高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)專題一閱讀理解市賽課公開(kāi)課一等獎(jiǎng)省名師獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

專題一閱讀了解1/130-2-表1:浙江高考閱讀了解詞匯量統(tǒng)計(jì)表及題型分布2/130-3-3/130-4-縱觀浙江英語(yǔ)新高考4次考試,閱讀題量保持一致,第二考總詞匯量比第一考略微增加50詞左右。就難度而言,4次考試相對(duì)都比較穩(wěn)定,體裁主要包括記敘文、說(shuō)明文和議論文等;題材廣泛,囊括富有正能量故事、勵(lì)志名人逸事、青少年健康、移民問(wèn)題及民族融合、環(huán)境保護(hù)、科普知識(shí)等等。題型也包含了細(xì)節(jié)了解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題、詞義猜測(cè)題等各種題型,其中細(xì)節(jié)了解題和推理判斷題所占比重最大。一、考綱解讀浙江新高考主要測(cè)試考生英語(yǔ)閱讀了解能力,要求考生能夠讀懂書(shū)、報(bào)、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)中關(guān)于普通性話題短文以及公告、說(shuō)明、廣告等(生詞量不超出3%),并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息?？忌鷳?yīng)能:1.了解主旨和要義;2.了解文中詳細(xì)信息;3.依據(jù)上下文推斷生詞詞義;4.作出判斷和推理;5.了解文章基本結(jié)構(gòu);6.了解作者意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。4/130-5-二、八大?？继幰鞔_1.篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾處

文章主題句經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在首段,段落主題句經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在段首。另外,首段末句或第二段首句也是文章主題句常設(shè)處。文章尾段或段落結(jié)尾普通會(huì)是概括或總結(jié)性陳說(shuō),經(jīng)常會(huì)得出某種結(jié)論或提出某項(xiàng)提議。所以,文章篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾處經(jīng)常被作為篇章閱讀設(shè)題主要題眼,而且大多考查對(duì)文章或段落主旨了解。2.因果關(guān)系處兩個(gè)事件內(nèi)在因果關(guān)系經(jīng)常成為出題人命題點(diǎn),普通來(lái)說(shuō),這種選擇題有兩種形式:給原因推結(jié)果或是給結(jié)果找原因。5/130-6-3.作者及人物觀點(diǎn)處議論文中作者思緒普通是提出某觀點(diǎn)然后給予辯證支持,最終得出與觀點(diǎn)一致結(jié)論。所以,搞清了作者觀點(diǎn),就把握了作者基本思緒和態(tài)度,這么內(nèi)容自然成為閱讀了解考查重點(diǎn)。另外,文中其它人物觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度也經(jīng)常受出題人青睞。解題時(shí)要留心文章中出現(xiàn)doubt,appreciate,hate,against等表示觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度詞語(yǔ)地方,以及一些帶有感情色彩特殊句式(祈使句、感嘆句、反問(wèn)句等)。6/130-7-4.轉(zhuǎn)折處作者經(jīng)常會(huì)借用轉(zhuǎn)折連詞或副詞來(lái)引出某個(gè)主要事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn),轉(zhuǎn)折詞之后內(nèi)容往往表示是作者真實(shí)寫(xiě)作目標(biāo)、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度,所以出題人經(jīng)常會(huì)圍繞轉(zhuǎn)折詞前后內(nèi)容來(lái)設(shè)題。常見(jiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系連詞或副詞有however,but,yet,nevertheless,while,though,although,atthesametime等。另外,indeed,infact也常慣用來(lái)表示前后語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)折。7/130-8-5.對(duì)比、比較處篇章閱讀中對(duì)比經(jīng)常為新老觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比、錯(cuò)誤與正確觀念對(duì)比、新事物與舊事物對(duì)比等;比較則經(jīng)常為兩種或各種事物優(yōu)點(diǎn)、缺點(diǎn)、用途、功效、原理等比較。常見(jiàn)表示對(duì)比或比較關(guān)系詞或短語(yǔ)有while,whereas,than,comparedwith,incontrastto等。解題時(shí)要留心這些詞或短語(yǔ),并注意出現(xiàn)比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)地方,另外要注意搞清對(duì)比或比較對(duì)象。8/130-9-6.列舉、舉例與打比喻處列舉處是指用first(ly)...,second(ly)...,third(ly)...,finally...,notonly...butalso,inaddition,furthermore,moreover;aboveall;ontheonehand...,ontheotherhand...等表示順承關(guān)系詞或短語(yǔ)列舉出事實(shí)。列舉處是事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題主要出題點(diǎn)。在解題時(shí)要依據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)中關(guān)鍵詞找到原文中對(duì)應(yīng)列舉處,然后對(duì)照原文與選項(xiàng),若為正面出題,則與原文內(nèi)容相同選項(xiàng)為正確答案;假如是反面設(shè)題,則與原文內(nèi)容不一樣選項(xiàng)為正確答案。為了使自己觀點(diǎn)更有說(shuō)服力、愈加明確,作者還經(jīng)慣用舉例子或打比喻方式來(lái)論證,句中常由as,suchas,forexample,forinstance,take...asanexample等引導(dǎo)短語(yǔ)或句子作為例證,這些例句或比喻就成為命題者提問(wèn)焦點(diǎn)。出現(xiàn)在文章中任何一個(gè)例子,我們都能夠在上下文找到一段該例子總結(jié)性文字,解答時(shí)要牢牢抓住這部分內(nèi)容。9/130-10-7.結(jié)論處或引用處

