安全使用甲醇的常見問題(英文原文與翻譯)

1、安全使用甲醇的常見問題（英文原文與翻譯）關(guān)于安全使用甲醇的常見問題：Q 什么是甲醇？A 甲醇也稱木醇或甲醇， 最早是從天然氣或煤中提取， 也有從可再 用資源象垃圾產(chǎn)生的氣體 （沼氣） 和消化食物產(chǎn)生的氣體中提取。 事實(shí) 上，人體中含有少量的甲醇，主要是人從水果、蔬菜和人造碳酸糖飲 料中攝取的。 根據(jù)（ 美國(guó)）食品及藥物管理局， 成人每天從飲食中攝取 500mg的甲醇是安全的。在人體中，甲醇在肝中代謝，先被轉(zhuǎn)化成甲 醛，然后進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)化成甲酸。作為許多生物分子的構(gòu)建群，甲酸對(duì)生 命體是很重要的。而且，甲醇也是一種重要的化工原料，用于制造日 常生活中成百上千的產(chǎn)品，如塑料、涂料、建材、衣服等。Q 甲

2、醇與生物柴油有什么關(guān)系？A甲醇在生物柴油生產(chǎn)中起關(guān)鍵作用。常用 KOH或 NaOH乍催化劑， 油脂和甲醇反應(yīng)生產(chǎn)酯或生物柴油。Q 甲醇是否有危險(xiǎn)性？A 甲醇是極易燃、有毒的化學(xué)物品。必須用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆椒▋?chǔ)存，讓經(jīng) 過適當(dāng)培訓(xùn)的人運(yùn)輸和使用。 如果甲醇被人直接攝入或其蒸汽被人吸 入，對(duì)人體是具有很大毒害作用的。要避免甲醇直接暴露在外面，如 吞下、皮膚滲透或直接吸入甲醇對(duì)人體是非常有害的。 吞下 1-4 磅甲 醇會(huì)對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)造成傷害，引起失明甚至死亡。甲醇能造成中毒，組 織酸毒癥，選擇性神經(jīng)傷害和影響中樞神經(jīng)。 甲醇也會(huì)引起皮膚脫脂， 引發(fā)皮炎。嚴(yán)重的甲醇中毒癥狀包括頭疼，虛弱，昏迷，惡心，呼吸 困難

3、，醉態(tài)，眼疼，幻覺，喪失意識(shí)，還有可能導(dǎo)致死亡。中毒者在 30 小時(shí)以內(nèi)還可能有救，在 30 小時(shí)后就會(huì)變的更糟。Q 如何降低我暴露在甲醇中的機(jī)會(huì)A 首先，確保你不僅在甲醇而且在生物柴油的處理上受過適當(dāng)?shù)膶I(yè) 訓(xùn)練和指導(dǎo)。要意識(shí)到甲醇的危險(xiǎn)性，謹(jǐn)慎操作 , 以免接觸它，避免 長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的呼入甲醇蒸汽。 適當(dāng)?shù)目諝饬魍▽?duì)確保安全的工作條件是非 常必要的。必須考慮安裝通風(fēng)設(shè)備的地點(diǎn)、類型和功能，通風(fēng)設(shè)備的 類型由固定的空間、溫度、 空氣對(duì)流和風(fēng)向等因素決定。如果使用的 是機(jī)械通風(fēng)，那么必須用有防火花作用的風(fēng)扇。同時(shí)，要戴上防面的 安全眼鏡和適合工作要求的手套。Q 如果我吸進(jìn)或?yàn)R上甲醇怎么辦？A 萬(wàn)一甲

4、醇接觸到了皮膚， 脫下污染的衣服， 用肥皂和水沖洗 15min 如果有疼痛發(fā)生，要去看醫(yī)生。如果甲醇直接與眼睛接觸，立即反復(fù) 用大量溫水沖洗至少15mi n,然后去醫(yī)院，讓眼科醫(yī)生檢查。萬(wàn)一吸 入了甲醇蒸氣， 將其轉(zhuǎn)移到有新鮮空氣處。 由此窒息的還需要進(jìn)行人 工呼吸。甲醇的吸入對(duì)生命極有威脅, 癥狀開始表現(xiàn)可能推遲到吸入 甲醇后 18-24 小時(shí)。由于有引起肺結(jié)核的危險(xiǎn),不要誘導(dǎo)嘔吐。是否 要誘導(dǎo)嘔吐必須有專業(yè)醫(yī)生作決定。 要盡快將中毒者送入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的甲醇 吸收醫(yī)疹室,急快的醫(yī)療檢查是至關(guān)重要的。Q 甲醇灑落怎么辦？A 如果有甲醇灑落， 在沒有危險(xiǎn)的情況下要盡可能的防止或減少甲醇 的排放。打電話到

