本的一種麗金龜中得到了格氏斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)，標(biāo)志利用昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)防治害蟲(chóng)的開(kāi)始1940~1960年處于低潮1960~1970年，再次引人關(guān)注。如小卷蛾斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)、異小桿線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件6二、線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)殺蟲(chóng)劑的發(fā)展歷史第一個(gè)有關(guān)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)寄生昆蟲(chóng)的報(bào)道：18世三、昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的種類(lèi)已知的昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)有1000多種，其中應(yīng)用較多的有：索線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科異小桿線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件7三、昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的種類(lèi)已知的昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)有1000多種，其中無(wú)尾感器綱Adenophorea咀刺目Enoplida 索科Mermithidae

四線(xiàn)科Tetradonematidae尾感器綱Secernentea尖尾目Oxyurida 尖尾科Oxyuridae小桿目Rhabditida 小桿科Rhabditidae

雙胃科Diplogasteridae

頭葉科Cephalobidae

斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Steinernematidae

異小桿科Heterorhabditidae墊刃目Tylenchida 墊刃科Tylenchidae

臘腸線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Allantonematidae

新墊刃科Neotylenchidae

滑刃科Aphelenchoididae

園線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Sphaerulariidae動(dòng)物界KingdomAnimalia線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)門(mén)Nematoda(2綱13目)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件8無(wú)尾感器綱Adenophorea動(dòng)物界Kingdom索科線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)(Mermithidae)形態(tài)：成蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)體形相似，絲線(xiàn)狀，體白色，0.2~30cm入侵過(guò)程：卵孵化出感染期索線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)主動(dòng)尋找昆蟲(chóng)寄主，借口針和酶入昆蟲(chóng)體節(jié)間膜入侵。進(jìn)入體腔后發(fā)育，一般游離于體腔內(nèi)，有時(shí)達(dá)神經(jīng)組織。癥狀：開(kāi)始不表現(xiàn)明顯病癥，后行動(dòng)遲鈍、腹部異常膨大、食量減少或不取食。蟲(chóng)體異常透明，可從病蟲(chóng)外看到線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)寄主：昆蟲(chóng)、甲殼動(dòng)物、蚯蚓、軟體動(dòng)物和蜘蛛等200種以上昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件9索科線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)(Mermithidae)形態(tài)：成蟲(chóng)幼蟲(chóng)體形相似，索科(Mermithidae)索屬(Mermis)：蝗蟲(chóng)水索屬(Hydromermis)：搖蚊巴索屬(Bathymermis)：水生昆蟲(chóng)湖索屬(Limnomermis)：搖蚊無(wú)性索屬(Agamermis)：蝗蟲(chóng)六索屬(Hexamermis)：陸生昆蟲(chóng)對(duì)索屬(Allomermis)：土壤昆蟲(chóng)腹索屬(Gastromermis)：蚋兩索屬(Amphimermis)：稻螟、蛾類(lèi)、蜻蜒泥索屬(Psammomermis)：六月鰓角金龜蘭索屬(Lanceimermis)：水生昆蟲(chóng)里索屬(Reesimermis)：各種蚊類(lèi)細(xì)索屬(Disimermis)：按蚊鎰索屬(Perutilimermis)：鹽澤伊蚊新中索屬(Neomesomermis)：蚋昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件10索科(Mermithidae)索屬(Mermis)：蝗蟲(chóng)FemaleMermis(索線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬)quirindiensis,amermithidparasiteofgrasshoppersinAustralia,ovipositingonvegetationduringarainyperiod.(G.Baker)

EggofMermisquirindiensis.(G.Baker)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件11FemaleMermis(索線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬)quirindieHabitatofmermithid(地絲蟲(chóng)屬、索科)nematodesinNortheasternAustralia.(G.Baker)Coiledadultmermithidnematodesinsoil.(G.Baker)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件12Habitatofmermithid(地絲蟲(chóng)屬、索科)Thegrasshopper,Phaolacridium

vittatum,dissectedtoshowparasitismbymermithidnematode.(G.Baker)FemaleMermisnigrescens(蝗索線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)),amermithidparasiteofgrasshoppersinNorthAmerica.Theblackcolorofthemermithidnematodeistotheeggsinthefemale'sbody.(J.Capinera)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件13Thegrasshopper,Phaolacridium

LocustdissectedtoshowMermisnigrescensjuvenilesinthecavity.(R.Gorden)LocustwithMermisnigrescenspostparasiteemergingfromtheregion.(J.Capinera)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件14LocustdissectedtoshowMer