作者為正確表示自己觀點(diǎn)或使觀點(diǎn)更有說(shuō)服力,常會(huì)引用一些權(quán)威人士論斷或采納其主要發(fā)覺(jué)等。命題者常在此處做文章。很多文章都包括一些調(diào)查、試驗(yàn),這些調(diào)查、試驗(yàn)結(jié)果、結(jié)論經(jīng)常成為考點(diǎn),所以考生一定要注意find,show,reveal,conclude等動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,thus等表示結(jié)論詞語(yǔ)也要注意。8.數(shù)字與年代處文中數(shù)字、年代、日期等也是高考易考點(diǎn)。其命題形式為:(1)計(jì)算題:四則運(yùn)算得出答案,需要注意原始數(shù)據(jù)。(2)多項(xiàng)選擇一:文中出現(xiàn)多個(gè)時(shí)間、數(shù)字,對(duì)應(yīng)不一樣事件或事物,只考其中一個(gè)。10/130-11-三、正確選項(xiàng)兩大特征1.同義替換在近4次浙江高考閱讀了解題中,正確選項(xiàng)大都不會(huì)直接采取原文表示方式,即使采取了原文部分詞句,關(guān)鍵詞也一定會(huì)換用其它同義表示方式。11/130-12-【典例】(·6浙江,閱讀C)...ThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelpedtocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.InAmericathedemandforoilhasgrownby22percentsince1990.Theproblemsofexcessive(過(guò)分)energyconsumption,climatechangeandpopulationgrowthhavebeendescribedinabookbytheAmericanwriterThomasL.Friedman.Hefearstheworst,buthopesforthebest.Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy(經(jīng)濟(jì))isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.“Theabilitytodesign,buildandexportgreentechnologiesforproducingcleanwater,cleanairandhealthyandabundantfoodisgoingtobethecurrencyofpowerinthenewcentury.”12/130-13-29.WhathastheuseofcarsinAmericaledto?A.Declineofeconomy.B.Environmentalproblems.C.Ashortageofoilsupply.D.Afarm-basedsociety.解析

B

細(xì)節(jié)了解題。

依據(jù)第四段中“The

cars

that

drove

the

American

Dream

have

helped

to

create

a

global

ecological

disaster.”和第五段“The

problems

of

excessive

energy

consumption...”可知,汽車業(yè)發(fā)展帶來(lái)大問(wèn)題是環(huán)境問(wèn)題,故選B項(xiàng)。這里要注意是ecological

disaster和excessive

energy

consumption等,其實(shí)都是B項(xiàng)中environmental

problems詳細(xì)表達(dá)。13/130-14-2.綜合概括/合理推斷正確選項(xiàng)往往是對(duì)原文內(nèi)容概括、歸納或推斷。主旨大意題自然要恪守這一規(guī)律,觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題和推理判斷題也大多符合這一規(guī)律,甚至細(xì)節(jié)了解題也經(jīng)常經(jīng)過(guò)這種方式給出正確答案。這一規(guī)律提醒我們:含義詳細(xì)選項(xiàng)普通不是正確答案,而概括、抽象選項(xiàng)多是正確答案。14/130-15-【典例】(·10浙江,閱讀C)...MorebroadlytheWakefieldsurveysuggeststhatemployersmaybemissingalow-costwaytogiveworkerssomethingofvalue.Sixty-fourpercentofthosesurveyparticipantswhohaven’tworkedremotelywouldrathergiveupsomebonusinordertogetevenonedayaweekworkingfromhome.Undersuchcircumstances,smartfirmsneedtofindwaystolettheiremployeeshaveenoughflexibilitytomanagetheirtimeefficiently.30.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestsmartfirmsdo?A.Shortentheirofficehours.B.Giveemployeesapayrise.C.Adoptflexibleworkpatterns.D.Reducetheirstaff’sworkload.15/130-16-解析

C

細(xì)節(jié)了解題。該題中,A、B、D三項(xiàng)都是比較詳細(xì)內(nèi)容,C項(xiàng)概括性較強(qiáng)。再結(jié)合最終一段“Under

such

circumstances,smart

firms

need

to

find

ways

to

let

their

employees

have

enough

flexibility

to

manage

their

time

efficiently.”可知,作者提議企業(yè)應(yīng)采取靈活工作模式。故選C項(xiàng)。16/130-17-四、錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)六大特征

為了提升命題區(qū)分度,命題者往往會(huì)經(jīng)過(guò)各種伎倆來(lái)增強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)干擾性,所以,我們?cè)诙啅?fù)習(xí)中務(wù)必明確干擾項(xiàng)真面目,從而在解題中輕松排除。1.曲解文意閱讀了解題中有些選項(xiàng)來(lái)自文章中某一句或某幾句話,命題往往會(huì)斷章取義,利用里面字詞設(shè)計(jì)出干擾項(xiàng),看似表示文章意思,其實(shí)是借題發(fā)揮,是對(duì)原文意思曲解。另外,有些干擾項(xiàng)會(huì)去掉原文信息中某個(gè)或一些主要組成部分,造成剩下信息不完整,歪曲原文意思。17/130-18-【典例】(·6浙江,閱讀B)StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe’sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein’sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbag.Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收銀臺(tái)).Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.

...18/130-19-24.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?A.Helpincreasegrocerysales.B.Recyclethewastematerial.C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks.D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.解析

D

細(xì)節(jié)了解題。

依據(jù)第一段最終一句中“...is

defending

an

industry...”和第二段最終“...like

Stein

to

make

the

case

that

their

products

are

not

as

bad

for

the

planet

as

most

people

assume.”可知,Stein并不是一個(gè)環(huán)境保護(hù)科學(xué)家,而是一個(gè)為塑料工業(yè),尤其是支持塑料購(gòu)物袋使用而發(fā)聲科學(xué)家,由此可知選D項(xiàng)。19/130-20-干擾項(xiàng)分析很多考生會(huì)選擇C項(xiàng),因?yàn)槲恼碌谝欢蔚诙渲小?..how

