高三英語語法復習講座非謂語動詞

學習好資料歡迎下載學習好資料歡迎下載學習好資料歡迎下載高三英語語法復習講座----非謂語動詞非謂語動詞是指動詞的三種變化形式，在句中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式。非謂語動詞分為三種形式：不定式、動名詞和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）不定式的構(gòu)成：是由“to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成即、todo，否定式是nottodo不定式可以帶賓語或狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。不定式的各種形式：主動被動一般時todotobedone進行時tobedoing完成時tohavedonetohavebeendone完成進行時Tohavebeendoing不定式的作用：不定式可以做主語、賓語、狀語、表語和定語。作主語不定式作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。往往用it作形式主語，把不定式放在謂語后面。如：Ittookustwohourstofinishtheexam.ItisimportantforustostudyEnglishwell.ItisverykindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.注意：（1）其他系動詞如look,appear等也可用于此句型。（2）當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用Itis…to…的句型。試比較：Itistosupportmyownideatobelievehim.（錯）Tobelievehimistosupportmyownidea.（對）（3）Itis+adj.of/forsb.todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)中，當不定式的邏輯主語和前面的形容詞可以構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)時，用of,否則用for.It’sbraveofhimtosavetheboy.可以說成，Heisbravetosavetheboy.作賓語動詞+不定式。如：Hemanagedtoescapefromthefire.Ifindithardtogetalongwithhim.（it作形式賓語）注：下列動詞通常用不定式作賓語：plan,hope,wish,promise,refuse,help,decide,learn,agree,choose等動詞+疑問詞+to,“特殊疑問句+不定式”相當于名詞，作賓語。如：Idon’tknowwhattodonext/howtodoitnext.Ican’tdecidewhentogothere.注意：不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶有賓語補足語，往往把不定式短語放在賓語補足語之后，用it作形式賓語。如：Ifinditnecessarytolearnaforeignlanguage.(make,feel,think,bilieve等常用于本句型)作賓語補足語動詞+賓語+不定式（todo）。如：Hewarnedmetobecareful.IwantyoutospeaktoTom.Whatmakesyouthinkso?（不帶to的不定式）注：可以用動詞不定式做賓補的動詞有：ask,tell,order,want,get,wouldlike,like,advise,invite,allow,help,wish,warn,expect,prefer,encourage特別注意，在一下動詞后的不定式做賓語補足語的不定式主動語態(tài)中省略to，被動語態(tài)還原toListento,hear,watch,see,lookat,notice,observe,feel,make,have,let,其中help(可省略，也可不省略)Thebossmakeshimworktenhoursaday.-------Heismadetoworktenhours.help后面作賓語補足語的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to.Ioftenhelphim（to）cleantheroom.Ihelpedhim(to)findhisthings.表見解、看法的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為：動詞+賓語+tobe的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如：WeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.Thebookisbelievedtobeuseful.（被動語態(tài)）(3)There+不定式。如：Wedidn’texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我們沒料到會有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些動詞需用as短語作補語，像regard,think,believe,take,consider。如：WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Marytookhimasherfather.瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。（(3)help后面作賓語補足語的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to.Ioftenhelphim（to）cleantheroom.Ihelpedhim(to)findhisthings.作定語不定式作定語，修飾名詞或代詞，不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動狀關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系。不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后。如：Ihavealotofworktodo.（動賓關(guān)系）Heislookingforaroomtolivein.（動狀關(guān)系）Heisthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.（主謂關(guān)系）Hehasgotachancetogoabroad.（同位關(guān)系）注意：1.不定式的邏輯主語是句子的主語時，不定式用主動形式表被動。如：Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?2.如果作定語的不定式是一個短語，則要保留不定時短語中的副詞或介詞。如：Ineedapentowritewith.(Iwillwirtewiththepen)(我需要一直鋼筆寫字)Ihavealittlebabytolookafter.(Imustlookafterthelittlebaby)(我有一個嬰兒要照看)作狀語，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等，有時還有一些固定搭配的不定式短語，如inorderto,soasto,so…asto,such…asto,….enoughto,too…to等。做目的狀語，to,onlyto（僅僅為了）,inorderto,soasto,so(such)….asto…（如此···以便···）如：Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。Hecametotheschooltoseehisson.作結(jié)果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子后面。如：Hehurriedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed.Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.做原因狀語。如：Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.I’mgladtoseeyou.做條件狀語。如：Toturntotheleft,youcouldfindapostoffice.作表語不定式可放在be動詞后面，構(gòu)成表語。如：Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.Myquestioniswhentoleave.Hisdreamistobeadoctor.Herworkistolookafterthebabies.注意：1.不定式在句中作表語時，對應的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。