Japanesebeetle,Popilliajaponica,larvashowingmermithidjuvenilenematodeinsitu.(M.Klein)

MermithidpostparasiteemergingfromJapanesebeetle,Popilliajaponica,larva.(M.Klein)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件15Japanesebeetle,Popillia

UpperLeft:Terminalabdomenofblackflylarvawithmermithidjuvenileinsitu.LowerLeft:Mermithidpostparasiteemergingfromblackflylarva.UpperRight:Mermithidpostparasitesemergingfromblackflylarva.(R.Gordon)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件16UpperLeft:Terminal

Romanomerisculicivorax(食蚊羅索線(xiàn)蟲(chóng))

juvenilecoiledinthethoraxofAedesaegypti.(R.Gordon)

RomanomerisculicivoraxpostparasiteemergingfromthethoraxofAedesaegypti.(R.Gordon)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件17Romanomerisculicivorax(墊刃目:園線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Sphaerulariidae有3屬通過(guò)生殖器伸進(jìn)寄主體腔侵染能殺死寄主或使成蟲(chóng)不孕寄主：鞘翅目、雙翅目、膜翅目等昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件18墊刃目:園線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Sphaerulariidae有3屬昆蟲(chóng)墊刃目:園線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Sphaerulariidae

Sphaerulariopsisadult,anematodeparasiteofbarkbeetle,witheverteduterus.(DrawnbyR.Giblin-Davis)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件19墊刃目:園線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Sphaerulariidae墊刃目:臘腸線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Allantonematidae

ContortotylenchusjuvenilesemergingfromIps(小蠹)adultbarkbeetle(樹(shù)皮甲蟲(chóng)).(D.Kinn)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件20墊刃目:臘腸線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Allantonematidae小桿目：小桿科Rhabditidae多營(yíng)自由生活，許多種與昆蟲(chóng)發(fā)生各種類(lèi)型的攜帶關(guān)系幼蟲(chóng)偶進(jìn)入昆蟲(chóng)體腔，并在體腔內(nèi)成熟交配，但大多雌蟲(chóng)不能在寄主體內(nèi)產(chǎn)卵，寄主只在受到嚴(yán)重威脅時(shí)才死亡寄主：如天牛等昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件21小桿目：小桿科Rhabditidae多營(yíng)自由生活，許多種與小桿目：小桿科RhabditidaeDerocerasreticulum(fieldslug蛞蝓)feedingonaseedingofoilseedrape(canola).(M.Wilson)DerocerasreticulumintheforegroundinfectedbythenematodePhasmarhabditishermaphrodita.Notecharacter-isticswollenmantleoftheinfectedslugincomparisontothehealthyslugtheback-ground.(M.Wilson)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件22小桿目：小桿科RhabditidaeDerocerasr

DerocerasreticulumfivedaysafterdeathfollowinginfectedbyPhasmarhabditishermaphrodita,showingdenselypopulatedcadaverbeingfeduponbyadultnematodes.(M.Wilson)DerocerasreticulumonedayafterdeathfollowinginfectionbyPhasmarhabditishermaphrodita,showingadultnematodesspreadingandfeedingonentirecadaver昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件23Derocerasreticulumfivedays斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Steinernematidae僅一個(gè)屬，斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)屬(Steinernemati)在生活史中形成特殊的“帶鞘”的侵染期幼蟲(chóng)發(fā)育有兩處階段：寄生階段和腐生階段侵染期線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)攜帶共生細(xì)菌；昆蟲(chóng)發(fā)生敗血病而死亡寄主：鞘翅目、雙翅目、同翅目、膜翅目、等翅目、鱗翅目、脈翅目、蜻蜒目和直翅目昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件24斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Steinernematidae僅一個(gè)屬，斯氏線(xiàn)致病機(jī)理：昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)消化道內(nèi)攜帶共生細(xì)菌，當(dāng)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)從昆蟲(chóng)消化道或體壁侵入，進(jìn)入昆蟲(chóng)血腔后，共生菌從線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)釋放出來(lái)，在昆蟲(chóng)血液內(nèi)增殖，使寄主患敗血癥迅速死亡。昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件25致病機(jī)理：昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)消化道內(nèi)攜帶共生細(xì)菌，當(dāng)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)從昆蟲(chóng)消化生活史：斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Steinernematidae 異小桿科Heterorhabditidae昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件26生活史：斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)科Steinernematidae昆蟲(chóng)病原Themutualisticbacterium,Xenorhabdusbovienii,inavesicleofthenematode,Steinernemafeltiae(夜蛾斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng))(=bibionis).(R.Akhurst)StainedspecimenofSteinernemafeltiaeshowingthemutualisticbacterium,Xenorhabdusbovienii,inthevescle.(R.Akhurst)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件27Themutualisticbacterium,Xen