to

reduce

litter,including

things

that

fall

off

garbage

trucks

as

they

drive

down

the

road.”(怎樣降低拋棄物,包含從垃圾車上掉下來(lái)垃圾等等)。但這與題干問(wèn)題(Steven

Stein被雇用目標(biāo)是什么)不符,所以在解閱讀了解題時(shí)一定要注意閱讀題干,不可曲解文意。20/130-21-2.無(wú)中生有干擾項(xiàng)含有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是憑空捏造,但所“造”內(nèi)容通常與文章所談?wù)搯?wèn)題相關(guān),而且看上去很符合提出問(wèn)題,而實(shí)際上文章中根本沒(méi)有談及干擾項(xiàng)內(nèi)容,所以該選項(xiàng)不可能是正確選項(xiàng)?！镜淅?·6浙江,閱讀C)...Cojochru,theMoldovancaregiver,hopedobtainingpermanentresidence(居住權(quán))wouldhelpherbringhertwochildrentoItaly;theylivewithhersisterinMoldova,wheresalariesareamongthelowestinEurope.Shewasskepticalthatthelanguagerequirementwouldencourageintegration.Italiansalways“seemeasaforeigner,”anoutsider,eventhoughshe’sstayedinthecountryforyearsandcanspeakthelocallanguagefluently,shesaid.21/130-22-30.WhatdoweknowaboutCojochru?A.SheliveswithhersisternowinItaly.B.SheenjoyslearningtheItalianlanguage.C.ShespeaksItalianwellenoughforherjob.D.Shewishestogobacktoherhomecountry.解析

C

推理判斷題。題干關(guān)鍵詞為“Cojochru”。依據(jù)最終一段中

“even

though

she’s

stayed

in

the

country

for

years

and

can

speak

the

local

language

fluently”可知Cojochru意大利語(yǔ)已經(jīng)說(shuō)得很流利了,故選C項(xiàng)。其它各項(xiàng)看似正確,都缺乏原文依據(jù),屬于無(wú)中生有。22/130-23-3.以偏概全以偏概全普通出現(xiàn)在全文主旨題或段落主旨題選項(xiàng)中,指是用文章某個(gè)段落論點(diǎn)來(lái)代替整篇文章中心思想或者用段落論據(jù)來(lái)概括段落論點(diǎn)。另外,閱讀過(guò)程中,我們可能會(huì)發(fā)覺(jué)文章中提到幾個(gè)情況,在一個(gè)備選項(xiàng)中卻只出現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)或兩種情況,這種干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)是以偏概全,以部分代替整體,這么干擾項(xiàng)通常出現(xiàn)在細(xì)節(jié)了解題中。23/130-24-【典例】TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon....24/130-25-28.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D.ThedesignersoftheTransition.解析

A

主旨大意題。文章開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)題,向我們介紹了特拉弗吉亞企業(yè)(Terrafugia

Inc.)一款新產(chǎn)品:會(huì)飛汽車,接著重點(diǎn)介紹了該車相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù):配置(has

two

seats,four

wheels

and

wings),飛行速度(flew

at

1,400

feet

for

eight

minutes,around

70

miles

per

hour

on

the

road

and

115

in

the

air),空中和路上油耗(using

a

23-gallon

tank

of

gas

and

burns

5

gallons

per

hour

in

the

air.On

the

ground,it

gets

35

miles

per

gallon.)等,由此可知,第一段主要介紹了該交通工具一些數(shù)據(jù)。故選A項(xiàng)。25/130-26-干擾項(xiàng)分析該段中提到了該款新車優(yōu)勢(shì):有兩個(gè)座椅、四個(gè)輪子和車翼;能在路上跑、能在空中飛,其實(shí),這只是該段細(xì)節(jié),所以極易以偏概全而誤選B項(xiàng)。26/130-27-4.張冠李戴所謂張冠李戴,就是經(jīng)過(guò)使用原文中出現(xiàn)詞匯甚至句子,把原來(lái)適合用于一個(gè)情況內(nèi)容移用到其它情況中,或者把文章中屬于不一樣人物所做事情移花接木,在這種情況下,極易選錯(cuò)。5.正誤交織:選項(xiàng)與原文內(nèi)容二分之一相符,二分之一不相符,部分正確,部分錯(cuò)誤,普通都是前對(duì)后錯(cuò)。6.擴(kuò)縮范圍為了準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密地表示文章內(nèi)容,命題者尤其注意對(duì)文意范圍限定,有時(shí)經(jīng)過(guò)加上almost,all,nearly,morethan,normally,usually等詞語(yǔ)對(duì)文意加以限制?！皵U(kuò)縮范圍”干擾法就是在選項(xiàng)中經(jīng)過(guò)改變或去掉限制性詞語(yǔ),將信息范圍、程度、感情色彩等改變,從而給考生解題造成干擾命題方法。27/130-28-一、練好兩大基本功,提升閱讀能力1.豐富詞匯,扎實(shí)基礎(chǔ)沒(méi)有語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),就無(wú)法進(jìn)行閱讀與了解。所以,除了扎實(shí)掌握好詞音、形、性、義、用等基本要素外,還要在詞義拓展、慣用搭配及習(xí)慣使用方法等方面下功夫,真正過(guò)好詞匯關(guān)。2.強(qiáng)化閱讀,豐富背景常識(shí)考生缺乏對(duì)應(yīng)文化背景知識(shí)是讀不懂、讀不快主要原因之一。文化背景知識(shí)獲取,除了教材課文閱讀外,更多是課外閱讀英文讀物,而課外閱讀材料選取普通要注意以下兩個(gè)方面:(1)體裁多樣,包含記敘文、說(shuō)明文、議論文。題材廣泛,包括人文、科技、歷史、生活、人生觀、習(xí)俗、科普等,趨向當(dāng)代化、生活化、知識(shí)化,突出實(shí)用性與時(shí)代性、趣味性。(2)接觸大量原汁原味英語(yǔ)文章,而且這些材料應(yīng)含有一定生詞量(含有一定生詞量英文讀物一直是高考選材一個(gè)趨勢(shì))。28/130-29-二、搞好三個(gè)關(guān)系,優(yōu)化閱讀效率1.正確處理