2.當主語是不定式時，表語不能用Ving形式，要用不定式。如：Toseeistobelieve.（眼見為實）獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tagreewithyou.Tomakemattersworse,itbegantorain.不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)不定式的時態(tài)現(xiàn)在時：有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。如：Heseemstoknowthis.Ihopetoseeyouagain.完成時：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。如：I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Heseemstohavecaughtacold.進行時：表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。如：Heseemstobeeatingsomething.完成進行時：表示動作從過去某個時間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去。如：Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.不定式的語態(tài)當不定式的邏輯主語是其動作的承受者時，就用被動式。如：Hewasseentoenterthehall.HeaskedtobesenttoworkinTibet.省to的動詞不定式情態(tài)動詞（除ought外，oughtto）Wouldrather,hadbetter.感官動詞see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel等后作賓補，省略to.注意：在被動語態(tài)中to不能省略掉。如：Isawhimdance.Hewasseentodance.Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.使役動詞let,have,make.由and,or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to可以省去。如：HewantstomovetoFranceandmarrythegirl.Help可帶to,也可不帶to,helpsb.(to)dosth.Why…/Whynot…But和except前是動詞do時，后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。試比較：Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等詞后，可以省去tobe.如：Heissupposed(tobe)nice.他應該是個好人?！狪usuallygotherebytrain.——Whynot______byboatforachange?AtotrygoingBtryingtogoCtotryandgoDtrygoing答案選DPauldoesn’thavetobemade______.Healwaysworkshard.AlearnBtolearnClearnedDlearning答案選B四、動詞不定式的否定式。如：Tellhimnottoshutthewindow.ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter______afterdrinking.AnevertodriveBtoneverdriveCneverdrivingDneverdrive答案選ATheboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.AnottoBnottodoCnotdoitDdonotdo答案選AThepatientwaswarned______foodbeforetheoperation.AtoeatnoBeatingnotCnottoeatDnoteating答案選C動名詞（動名詞具有動詞和名詞的特征，在句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語）動名詞的各種形式及物動詞不及物動詞主動被動主動一般時doingbeingdonedoing完成時havingdonehavingbeendonehavingdone動名詞的作用作主語謂語用單數(shù)。It代替動名詞作主語，常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)：It’snogood/usedoing···如：Seeingisbelieving.Playingwithfireisdangerous.It’snogoodwaitinghere.作賓語Ienjoylisteningtomusic.Heoftenpracticesplayingthepianointheevening.Heisfondofplayingbasketball.Hehasgivenupsmoking.Wouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittle,please?只能接動名詞作賓語的動詞：admit，advise建議，risk，appreciate，envy嫉妒，avoid避免，consider考慮，delay延遲，deny否認，dislike不喜歡，enjoy，escape逃避，excuse原諒、寬恕，finish完成，forgive原諒，understand理解，giveup放棄，imagine想象，keep保持，mind介意、在乎，miss錯過，practise訓練，putoff推遲，resist抵抗，suggest建議、暗示can’thelp禁不住，can’tstand無法忍受，devoteto(to為介詞)致力于···，lookforwardto期望、盼望，stickto堅持，be/getusedto習慣于，objectto反對，bebusy忙于···，feelike想要···payattentionto注意cometo談到referto談到，提及besurprisedat對……感到驚訝beproudof以……為驕傲succeedin在某方面成功beafraidof害怕只能接不定式作賓語的動詞：happen碰巧，offer主動提出，promise答應，agree同意，refuse拒絕，decide決定，determine決定、決心，pretend假裝，fail未能夠，learn，wish希望，hope，expect，afford負擔得起。接動名詞、不定式均可，意義相同的動詞：like，love，dislike，hate，begin，star，continue，prefer，can’tbear/endure無法忍受，cease停止下列詞接動名詞和不定式均可，但意義不同的動詞：forget，goon，mean，regret，remember，stop，try,want,can’thelp等Stoptodo停下來去做stopdoing停止做Forgettodo忘記要做forgetdoing忘記做過Remembertodo記得要做rememberdoing記得做過Regrettodo遺憾要做regretdoing后悔做過Trytodo企圖做，盡力做trydoing試著做Goontodo繼續(xù)做（另一件事）goondoing繼續(xù)做（同一件事）Meantodo打算做meandoing意味做Wanttodo想要做wantdoing需要被做Can’helptodo不能幫助做can’thelpdoing忍不住做InsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans_______foranotherhour.AwaitingBtowaitingCwaitDtobewaiting答案：ANeed,require,want作“需要”講，其后用動名詞的主動式表示被動意義，beworth也有類似用法。如：Theflowersneedwatering/tobewatered.Theproblemisworthdiscussing.作表語此時的動名詞可以和主語調(diào)換位置。如：Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechild.作定語動名詞作定語，一般表示用途。如：awaitingroom，adivingboard，areadingroom，adininghalltherearealotofswimmingpoolsinthecity.注：（1）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表動作，它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可改寫成一個定語從句。如果為單詞，放在被修飾n之前，為短語，放在被修飾n之后。