5、當(dāng)?shù)叵啦块T求助 , 快速隔離灑落或泄露的區(qū)域方 圓至少 330-660 步。保持逆風(fēng)并清除所有可燃源。 不要接觸或跨過濺 滿甲醇的物品。防止甲醇進(jìn)入排水溝，下水道，地下室或受限區(qū)域， 一種泡沫蒸發(fā)抑制劑可以減少甲醇蒸發(fā)。 對(duì)少量甲醇污染的泥土， 沙 子或其他不可燃物質(zhì)，可以稍后處理。對(duì)灑落大量的甲醇，要提防液 體進(jìn)一步蔓延，要依當(dāng)?shù)鼐o急條款處理。 自然水體不能含有大量甲醇，如河、海。釋放到土、地表水、地下水 中的甲醇有 1-7 天的半衰期， 會(huì)高效率的被生物降解， 而不可能永遠(yuǎn) 存在。甲醇被廣泛用在國(guó)家廢水處理設(shè)施，通過加快生物降解，降低 硝酸鹽在敏感的含水層和水道中的危害作用。因甲醇的易燃

6、和有毒 性，在操作時(shí)必須要謹(jǐn)慎，避免與甲醇接觸。Q 如果在甲醇的周圍有火起，我應(yīng)怎么做？A 如果甲醇蒸氣在一定的空間中被引燃， 會(huì)發(fā)生爆炸。 如果暴露在水 或過熱的環(huán)境中， 裝滿甲醇的容器會(huì)暴裂。 在太陽(yáng)光下甲醇燃燒火焰 基本看不見，但是可以通過燃燒產(chǎn)生了熱或其他物質(zhì)燃燒而被察覺。 大量的水可以驅(qū)熱， 有效稀釋甲醇而撲滅甲醇燃燒引起的大火。 要防 止明火、火花和氧化物與甲醇接觸，使其必須遠(yuǎn)離甲醇。CO2干粉和酒精泡沫抑制劑可以隔絕甲醇與 02接觸而撲滅甲醇引起的火災(zāi)。消 防員必須戴上正面的，自帶控制的呼吸的面罩，穿上密封的衣服，手 套和靴子。 在周圍因大火而卷入的儲(chǔ)罐、 機(jī)動(dòng)軌道車或油罐車要隔

7、開0.5 里，也要求疏散方圓 0.5 里。必須用水噴灑每一個(gè)裝甲醇的容器 使其冷卻。Q 如何儲(chǔ)存甲醇？A 甲醇要一直裝在密封的系統(tǒng)或許可的容器中，不要將其露在空氣 中。容器要根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐囊?guī)章和要求標(biāo)簽。 在所有儲(chǔ)存體系和運(yùn)輸?shù)氐?處理步驟中， 你應(yīng)該全面了解產(chǎn)品。 材料和建造的方法必須考慮是否 適合存放甲醇。 常溫下，除鉛、鎂和鉑，甲醇對(duì)大部分金屬無(wú)腐蝕性。 通常軟鋼被選為儲(chǔ)醇材料。用銅合金，鋅（包括鍍鋅的鋼），鋁或塑 料制成的儲(chǔ)罐不適合裝甲醇水溶液。然而塑料的只能作為短期的儲(chǔ) 存，由于破壞的影響和危險(xiǎn)污染物的影響， 它們通常不適用長(zhǎng)期的儲(chǔ) 存。而且銅的薄層（或銅合金），鋅（鍍鋅鋼）或鋁會(huì)被慢性

8、腐蝕。Q 如何處理剩余的甲醇？A 大量的廢甲醇不僅可以交給已經(jīng)得到許可的廢溶劑公司處理， 也可 以經(jīng)過濾和蒸餾回收。 廢甲醇或廢甲醇溶液， 一定不能直接排放到下 水道或地表水中。不要倒入下水道，地表或其他任何水體中。甲醇是 危險(xiǎn)物，必須通過適當(dāng)處理。在你的社區(qū)，一定要與當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)保部門的 協(xié)商如何安全處理甲醇。英文原文：Frequently Asked Questions About the Safe Handling & Use ofMethanolQ. What is methanol? （什么是甲醇？）A. Methanol, also known as wood alcohol or me

9、thyl alcohol, is made primarily from natural gas or coal, and can also be produced from renewable resources such as landfill gas and digester gas. Methanol is actually present within the human body in small quantities from eating fruits and vegetables, and drinking diet soda containing artificial sw

10、eeteners. According to the FDA, as much as 500 milligrams per day of methanol is safe in an adult s diet. In the body, methanol is metabolized in the liver, converted first to formaldehyde, and then to formate. As a building block for many biological molecules, formate is essential for survival. Mor

11、eover, methanol is an essential chemical building block used to make hundreds of products that touch our daily lives, from plastics and paints, to construction materials and clothing.Q. What does methanol have to do with biodiesel? (甲醇與生 物柴油)A. Methanol plays a critical role in the production of bio

12、diesel. Biodiesel is generally made when fats and oils are chemically reacted with methanol, and a catalyst, typically sodium or potassium hydroxide (i.e., lye), to produce an ester, or biodiesel.Q. Is methanol hazardous or dangerous? （甲醇是否有危險(xiǎn)性）A. Yes, methanol is a hazardous chemical that is highly