“快”與“準(zhǔn)”關(guān)系高考閱讀了解要求考生在處理閱讀了解時(shí)候既要“快”,又要“準(zhǔn)”。也就是說(shuō),在準(zhǔn)確把握文章整體、細(xì)節(jié)以及嚴(yán)密推理基礎(chǔ)上,盡可能提升閱讀速度,而不是單純地追求閱讀速度。29/130-30-2.正確處理復(fù)雜句式、生詞和選擇答案關(guān)系高考閱讀長(zhǎng)句、難句數(shù)量逐年增多。結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、修飾語(yǔ)疊綴、信息容量大句子在近幾年高考試卷中頻頻出現(xiàn),有時(shí)一個(gè)句子占幾行甚至一個(gè)自然段。這就造成了了解困難,而且也增加了我們心理壓力。對(duì)這些攔路虎我們應(yīng)區(qū)分對(duì)待:與題目無(wú)關(guān),不影響了解語(yǔ)篇,就無(wú)須浪費(fèi)時(shí)間和精力;相反,那些和題目相關(guān)要認(rèn)真對(duì)待。對(duì)于生詞也應(yīng)該采取一樣方法,在閱讀中生詞往往是難免,我們只需做兩件事,就能夠在碰到生詞情況下繼續(xù)保持閱讀速度。(1)略過(guò)生詞對(duì)于不影響語(yǔ)篇了解非關(guān)鍵詞匯能夠置之不理。(2)猜測(cè)詞義對(duì)于影響文章了解關(guān)鍵詞能夠用猜詞法猜測(cè)詞義。30/130-31-3.正確處理所需信息與剩下信息關(guān)系一篇閱讀了解普通有250~350詞,通常設(shè)3~4題,所以一定會(huì)有大量剩下信息。我們?cè)谧鲱}時(shí),不用把每一句都弄得清清楚楚,只要重點(diǎn)了解與題目相關(guān)信息就能夠了。在答題時(shí),最好先大致瀏覽一下文后題目,然后帶著問(wèn)題閱讀文章,摘取有用材料。然后針對(duì)測(cè)試題要求,細(xì)心閱讀與問(wèn)題相關(guān)段落、句子或詞匯。31/130-32-三、靈活利用三大技巧,提升閱讀和解題速度

1.略讀(skimming)——了解語(yǔ)篇大意就是以最快速度跳躍式地瀏覽文章標(biāo)題、首尾段、每段首尾句,以及表示句、段關(guān)系連接性詞語(yǔ)(尤其是however,but等后內(nèi)容)等主要部分,以了解文章主旨大意。2.查讀(scanning)——尋找所需信息也叫尋讀,就是帶著問(wèn)題,尤其是帶著一兩個(gè)特征詞(如專有名詞、縮寫(xiě)、數(shù)字等),去文中找到我們所需要信息詳細(xì)位置,進(jìn)行信息定位。32/130-33-3.研讀(study

reading)——了解深層含義就是經(jīng)過(guò)略讀了解文章主旨和經(jīng)過(guò)查讀找到了相關(guān)信息范圍之后,在相關(guān)范圍內(nèi)逐句、逐詞地閱讀,不但要了解其字面意思,而且要結(jié)合語(yǔ)境,經(jīng)過(guò)分析、綜合、比較、聯(lián)想等思維方法,并結(jié)合自己已經(jīng)有知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行推理、判斷,來(lái)了解文章深層含義,以及作者立場(chǎng)、觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度或意圖等。33/130-34-四、四大文體巧突破1.記敘文體細(xì)分類,逐一破解得高分高考試卷上記敘文選材普通分為四類,普通性故事、哲理/勵(lì)志故事、逸聞趣事以及人物故事/傳記。在做題時(shí)一定要忠實(shí)于原文,切不可依據(jù)自己主觀猜測(cè)妄下結(jié)論。務(wù)必做到:●細(xì)分類針對(duì)不一樣類型,逐一針對(duì)破解:(1)“普通故事”,應(yīng)讀懂故事發(fā)生、發(fā)展、高潮和結(jié)局;(2)“哲理故事”,要了解故事所蘊(yùn)含哲理意義;(3)“逸聞趣事”,應(yīng)體會(huì)對(duì)話幽默性,進(jìn)而才能感受幽默精華。(4)“人物傳記”,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注人物經(jīng)歷以及主要事跡或貢獻(xiàn)。34/130-35-●巧應(yīng)對(duì)(1)整體感知文章內(nèi)容,明確中心,抓住作者情感特點(diǎn)。(2)理清文章結(jié)構(gòu),了解文章思緒,搞清段落之間聯(lián)絡(luò)。(3)重視細(xì)節(jié),感受文章中人物語(yǔ)言所表示思想感情。(4)結(jié)合上下文了解詞義和句意,領(lǐng)會(huì)詞句在特定語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中含義和作用。35/130-36-2.理結(jié)構(gòu)抓角度,高分完勝議論文議論文是比較輕易失分文體,主要因?yàn)樽h論文往往語(yǔ)言嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),不太口語(yǔ)化,詞匯、句式又高級(jí)復(fù)雜,不像簡(jiǎn)單句那么輕易分析;另外它承載信息量較大,選材內(nèi)容往往偏離考生日常生活,考生有限親身生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)不能很好地幫助了解文章?？忌粘Ｒ獢U(kuò)大視野、拓展知識(shí)面、培養(yǎng)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)語(yǔ)言會(huì)話習(xí)慣等,同時(shí)也要訓(xùn)練必要議論文閱讀和解題技巧。36/130-37-●理結(jié)構(gòu)(1)議論文