如：asleepingboy=aboywhoissleepingadevelopingcountry=acountrywhichisdeveloping（2）動名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質(zhì)，可改寫成一個for的短語，兩者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：awashingmachine=amachineforwashingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimming動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)有形容詞性無助代詞或人稱代詞的賓格、名詞所有格、或普通格加動名詞構(gòu)成，作主語用名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞。Hiscomingaddstoourpleasure.動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動名詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，通常要用完成式，否則都用一般式。如：Weareinterestedinplayingchess.Hewaspraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.I’msorryfornothavingkeptmypromise.若主語是動名詞所表示的動作的對象，動名詞用被動語態(tài)。如：Wemustdosomethingtopreventwaterfrombeingpolluted.Irememberhavingbeentoldastory.Hewasafraidofbeingscoldedbytheteacher.分詞（分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。在句中作定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。）現(xiàn)在分詞的各種形式及物動詞不及物動詞主動被動主動一般時doingbeingdonedoing完成時havingdonehavingbeendonehavingdone完成進行時havingbeendoinghavingbeendoing現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別：在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞表示被動意義；在時間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作往往正在進行或者與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，過去分詞表示的動作已經(jīng)完成或沒有一定的時間性。如：fallingleaves正在下落的樹葉fallenleaves已經(jīng)落在地上的樹葉分詞的作用作定語單個分詞作定語，分詞前置。如：Thesleepingboyismyson.Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.Alostopportunityneverreturns.Heisaretiredworker.分詞短語作定語，分詞后置；分詞修飾不定代詞something等要后置；個別分詞如give，left等作定語也后置。如：Thegirlstandingunderthetreeismyniece.Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.Thisisthequestiongiven.Thereisnothinginteresting.過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動關(guān)系，相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。如：MostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientistsThefirsttextbook______forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.AhavewrittenBtobewrittenCbeingwrittenDwrittenWhat’sthelanguage______inGermany?AspeakingBspokenCbespokenDtospeakPricesofdailygoods______throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.AareboughtBboughtCbeenboughtDbuying.WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor______“Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”AreadBreadsCtoreadDreading答案：DBBD解析：reading與pinnedtothedoor一樣作message的后置定語，相當于whichread,pinned和reading的邏輯主語都是message，它與pin是被動關(guān)系，用—ed形式，與read是主動關(guān)系，用—ing形式作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞在句中可以作時間、原因、方式、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語。Notreceivinganyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.AsIdidn’treceiveanyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Ifmoreattentionwasgiven,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.(條件)Walkingalongthestreet,Iranacrossmyoldfriend.Bittenbyasnake,hewastakentohospital(原因).Thoughdefeated,hedidn’tloseheart.(讓步)Helayonthegrass,lookingintothesky.(伴隨)Hecamerunningtotellmethegoodnews.(方式)______someofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.AFollowedBFollowedbyCBeingfollowedDHavingbeenfollowedTherewasaterriblenoise______thesuddenburstoflight.AfollowedBfollowingCtobefollowedDbeingfollowed______,liquidscanbechangedintogases.AHeatingBTobeheatedCHeatedDHeat答案：BBC注意：選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是由主句的主語發(fā)出，分詞就用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。試比較：（Being）Usedforalongtime,thebooklooksold.由于用了很長時間，這本書看上去很舊。Usingthebook,Ifindituseful.在使用的過程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致，如果不一致，就用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，即在分詞前加上它的邏輯主語?，F(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用于作狀語，一般不用作定語。When______,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.AcompletedBcompletingCbeingcompletedDtobecompleted答案：A______suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.AHavingsufferedBSufferingCTosufferDSuffered答案：A作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語具有的特征，過去分詞作表語多指主語所處的狀態(tài)。如：Thefilmistouching.Theglassisbroken.Shelookedtiredwithcooking.Heremainedstandingbesidethetable.