動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

1、動詞的時態(tài)語態(tài)（一） 時態(tài)：表示動作發(fā)生或存在狀態(tài)以及表現(xiàn)方式的一種動詞形式。 語態(tài)：用來說明主語和謂語之間關(guān)系的一種動詞形式。 主動語態(tài)表示句子的主語是動作的執(zhí)行者或行為的主體； 被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者或行為的對象 英語中，在不同時間，以不同的方式發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)要用動詞的不同形式表 現(xiàn)出來，動詞的這些不同形式構(gòu)成了動詞的時態(tài)。一般來說，發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在的事情用現(xiàn) 在的時態(tài)進行描述，發(fā)生在過去的事情，用過去的時態(tài)進行描述，將要發(fā)生的事情用 將來的時態(tài)進行描述。英語中的時態(tài)共計 16種，常用的有12種。 、時間 方式 現(xiàn)在 過去 將來 過去將來 一般 works worked shal

2、l/ will work should/ would work 進行 am/ is/ are work ing was/ were worki ng shall/ will be worki ng should/ would be worki ng 完成 have/ has worked had worked shall/ will have worked should/ would have worked 完成進行 have/ has bee n worki ng had bee n work ing shall/ will have bee n work ing should/ would

3、 have bee n work ing 在高中階段，我們將會主要學習到的時態(tài)有：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、 現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、現(xiàn)在完成進行時。本次課我們 主要講解一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時以及一般將來時 一.一般現(xiàn)在時 1. 基本結(jié)構(gòu) 肯定形式： be 動詞：am/ is/ are 行為動詞：動詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù) 否定形式： am /is / are+ not don t /doesn動詞原形+ 一般疑問句： 把be動詞放于句首 Do/Does +動+司原形+？ 特殊疑問句： 特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句 2. 般現(xiàn)在時的第三人稱單數(shù)的構(gòu)成： 動詞特征 變化

4、例詞 一般動詞 詞尾加-s look- looks find- finds 以s, x, ch, sh或o結(jié)尾 詞尾加-es watch- watches, push- pushes 以輔音字母+y ”結(jié)尾 變y為i再加-es fly- flies, apply- applies 3. 基本用法： 表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語有：always, usually, ofte n, sometimes, every week (day, year, month)，once a 等eek, on Sun days 例: I leave home for school

5、 at 7 every morning. 表示客觀真理，客觀存在或科學事實，以及格言或名言警句中。如： The earth moves around the sun. Shan ghai lies in the east of China. Failure is the mother of success.失敗乃成功之母。 表示愛好、能力、性格、個性。 I like Chin ese food. I don t want so much. Ann Wang writes good En glish but does not speak well. 4. 特殊用法 一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時 when

6、, before, after, till, 1. 時間狀語從句、條件狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。如： once, as soon as, if, i n case （that）, uni ess等。 He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。 I wiii caii you as soon as I go back home. 我一到家就給你電話。 注：1.可以代替 as soon as表示一就的詞語：the moment、the minute、immediately、 instan

7、tiy 2. 主句部分除了用一般將來時，還可以用祈使句以及情態(tài)動詞 例： If you have any problem, please contact me. （主祈從現(xiàn)） If you have any problem, you can contact m e . （主情從現(xiàn)） 3. notuntil用法總結(jié)： A. sb didn t do sth until sb did sth. I didn t go home until I finished my homework yesterda我昨天直至U完成作業(yè)才回家 B. sb won t do sth until sb do/does

8、 st（主將從現(xiàn)） I won t leave until you come tomorrow. 我明天會直至你過來才會離開。 練習：翻譯下面的句子 1. 昨天修理完桌椅后，我們才回家。 答案： We didn t go home until we finished repairing desks and tables. 2. 有時候，直至珍貴的時刻成為了回憶，你才會真正認識至它的價值所在。 答案： Sometimes, you won t know the true value of a moment until it becomes a memory. 2.用于表示較固定的，按計劃、規(guī)定將

9、要發(fā)生的動作，但只限于begi n, come, go, leave, arrive, stop, return, close, open, take, start, take place等少數(shù)動作。 例：The train leaves Beijing at six and arrives at Jinan at nine. 一般現(xiàn)在時代替進行時 句型： Here comes ;There goes 例: Look, here comes Mr. Li. There goes the bell. 二.一般過去時 1. 基本結(jié)構(gòu) 肯定形式： be 動詞： was / were 行為動詞：動詞的