(2)夾敘夾議37/130-38-●抓角度(1)從邏輯思維角度,分析用詞準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)密性。(2)從說(shuō)理角度,分析議論文中敘述部分概括性和簡(jiǎn)練性。(3)從修辭角度,分析用詞鮮明生動(dòng)性和感情色彩。38/130-39-3.理結(jié)構(gòu)破難點(diǎn),從容突破說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明文理論性、邏輯性較強(qiáng),敘述條理、層次分明,科技詞匯較多,命題往往是對(duì)事實(shí)相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行一定推理判斷,如:動(dòng)植物本身保護(hù)方式判斷題,科學(xué)方法圖示判斷題(生產(chǎn)流程和工藝方法排序題),標(biāo)題判斷題,生詞詞義判斷題,代詞指代判斷題,以及對(duì)原因推理判斷題?！窭斫Y(jié)構(gòu)39/130-40-●破難點(diǎn)說(shuō)明文是高考選材熱點(diǎn),其主要類型有科普調(diào)查類、生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)類、社會(huì)生活類,介紹科普知識(shí)、科研動(dòng)態(tài)以及科技結(jié)果開(kāi)發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、用途等等,重在揭示自然界奧秘、生物生存背景和產(chǎn)品工藝原理,多解釋性和定義性長(zhǎng)句,甚至?xí)袕木浏B加現(xiàn)象。所以,在解題時(shí)要注意:(1)要保持冷靜,一直以平靜心態(tài)閱讀原文。(2)認(rèn)真分析長(zhǎng)難句句子結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系,對(duì)關(guān)鍵信息做出準(zhǔn)確了解和判斷。40/130-41-4.明特點(diǎn)曉策略,快速攻克應(yīng)用文應(yīng)用類文章多以廣告或書(shū)信等形式出現(xiàn),設(shè)題形式上以考查細(xì)節(jié)為主,有時(shí)也考查推理判斷或?qū)懽髂繕?biāo)?！衩魈攸c(diǎn)應(yīng)用文包含廣告、新聞、海報(bào)、說(shuō)明書(shū)等,其目標(biāo)都是向讀者傳遞信息。其特征為:(1)語(yǔ)言格式規(guī)范;(2)語(yǔ)言嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)準(zhǔn)確;(3)語(yǔ)言格調(diào)平實(shí)質(zhì)樸,卻清楚簡(jiǎn)練。41/130-42-●曉策略(1)題干定位法:先閱讀題干,然后依據(jù)問(wèn)題按照題目次序有針對(duì)性地結(jié)合題干中關(guān)鍵詞到文中定位,閱讀相關(guān)部分并快速尋找有效信息,再將原文和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較。當(dāng)問(wèn)題與原文材料相同時(shí)候,對(duì)號(hào)入座;假如問(wèn)題與原文不一樣,則能夠同義替換、歸納事實(shí)等。(2)補(bǔ)全成份法:省略詞和省略句在應(yīng)用文中大量出現(xiàn)。對(duì)于影響語(yǔ)境了解省略情況,應(yīng)將省略句補(bǔ)全,從而愈加準(zhǔn)確地了解其意思。(3)信息再加工法:主要用于詞義或句意推測(cè)題以及包括數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換判斷推理題。需要對(duì)原文相關(guān)信息作正確了解,并經(jīng)過(guò)推理判斷或是計(jì)算對(duì)信息進(jìn)行再加工。42/130-43-五、四大題型巧應(yīng)對(duì)在解答閱讀了解題時(shí),不論哪種題型,只要將“準(zhǔn)確定位、同義替換、次序?qū)?yīng)”等解題技巧熟練利用,就能事半功倍。(一)細(xì)節(jié)了解題:巧定位,細(xì)比對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)了解題主要考查文章中某一個(gè)或幾個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),能夠在文章中直接找到相關(guān)信息,進(jìn)而判斷該題目標(biāo)正確答案。解題流程43/130-44-考點(diǎn)突破1.直接信息題:詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)直接信息題多采取原文中信息直接進(jìn)行考查。做題時(shí),能夠先從問(wèn)題中找到關(guān)鍵詞,然后以此為線索,利用略讀及查閱技巧在文中快速尋找這一細(xì)節(jié),找到后再把這一部分內(nèi)容仔細(xì)閱讀一遍,比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)細(xì)微區(qū)分。當(dāng)問(wèn)到what,when,which,where等詳細(xì)信息時(shí),往往有accordingtotheauthor/passage這么限制語(yǔ),回答時(shí),一定以文章所談到內(nèi)容為依據(jù),切忌憑自己觀點(diǎn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)去選擇不符合文章內(nèi)容答案。44/130-45-【典例】(·6浙江,閱讀C)FLORENCE,Italy—SvetlanaCojochrufeelshurt.TheMoldovanhaslivedheresevenyearsasacaregivertoItaliankidsandtheelderly,butinordertostayshe’shadtoproveherlanguageskillsbytakingatestwhichrequireshertowriteapostcardtoanimaginaryfriendandanswerafictionaljobad....28.WhydoesCojochruhavetotakealanguagetest?A.TocontinuetostayinItaly.B.ToteachherchildrenItalian.C.TofindabetterjobinItaly.D.TobettermixwiththeItalians.45/130-46-解析

A

細(xì)節(jié)了解題。題干關(guān)鍵詞為“take

a

language

test”,由此鎖定答案信息:第一段

“but

in

order

to

stay

she’s

had

to

prove

her

language

skills

by

taking

a

test...”

可知,Cojochru是為了能夠繼續(xù)留在意大利才要參加語(yǔ)言考試,故選A項(xiàng)。46/130-47-2.間接信息題:語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換間接信息題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中普通不出現(xiàn)原文中原詞原句,而是借助同義轉(zhuǎn)換、概念解析

、歸納事實(shí)等方法對(duì)原文信息進(jìn)行適當(dāng)變換。【典例】(·6浙江,閱讀B)GettinglesssleephasbecomeabadhabitformostAmericankids.Accordingtoanewsurvey(調(diào)查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7-to12-year-oldssaidtheyfelttiredduringtheday,and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool....47/130-48-25.WhatisthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?A.Americankids’sleepinghabits.B.Teenagers’sleep-relateddiseases.C.Activitiestopreventsleeplessness.D.Learningproblemsandlackofsleep.解析