PhaseI(blue-green)andphaseII(pink)bacterialcoloniesofXenorhabdusnematophilus(嗜線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)致病桿菌)

onNBTAplate.WhilephaseIbacterialcoloniesareblue-greeninthisslide,whencoloniesareactivelygrowingthiscolorwouldappeardarkgreeninstead(M.A.Hatab)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件28PhaseI(blue-green)andphasCyclocephalahirtainfectedwiththenematodeHetero-rhabditisbacteriophor(redgrub)andhealthygrub(white).Theredcolorisduetopigmentproductionbysymbioticallyassociatedbacterium,Photor-habdusluminescens.(J.Clark)EncapsulatedSteinernemaglaseri(格氏斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng))shortlyafterpenetratingthroughthegutwallofthehousecricket.(Y.Wang)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件29CyclocephalahirtainfectedwincapsulatedSteinernemaglaseri(格氏斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng))shortlyafterpenetratingthroughthegutwallofthehousecricket.(Y.Wang)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件30ncapsulatedSteinernemaglaserEncapsulatedSteinernemafeltiae(=bibionis)(斯氏屬蕪菁夜蛾線(xiàn)蟲(chóng))

juveniledissectedfromTipula(大蚊)obracea.(D.Gouge)Steinernemafeltiae(=bibionis)mating.(D.Gouge)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件31EncapsulatedSteinernemafeltiSpodopteraexigua(非洲貪夜蛾)

pupadissectedtoshowSteinernemacarpocapsae(小卷蛾斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng))

juveniles.(A.Hara)Steinernemacarpocapsae(小卷蛾斯氏線(xiàn)蟲(chóng))infectedjuvenileinatypical"resting"modeinwater.Note"J"shapedtail.(A.Hara)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件32Spodopteraexigua(非洲貪夜蛾)pupaCommercialpreparationofSteinernemacarpocapsaeinawettabledispersiblegranule(WDG).(R.Georgis)Steinernemacarpocapsaeinfectedjuvenileencapsulatedincalciumalginate.Mostnematodesareinthecenterofthealginatecapsule.(H.Kaya)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件33CommercialpreparationofSteiCrosssectionofawettabledispersiblegranule(WDG)withsteinernematidnematodesinthecenter.(R.Georgis)Diagramforproductionofwettabledispersiblegranules(WDG)containingentomopathogenicnematodes(e.g.steinernematids).(R.Georgis)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件34Crosssectionofawettabledi異小桿科Heterorhabditidae只有一屬，異小桿屬（Heterorhabditis)經(jīng)消化道和氣孔進(jìn)入蟲(chóng)體。3-4天后雌雄同體的雌線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)下幼蟲(chóng)，再過(guò)2天后幼蟲(chóng)發(fā)育成雌蟲(chóng)和雄蟲(chóng)交配后雌蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)產(chǎn)卵，發(fā)育成第二期或侵染期線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)攜帶共生細(xì)菌，寄主由于細(xì)菌存在而死亡寄主：夜蛾科、象甲科、金龜科等昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件35異小桿科Heterorhabditidae只有一屬，異小桿Galleria(蠟螟)larvainfectedwiththenematodeHeterorhabditisbacteriophor(嗜菌異小桿線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)),demon-stratingbioluminescenceinthedark.(R.Stuart)GallerialarvainfectedwiththenematodeHeterorhabditisbacteriophorinthelight.CompanionslideforSlide187.(R.Stuart)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件36Galleria(蠟螟)larvainfectedwRosetteofHeterorhabditisbacteriophora(異小桿線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)).Commonphenomenonobservedwhenthisnematodeisstoredinwaterwherethenematodesaggregatearoundaparticle.Theaggregationcanbedispersedbytheadditionofweakcalciumcarbonate.(B.Jaffee)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件37RosetteofHeterorhabditisbac

AntibioticproductionbyPhaseIPhotorhabdusluminescens(異小桿線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)消化道內(nèi)的一種發(fā)光桿菌)

showingclearzonepreventingthegrowthofBeauveriabassiana.TheotherplateovergrownwithB.bassianacontainedphaseIIofthebacterium.(M.Barbercheck)昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)課件38Antibioticpr