10、過去式 否定形式： was/ were + not didn 動詞原形 一般疑問句： was或 were 放于句首 Did +動詞原形？ 特殊疑問句： 特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句 2. 動詞的過去式及過去分詞的構(gòu)成: 規(guī)則動詞的變化： 規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成方法是相同的 動詞特征 變化 例詞 一般動詞 詞尾加-ed look- looked, looked 以e結(jié)尾 詞尾加-d live- lived, lived 以輔音字母+y ”結(jié)尾 變y為i,再加-ed carry-carried, carried 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾， 且末尾只有一個輔音字母 雙寫該輔音字母，再加- ed stop

11、- stopped, stopped 3.用法 表示過去某一具體時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常用的時間狀語有l(wèi)ast year, yesterday, just now, in + 過去年份,a few years ago, in the past. 例: Yesterday, I saw my friends off at the airport. always, ofte n, usually, 表示過去的經(jīng)常性、習慣性動作或狀態(tài)，常用的時間狀語有 sometimes, seldom, n ever等 例：I always got up late and n ever had eno ug

12、h time for breakfast whe n I was a child. 三一般將來時 結(jié)構(gòu)+用法 “ will/ shall +動詞原形”構(gòu)成將來時，表示將要發(fā)生的動作或?qū)⒁嬖诘臓顟B(tài)。 shall僅用于第一人稱I/we作主語，而will則用于各種人稱。常用于將來時的時間狀語 有: next time, tomorrow, this after noon, before long， in the future, soon, the day after tomorrow. 例: I shall visit my teacher when I go to Beijing. “ be g

13、oi ng to +動詞原形，表示打算、計劃、安排做某事。 例: We are going to hold a sports meet next weekend. begin, leave, arrive, start, finish, meet, return等動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時，表示按計劃或安排 將要發(fā)生的事。（時刻表） 例: Flight 55 leaves at six p.m. leave, go, come, stay, do, take, have等動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時，表示按計劃或準備要做某 事。 例：She is leaving early tomorrow morning.明天她

14、很早就出發(fā)。 “ be to +動詞原形，表示即將發(fā)生某事、安排做某事或要求做某事。 例: The meeting is to take place at 8:00 tomorrow. “ be about + to+動詞原形”，表示即將發(fā)生某事，不與具體的將來時間狀語連用 例: Hurry up! The train for Shanghai is about to start. 注意：1. shall/will do 和 be going to do 的區(qū)別 shall/will do表示一種趨勢或習慣性動作，或預言將要發(fā)生的事，或表示臨時性打算等。 Fish will die witho

15、ut water.（ 趨勢） He will sit there doing no thi ng for hours.（習慣動作） We haven t seen each other for a long time. Shall we have a dinner tonight?臨時性的打算） be goi ng to do表示提前計劃、安排好的事情，或者表示有跡象發(fā)生 We are going to have a meeting at 8:00 tomorrow.（計劃、安排） Look at these clouds! It s going to ra（跡象發(fā)生事情） 2. 一般現(xiàn)在時表

16、將來和現(xiàn)在進行時表將來的區(qū)別 一般現(xiàn)在時表示計劃、安排將要發(fā)生事情的時候主語通常為物（火車、飛機等一時刻 表，有具體的時刻） The train leaves Beiji ng at 7:00. 現(xiàn)在進行時表示計劃、安排將要發(fā)生事情的時候主語通常為人。 They are hav ing a meeti ng toni ght. 丄練一練 1. 觀察下列例句，將序號填入對應用法之后的空白欄中 A. 一般現(xiàn)在時 All the liv ing thi ngs on the earth depe nd on the sun. The pla ne takes off at 5:00 a.m. Un

17、less it rains tomorrow, the sports meet will take place. Our teacher told us the earth goes round the sun. He sometimes stay up till midni ght to catch up with others. We always care for each other and help each other. She is a teacher. -Do you sin g? little. 一般用法 現(xiàn)在習慣或經(jīng)常反復發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常 與 usually, a