A

細(xì)節(jié)了解題。依據(jù)所顯示段落可知,美國(guó)有51%10到18歲孩子上床睡覺(jué)時(shí)間偏晚,去年調(diào)查顯示60%7到12歲孩子在白天感到疲憊,15%孩子會(huì)在學(xué)校睡覺(jué),所以這些調(diào)查都是關(guān)于美國(guó)孩子睡眠習(xí)慣,故選A項(xiàng)。48/130-49-3.數(shù)字計(jì)算題:查讀分析詳細(xì)計(jì)算題能夠是對(duì)年份計(jì)算,月份計(jì)算或百分比、費(fèi)用計(jì)算等。文章中常會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多數(shù)字,它們會(huì)對(duì)解題產(chǎn)生一定干擾。在處理數(shù)字計(jì)算題時(shí),首先通讀題干明確題目要求,然后快速找到與之相關(guān)數(shù)字,對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析、整合,并結(jié)合題干計(jì)算出正確答案。49/130-50-【典例】(·6浙江,閱讀B)...Howmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage.Babiesneedalotofrest:mostofthemsleepabout18hoursaday!Adultsneedabouteighthours.Formostschool-agechildren,tenhoursisideal(理想).ButthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10-to12-year-oldsgetonlysevenoreighthours.Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobeforebedtime?WatchTV....26.Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11-year-oldsneedeveryday?A.7hours. B.8hours.C.10hours. D.18hours.50/130-51-解析

C

細(xì)節(jié)了解題。題干關(guān)鍵詞為“11-year-olds”。依據(jù)常識(shí)可知,11歲孩子恰好是學(xué)齡兒童,故對(duì)應(yīng)文中“school-age

children”。由“For

most

school-age

children,ten

hours

is

ideal.”可知,11歲學(xué)齡兒童睡眠要10個(gè)小時(shí),故選C項(xiàng)。51/130-52-4.事實(shí)排序題:首尾定位在解答排序題時(shí),搞清“首事件”和“尾事件”,利用“排除法”,快速縮小范圍,快速選出正確答案。另外,也能夠先不看四個(gè)不一樣選項(xiàng),而是先把所給事件排序,然后與備選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行對(duì)照;若有相同排序選項(xiàng)則基本可定為答案,之后再進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。52/130-53-(二)推理判斷題:找依據(jù),合情理推理判斷題都不能直接從原材料中找到答案,也就是說(shuō)在解題時(shí),要在了解表面文字信息基礎(chǔ)上,盡可能考慮文中全部信息或事實(shí),在通篇了解文章基礎(chǔ)上領(lǐng)會(huì)作者言外之意,從而做出正確推理和判斷。53/130-54-解題流程第一步就是依據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞尋找依據(jù),即答題信息點(diǎn);第二步,了解相關(guān)信息;第三步,結(jié)合已經(jīng)有常識(shí),進(jìn)行適度符合情理推斷,從而得出答案。54/130-55-考點(diǎn)突破1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)推斷題事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)推斷題主要推斷隱含意義,通常是推斷文章某個(gè)特定細(xì)節(jié)隱藏含義,題干中常包含有infer,suggest,learnabout等詞。在解題時(shí),要做到判斷有據(jù),推論有理。要充分利用文章關(guān)鍵詞、句甚至是文中某個(gè)特定事例進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)推斷,要立足于由已知推斷未知,而不能選擇表層信息答案。55/130-56-【典例】OnoneofhertripstoNewYorkseveralyearsago,EudoraWeltydecidedtotakeacoupleofNewYorkfriendsouttodinner.TheysettledinatacomfortableEastSidecafeandwithinminutes,anothercustomerwasapproachingtheirtable.“Hey,aren’tyoufromMississippi?”theelegant,white-hairedwriterrememberedbeingaskedbythestranger.“I’mfromMississippitoo.”Withoutasecondthought,thewomanjoinedtheWeltyparty.Whenherdinnerpartnershowedup,shealsopulledupachair.“TheybegantellingmeallthenewsofMississippi,”Weltysaid...56/130-57-25.WhathappenedwhenWeltywaswithherfriendsatthecafe?A.Twostrangersjoinedher.B.Herchildhoodfriendscamein.C.Aheavyrainruinedthedinner.D.Somepeopleheldapartythere.解析

A

第三段中“the

woman

joined

the

Welty

party”中the

woman就是指第二段中the

stranger,也是第一段中another

customer;第三段第二句“When

her

dinner

partner

showed

up,she

also

pulled

up

a

chair.”中her

dinner

partner就是前面提到那個(gè)strangerdinner

partner,所以共有“兩位陌生人加入到了Welty飯局中”,故選A項(xiàng)。57/130-58-2.寫(xiě)作目標(biāo)推斷題寫(xiě)作目標(biāo)推斷題是指命題人要求考生推斷作者利用某種寫(xiě)作手法目標(biāo)。高考試卷中寫(xiě)法普通包含以下幾個(gè)方面:(1)為了引出主題,先提到相關(guān)事物;(2)為了讓讀者關(guān)注主題,文章以提問(wèn)開(kāi)始;(3)經(jīng)過(guò)列舉詳細(xì)事例來(lái)說(shuō)明主題;(4)利用比擬或比喻,讓讀者更易了解抽象或陌生事物;(5)經(jīng)過(guò)引語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)明或論證某個(gè)觀點(diǎn),或使自己觀點(diǎn)更有說(shuō)服力。題干中常含有purpose,inorderto等詞。不一樣文體文章可能有不一樣寫(xiě)作目標(biāo):(1)toentertainorinstructreaders(如故事類文章);(2)topersuadereaders(如廣告);(3)toinformreaders,toexplainsth.(如科普類、新聞報(bào)道類或文化類文章)。58/130-59-【典例】(·6浙江,閱讀A)...HowdidDickensgettothetop?Forallthefeelingsreadersattachtostories,literatureisanumbersgame,andthetestoftimeisextremelydifficulttopass.Some60,000novelswerepublishedduringtheVictorianage,from1837to1901;todayacasualreadermightbeabletonameahalf-dozenofthem.It’spartlytruethatDickens’styleofwritingattractedaudiencesfromallwalksoflife.It’spartlythathiswritingsrodeawaveofsocial,politicalandscientificprogress.Butit’salsothatherewrotethecultureofliteratureandputhimselfatthecenter.Noonewilleverknowwhatmixoftalent,ambition,energyandluckmadeDickenssuchadistinguishedwriter.Butasthe200thanniversaryofhisbirthapproaches,itispossible—andimportantforourownculture—tounderstandhowhemadehimselfalastingone.59/130-60-23.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A.Torememberagreatwriter.B.TointroduceanEnglishnovel.C.Toencouragestudiesonculture.D.TopromotevaluesoftheVictorianage.解析