13、 flammable and toxic. Methanolmust be properly stored, transported and used by people that have been properly trained in its handling. Methanol is extremely toxic to humansif ingested or if vapors are inhaled. Direct exposure to methanol should be avoided, as methanol can be harmful if swallowed, ab

14、sorbed through the skin, or inhaled. Ingestion of as little as one to four ounces can cause irreversible injury to the nervous system, blindness or even death. Methanol can cause poisoning, systemic acidosis, optic nerve damageand central nervous system （CNS） effects. Methanol can also degrease the

15、skin, which may cause dermatitis.Symptoms of acute methanol exposure may include headache, weakness, drowsiness, nausea, difficult breathing, drunkenness, eye irritation, blurred vision, loss of consciousness, and possibly death. Patients may improve and then get worse again up to 30 hours later.Q.

16、What can I do to reduce my exposure to methanol?（如何降低我暴露在甲醇中的機(jī)會(huì)）A. First, make sure that you receive proper training and guidance on handling not only methanol, but biodiesel as well.Be aware of the hazardous properties of methanol, and exercise caution to avoid contact with it. Avoid prolonged or r

17、epeated breathing of methanol vapors. Proper ventilation is required to ensure safe working conditions. The type of ventilation will depend upon such factors as dead air spaces, temperature, convection currents and wind direction and must be considered when determining equipment location, type and c

18、apacity. If mechanical ventilation is used, sparkproof fans should be implemented. At a minimum, wear side-shielded safety spectacles and task appropriate gloves.Q. What do I do if I breathe in methanol or spill someon myself? （如果我吸進(jìn)空氣或?yàn)R上甲醇咋辦？）A. In case of methanol contact with skin, remove contami

19、nated clothing, wash with soap and water for 15 minutes, and seek medical attention if irritation occurs. If methanol comes in direct contact with eyes, immediately flush eyes with copious amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. The patient should be taken to a health care facility, and refe

20、rral to an ophthalmologist considered.In case of inhalation ofmethanolvapors, remove the individual to fresh air. Asphyxiation from vapors may require artificial respiration. Ingestion of methanol is life threatening. Onset of symptoms maybe delayed for 18 to 24 hours after ingestion. Due to the ris

21、ks of aspiration into the lungs, do NOTinduce vomiting. The decision to induce vomiting should be left to a medical professional attending the victim. Transport immediately to a health care facility where standard methanol ingestion treatment can be administered. Immediate medical attention is criti

22、cal!Q. What do I do if I spill methanol somewhere?(甲醇灑落咋辦)A. If a methanol spill occurs, stop or reduce discharge of material if this can be donewithout risk. Call your local fire department for immediate assistance. Isolate the spill or leak area immediately for at least 330 to 660 feet in all dire

23、ctions. Eliminate all sources of ignition, and stay upwind. Do not touch or walk through the spilled material. Prevent methanol from entering into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam maybe used to reduce vapors. For small spills (up to 55-gallon drum) absorb with

24、 earth, sand or other non-combustible materialand transfer to containers for laterdisposal. For large spills, dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal, and follow local emergency protocol for handling.Spills into large natural bodies of water, such as rivers andoceans, cannot be contained.

25、For releases into soil, surface water or groundwater, methanol has a half-life of just one to seven days, and given its high rate of biodegradation, methanol spills are not likely to persist. Methanol is used extensively in the nation s wastewater treatment facilities to reverse the damaging effects

26、 of nitrate buildup in sensitive aquifers and waterways by accelerating biodegradation. As a flammable and toxic chemical, caution must be exercised to avoid contact with methanol.Q. What do I do if a fire starts around methanol?A. Accumulations of methanol vapors in confined spaces may explode if i

27、gnited, andcontainers filled with methanol may rupture violently if exposed to fire or excessive heat for a prolonged duration. Methanol flames are almost invisible in bright sunlight conditions, but they may be detected by the heat generated or the burning of othermaterials. Large amounts of water

28、will remove heat and can be effective in dilutingmethanol to the point where most fires can be readily extinguished. To prevent fireskeep open flames, sparks and oxidants away from methanol. Drychemical powder,carbon dioxide and alcohol-resistant foam extinguish methanol fires by oxygendeprivation.

29、Firefighters should use full-face, self-contained breathing apparatus, and wear impervious clothing, gloves and boots. For larger fires involving a tank, rail car or tank truck, isolate for ?milein all directions, also consider evacuation for ? mile in all directions. Keep any methanol containers co

30、ol by spraying with water.Q. How should I store methanol?A. Methanol should always be kept within closed systems or approved containers and never left open to the atmosphere. Containers should be labeled in accordance with local regulations and site requirements. You should have comprehensive product handling procedures and systems in place at all storage and transfer points. Materials and methods of construction must be compatible with methanol service. Methanol is non-corrosive to most metals at ambient temperatures; exceptions include lead, magnesium and platinum. Mild steel is usually s