—I’mvery______withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.—Mm,itdoeshavea______smell.Apleasant;pleasedBpleased;pleasedCpleasant;pleasantDpleased;pleasant答案：D作賓語補足語分詞和不定式一樣，在一些感官動詞或使役動詞后作賓語補足語。如：Ismellsomethingburning.Iheardhimsingingthesong.Iheardmynamecalled.Ican’tmakemyselfunderstoodinEnglish.Ifoundmycarmissing.I’llhavemywatchrepaired.我想把我的手表修一下。Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee______thenextyear.AcarryoutBcarryingoutCcarriedoutDtocarryout答案：C作插入語其結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的，意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。generallyspeaking一般說來talkingof(speakingof)說到strictlyspeaking嚴格地說judgingfrom從···判斷allthingsconsidered從整體來看takingallthingsintoconsideration全面看來。如：Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.總的來說，狗比豬跑得快。分詞的時態(tài)與主語動詞同時。如：Arrivingthere,theyfoundtheboydead.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,______alongspeechforthepresident.AtoprepareBpreparingCpreparedDwaspreparing先于主語動詞分詞作時間狀語，如果先于主動詞的動作，且強調(diào)先后，要用havingdone。如：Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentoutforawalk.Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewentoutforawalk.______areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.ANotreceivingBReceivingnotCNothavingreceivedDHavingnotreceived答案：BC分詞的語態(tài)通常情況下，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，過去分詞表示被動。如：Heisthemangivingyou/whogaveyouthebookSheisthegirlstoppedby/whowasstoppedbythecar.不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。像：gone,fallen,retired,grown-up,escaped,faded,returned等詞。如：aretiredperson一個退休的人afallenball一個落下來的球aburnt-outmatch燒完了的火柴特別注意：使用分詞要注意分詞的邏輯主語必須是主句的主語，如果主語不一致，在分詞前加上名詞或代詞構(gòu)成獨立主格即名詞或代詞加上分詞所起的作用相當于狀語從句。例如，ItbeingSunday,wehavenoclasses.=AsitisSunday,wehavenoclass.We‘llhaveapartyinthegarden,weatherpermitting.課堂綜合練習題：Weoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoys,footballsorbasketball,______thatallchildrenlikethesethings.AthinkingBthinkCtothinkDthoughtTherehavebeenseveralnewevents______totheprogramforthe2008BeijingOlympicGames.AaddBtoaddCaddingDaddedIcan’tstand______withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses______talkingwhilesheworks.Aworking;stoppingBtowork;stoppingCworking;tostopDtowork;tostopAgoodstorydoesnotnecessarilyhavetohaveahappyending,butthereadermustnotbeleft______.AunsatisfiedBunsatisfyingCtobesatisfyingDbeingsatisfiedNomatterhowfrequently______,theworksofBeethovenstillattractpeopleallovertheworld.AperformedBperformingCtobeperformedDbeingperformed______thiscake,you’llneed2eggs,175gsugarand175gflour.AHavingmadeBMakeCTomakeDMakingIfyouthinkthattreatingawomanwellmeansalways______herpermissionforthings,thinkagain.AgetsBgotCtogetDgettingAsthetwentiethcenturycametoaclose,therawmaterialsforagreatnationalliteraturewereathand,waiting______AtouseBtobeusedCtohaveusedDtobeusingIttookalongtimefortheconnectionbetweenbodytemperatureandillness______.AtomakeBtobemadeCmakingDbeingmadeTheChineseareproudofthe29thOlympicGames______inBeijingin2008.AholdBholdingCheldDtobeheld______withsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.AFacedBFaceCFacingDTofaceAIDSissaid______thebiggesthealthchallengetobothmenandwomeninthatareaoverthepastfewyears.AthatitisBtobeCthatithasbeenDtohavebeenDon’tsitthere______nothing.Comeandhelpmewiththistable.AdoBtodoCdoingDanddoingFacedwithabillfor$10,000,______.AJohnhastakenanextrajobBthebosshasgivenJohnanextrajobCanextrajobhasbeentakenDanextrajobhasbeengiventoJohnHehurriedtothebookingofficeonly______thatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.AtotellBtobetoldCtellingDtoldFivepeoplewonthe“China’sGreenFigure”award,atitle______toordinarypeoplefortheircontributionstoenvironmentalprotection.AbeinggivenBisgivenCgivenDwasgivenPolicearenowsearchingforawomanwhoisreportedto______sincethefloodhitthearealastFriday.AhavebeenmissingBhavegotlostCbemissingDgetlostThebirdflu______throughAsiahasjumpedfrombirdstohumansatleast20timessofar,______16.Asweeps;killedBswept;killingCsweeping;tokillDsweeping;killingTheman______ofshooting6schoolchildrenwascaughtbyBeijingpolice,theXinhuaNewsAgencyreportedonFriday.AbeingsuspectedBsuspectingCsuspectedDto