A

寫(xiě)作目標(biāo)推斷題。

依據(jù)文章最終一段“...No

one

will

ever

know...such

a

distinguished

writer.But

as

the

200th

anniversary

of

his

birth

approaches...”推斷可知,本文主要是為了紀(jì)念狄更斯200周年誕辰而寫(xiě)。60/130-61-3.文章出處推斷題這類試題題干中常有comefrom,mostprobablyappear,mostlikelytobetakenfrom等,要求考生依據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)和措辭等去判斷文章屬于哪類文體,如廣告(anadvertisement)、書(shū)評(píng)(abookreview)、新聞特寫(xiě)或?qū)ｎ}報(bào)道(afeaturestory)、新聞報(bào)道(anewsreport)、科技新聞(sciencenews)、科幻故事(sciencefictionstory)、展覽指南(anexhibitionguide)、通知或公告(anannouncement)等。61/130-62-【典例】...“Itcanfollowandcarrythingsforpeoplearoundwhilecommunicatingwiththeirsmartphone,andavoidingobstacles,”explainedAlexLibman,founderofNUARobotics.“We’recombiningsensornetwork,computervision,androbotics.Soifyoudownloadourapp(應(yīng)用),pressthe‘followme’button,theluggagerecognizesitsuserandknowstofollowandcommunicate.”12.Whereisthearticleprobablyfrom?A.Atextbook. B.Aposter.C.Abiography. D.Awebsite.解析

D

文章出處推斷題。依據(jù)文中“So

if

you

download

our

app,press

the

‘follow

me’

button...”可推斷,本文可能來(lái)自一個(gè)網(wǎng)站。故選D項(xiàng)。62/130-63-4.作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷題題干中常包含有thinkof,attitude,opinion等詞,我們應(yīng)該關(guān)注主題句,同時(shí)把握文章體裁也能夠推斷作者寫(xiě)作目標(biāo)。同時(shí)還要善于捕捉描寫(xiě)環(huán)境氣氛,表示感情、態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)和心理詞句來(lái)推斷作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。全方面了解文章內(nèi)容及文章中心思想,注意能夠表示作者思想傾向和感情色彩形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞及所舉例子,如doubt,appreciate,hate,against等。63/130-64-【典例】(·6浙江,閱讀C)Asculturalsymbolsgo,theAmericancarisquiteyoung.TheModelTFordwasbuiltatthePiquettePlantinMichiganacenturyago,withthefirstrollingofftheassemblyline(裝配線)onSeptember27,1908.Onlyelevencarswereproducedthenextmonth.ButeventuallyHenryFordwouldbuildfifteenmillionofthem....Theproblemsofexcessive(過(guò)分)energyconsumption,climatechangeandpopulationgrowthhavebeendescribedinabookbytheAmericanwriterThomasL.Friedman.Hefearstheworst,buthopesforthebest.Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy(經(jīng)濟(jì))isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.“Theabilitytodesign,buildandexportgreentechnologiesforproducingcleanwater,cleanairandhealthyandabundantfoodisgoingtobethecurrencyofpowerinthenewcentury.”64/130-65-30.WhatisFriedman’sattitudetowardsAmerica’sfuture?A.Ambiguous. B.Doubtful.C.Hopeful. D.Tolerant.解析

C

觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷題。

依據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段最終“...but

hopes

for

the

best.”和最終一段中“Friedman

points

out

that

the

green

economy

is

a

chance

to...is

going

to

be

the

currency

of

power

in

the

new

century.”可知,Friedman對(duì)美國(guó)前景還是很看好,認(rèn)為在綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)帶動(dòng)下,美國(guó)未來(lái)會(huì)變得更加好,選C項(xiàng)。干擾項(xiàng)分析A項(xiàng)表示“模棱兩可”;B項(xiàng)表示“懷疑”;D項(xiàng)表示“容忍,忍耐”。依據(jù)語(yǔ)境中hopes

for

the

best和最終一段表述可知,此三項(xiàng)都不符合。65/130-66-(三)主旨大意題:研信息,巧歸納主旨大意題主要考查考生對(duì)所讀材料(或所讀材料片段)中心思想或標(biāo)題概括。做這類題時(shí),考生應(yīng)通讀全文,把握語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀或中心思想,同時(shí)注意文章主題句,因?yàn)橹黝}句表示了文章中心思想,而其它句子均圍繞主題句展開(kāi)。主題句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方,但有時(shí)也位于段落中間(通常是第一段或最終一段中間)。主旨大意題考查形式很多,如概括標(biāo)題、主題、段意、中心思想等。66/130-67-解題流程務(wù)必切記“永遠(yuǎn)把主旨大意題放在最終做”。因?yàn)樾枰x完全文才能把握文章主題,所以在解答這類題目時(shí),考生不要急于去找答案,不論它出現(xiàn)在什么位置都把它作為最終一道題來(lái)做。在做完另外幾道題目后,無(wú)疑會(huì)有利于考生加深對(duì)整篇文章了解。67/130-68-考點(diǎn)突破1.概括文章主旨該題型題干中常含有mainidea,bestidea,subject,mainlydiscuss等詞。解題步驟是首先用略讀法找到主題句,然后對(duì)照各選項(xiàng),選出正確答案。在瀏覽時(shí)候,要盡可能關(guān)注以下信息:文中出現(xiàn)forexample,forinstance,themostimportantexample等詞;首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí);首段出現(xiàn)詳細(xì)例子或假設(shè)時(shí),例子或假設(shè)后面內(nèi)容;作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)重申觀點(diǎn),通常是主旨;重復(fù)出現(xiàn)詞語(yǔ),普通為表達(dá)文章主旨關(guān)鍵詞;段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折詞語(yǔ)(如however,yet,infact,actually等);試驗(yàn)結(jié)論句子(如theirstudiesshowthat...或theexperimentshowsthat...中that從句內(nèi)容很可能就是主旨)。68/130-69-(1)利用文章