18、lways, seldom, often, frequently, every day等時間狀語連用 主語現(xiàn)在的特征，性格和狀態(tài) 客觀規(guī)律，正確事實或科學真理，格言以及其他不 受時間限制的客觀存在 特殊用法 “主將從現(xiàn)”：主要用在條件從句（if和unless等） 和時間狀語從句（ when, as soon as, before, after, until 和by the time等）中，表示將來的動作。（注意：從 句也可視情況用現(xiàn)在完成時，主句可視語境用將來任 意時態(tài)） “時刻表”：安排，或計劃要做的動作（有時間狀 語）限于 begin, come, leave, go, arrive, o

19、pen, start, stop, close, return等一類短暫性動詞。 B. 一般過去時 I didn t know you bought the present for me. The Great Wall came into being in 221BC. We used to get up at five every morning whe n we were at school. When I was in the factory, I often worked in the workshop. The professor put one fin ger in his mou

20、th, tasted it, and smiled with satisfact ion. 一般用法 主要表示 過去發(fā)生 的動作或 存在的狀 態(tài) 表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與 yesterday, in 1996, two years ago ,last mon th, the day before yesterday, the other day 等表示過去的 時間狀語連用。 過去一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的行為，常與 every day, often, sometimes 等時間狀語連用， used to , would常用來表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生 的行為。Would不接表示認識或狀

21、態(tài)的詞，但 used to不受限制。 過去發(fā)生的一系列動作 語境中的過去時，往往表示剛剛，剛才，”之 意，暗示現(xiàn)在已不再這樣” C. 一般將來時 If you are going to do it, you had better do it well. If you will wait here, the manager will be back 10 minutes later. We are to finish the work before five this after noon. He will be thirty years old n ext year. No one is to

22、 leave the cinema without the police s permission The train is about to start. Look at the clouds, there is going to be a storm. Will we clone a dino saur? You forgot to turn off the light! Really, I will go and tur n it off. 構(gòu)成 用法 shall/will do 單純表未來，常與 tomorrow, next month 等 連用 表示對未來進行“預測” 表示“意愿”

23、表示說話瞬間做出的一個決定 be going to do 表示計劃打算做某事和有跡象即將發(fā)生某事 be about to do/ be on the point of doi ng 表示就要或者即將做某事（不與時間狀語連 用，但可和when從句連用，when通常突 然，正在這時”） be to do 表示將要發(fā)生的動作，可表示 女排好的事， 也可表示要求做的事 2. 單項選擇 1. Please give Jim the schedule for tomorrow s conference when heback. He is to chair the conference. A. will

24、come B. cameC. comes D. is coming 2. Mr. Brow nhis office an hour ago and he is still on his way home. A. leftB. leavesC. is leav ingD. was leav ing 3. Mr. BlackShan ghai in a few days. Do you know whe n the earliest pla neon Sunday? A. leaves; takes offB. is leav ing; takes off C. is leav ing; is t

25、ak ing offD. leaves; is tak ing off 4. - Do you have any pla ns for this Sun day? -Yes. Imy cous in who has just returned from America. A. visitB. am visit ingC. would visit D was visit ing 5. -I am trying to find yesterday s newslpaveryou seen it ? -I am afraid that Iit away .I thought you had fini

26、 shed readi ng it . A. threwB. had throw nC. throwD. will throw 6. You can not go out to play uni ess youyour homework . A. fini shedB. will finishC. finishD. are fini shi ng 7. He looks excited because his pare ntsto her birthday party this weeke nd . A. comeB. have comeC. are comingD. could come 8

27、. -Have you see n your aunt rece ntly ? -Yes. Ito visit her last ni ght. A. went B. was going C. has gone D. will go 9. - Look at that beautiful sky! -It looks like ita wonderful day. A. wasB. will be C. is going to beD. would be 10. Donny helped us get the tickets. Weto Guan gzhou n ext Wedn esday.

28、 A. flewB. flyC. are flyi ng D. will have flow n 11. Hurry up! The trainat 7:00. A. leaves B. leftC. was leav ingD. leave 12. It has bee n well accepted by most En glish lear ners that practiceperfect. A. madeB. will makeC. makesD. make 13. - How can I apply for an on li ne course? -Just fill out this form and wewhat we can do four you. A. seeB. are seei ngC. have see nD. will see