“總——分——總”結(jié)構(gòu),定主旨句開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山,是多數(shù)西方人寫(xiě)作習(xí)慣性思維,文章開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)明文章主題。文章結(jié)構(gòu)也多為“總——分——總”形式,第一段普通交代文章寫(xiě)作背景、故事梗概或點(diǎn)明主題;中間段落對(duì)主題句展開(kāi)敘述,而在最終一段重申主題,首尾呼應(yīng)。所以,要尋找這類文章主旨大意就需仔細(xì)研讀文章第一段及最終一段。(2)利用文章時(shí)間次序或“分述——總說(shuō)”結(jié)構(gòu),定主旨句常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)有按時(shí)間次序或“分述——總說(shuō)”結(jié)構(gòu)。按時(shí)間先后次序說(shuō)明某一件事、某一理論發(fā)展過(guò)程文章,主題通常在首段或末段;而采取“分述——總說(shuō)”結(jié)構(gòu)文章,前幾段分別說(shuō)明,末段總結(jié),這類文章主題常在末段。(3)文章若無(wú)主題句,抓住高頻詞作者往往有意識(shí)地重復(fù)敘述文章主題,所以,要善于抓住、利用這些重復(fù)出現(xiàn)中心詞,即高頻詞。69/130-70-【典例】Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable;thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap(間隙)withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson’sneeds.ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied(暗示)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.70/130-71-Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.Instillanotheruse,personsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.71/130-72-Nursesandothercare-giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilencesothatapatient’ssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing(治愈)valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatientsfromtheirownandfromothercultures.35.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A.SoundandSilenceB.WhatItMeanstoBeSilentC.SilencetoNativeAmericansD.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGold72/130-73-解析

B

由文章中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)silence和meaning這兩個(gè)詞及文章首句“The

meaning

of

silence

varies

among

cultural

groups.”可概括出文章主旨是:文章主要介紹了緘默在不一樣文化背景下不一樣內(nèi)涵。即:在有些時(shí)候,人們利用緘默來(lái)處理人們之間沖突,而在有些時(shí)候緘默則被認(rèn)為表示頑固或者是擔(dān)憂。B項(xiàng)符合文章主旨,其中“Means

to

Be

Silent”是文章第一句中“the

meaning

of

silence”同義替換。干擾項(xiàng)A項(xiàng)范圍偏大;C項(xiàng)以偏概全;D項(xiàng)無(wú)中生有。73/130-74-2.概括文章標(biāo)題該類題目題干中常包含“title”一詞。正確選項(xiàng)通常具備以下三個(gè)特點(diǎn):概括性;針對(duì)性;醒目性。3.歸納段落大意段落大意是指一篇文章某個(gè)段落主要意思。概括段落大意時(shí),一定要在把握全段或全文中心基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行,做到圍繞中心,找出段落大意。(1)議論文、科技文件和新聞報(bào)道主題句通常在段首,該段圍繞這一主題而展開(kāi),用演繹法闡述觀點(diǎn)。(2)主題句在段中時(shí),通常前面只提出問(wèn)題,然后段落主題由隨之陳說(shuō)細(xì)節(jié)和合乎邏輯引申在文中導(dǎo)出,而后又作深入解釋、論證和說(shuō)明。(3)主題句在段尾時(shí),作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù),層層推理論證,最終得出結(jié)論,即段落主題。74/130-75-【典例】(·6浙江,閱讀C)...Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffort—thedesiretoexplore,explain,andunderstandourworld—issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.Perhapsevolution(進(jìn)化)providedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds,andadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitive(認(rèn)知)systemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit,“Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren.”75/130-76-53.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A.Theworldmaybemoreclearlyexplainedthroughchildren’splay.B.Studyingbabies’playmayleadtoabetterunderstandingofscience.C.Childrenmayhavegreaterabilitytofigureoutthingsthanscientists.D.One’sdriveforscientificresearchmaybecomestrongerashegrows.解析

B

主旨大意題。通讀文章最終一段可知,該段是按總分結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行組織,故該段主題句應(yīng)是第一句話。故選B項(xiàng),意為:研究嬰兒游戲或許有利于更加好地了解科學(xué)。干擾項(xiàng)A項(xiàng)過(guò)于籠統(tǒng),C、D兩項(xiàng)均屬于經(jīng)典無(wú)中生有。76/130-77-(四)詞義猜測(cè)題:前后文,細(xì)品味詞義猜測(cè)題考查是考生依據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義能力,即利用上下文已知部分(尤其是該詞或短語(yǔ)前后句子)進(jìn)行推理,有時(shí)還需要依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。能夠是一個(gè)單詞意義推斷,也能夠是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或句子意義推斷,既能夠是生詞意義,也能夠是熟詞新義;還能夠是對(duì)替換詞所替換內(nèi)容判斷。解題時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn):(1)切記沒(méi)有上下文就沒(méi)有意思,推斷詞義要回到原句中分析。(2)推斷句意要看全段甚至全文。(3)正確了解作者在全文中情感態(tài)度對(duì)準(zhǔn)確判斷至關(guān)主要。(4)不要受平時(shí)該詞最常見(jiàn)意思影響。77/130-78-解題流程78/130-79-考點(diǎn)突破1.依據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義(1)經(jīng)過(guò)上下文提供信息來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義任何一篇文章中句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對(duì)孤立,都與句子所在段落及整篇文章相關(guān)。利用上下文提供情景和線索,進(jìn)行符合邏輯綜合分析,并依此來(lái)推測(cè)詞義。79/130-80-【典例】(·6浙江,閱讀B)...Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收銀臺(tái)).Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume....80/130-81-25.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?A.Bansonplasticbags.B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.C.Headachescausedbygarbage.D.Plasticbagshungintrees.解析

A

詞