高中英語語法非謂語動(dòng)詞講解

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞l 概述 非謂語動(dòng)詞，主要指在主句中表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作但不能充當(dāng)謂語，而是充當(dāng)其他語法功能的詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但是有語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。l 非謂語動(dòng)詞的三種形式非謂語動(dòng)詞有三種：動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞。名稱形式用法不定式to do表目的、將來動(dòng)名詞doing表主動(dòng)及現(xiàn)在分詞done表被動(dòng)及過去這三個(gè)基本形式的基礎(chǔ)上會(huì)有一些變化：1. 動(dòng)詞不定式 時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)形式一般式完成式進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式to doto have doneto be doingto have been doingto be doneto have been done-2. 動(dòng)名詞 動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式doi

2、ngbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3. 分詞 l 動(dòng)詞不定式的用法1. 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式not toshe decided not to be late again.2. 動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式完成式表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在位于動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前。i am sorry to have kept you waiting.注意 若謂語為表示“愿望、打算、意圖”的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，如hope, think, want, plan, expect, mean, intend等，其后可以跟不定式的完成式表示“本來想要或打算做某事，而實(shí)際上未能實(shí)現(xiàn)”。如：we m

3、eant to have stopped him from doing such a thing.3. 在it is/was + 形容詞+不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，若形容詞側(cè)重于評(píng)價(jià)人物的特性、特征，則構(gòu)成不定式符合結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞應(yīng)為of 前面常用的形容詞有：kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite, right, wrong等。 it is very kind of you to help me. 區(qū)別it

4、 is important for us to learn english well.4. 在某些動(dòng)詞后， 可用it做形式賓語，然后加賓語補(bǔ)足語，最后加不定式作真正的并于。常見的動(dòng)詞有find, think consider, feel, make等。they find it difficult to repay the money.5. 動(dòng)詞+不定式作賓補(bǔ)ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等

5、。6. 只能用動(dòng)詞+不定式作賓語口訣 決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝； 主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃，同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫。 decide/ determine, learn, want, expert/hope/with refuse, manage, care, pretend order, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help7. 在使役動(dòng)詞make, have, let和感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等詞后接不定式作賓補(bǔ)，不定式不帶to，表示做某事的全過程。當(dāng)他

6、們轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，作為主語補(bǔ)足語的不定式必須帶to（五看三使兩聽一感覺一發(fā)現(xiàn)）nobody saw him come in.she was seen to enter the room last night.注意get 也能當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞，表示“使、讓、叫”之意，相當(dāng)于have，但兩者也有所不同。have sb. do sth.get sb to do sth.使/讓/叫某人去做某事have sth. done = get sth. done 使/讓某事由別人去做have sb./sth. doing 使/讓某人/物持續(xù)地做某事get sb./ sth.dong 使某人/物開始行動(dòng)起來youd

7、better have/get your hair cut.he managed to get the horse running.8. 在動(dòng)詞help后，做賓補(bǔ)和賓語的不定式符號(hào)to帶不帶都可以。如;he helped her walk across the street.he often helps do some housework at home.9. think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove等動(dòng)詞的英語后可與帶to be結(jié)構(gòu)，也可與省略。 如果不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在位于動(dòng)詞以前，常用不定式的完成式。另外，這

8、些動(dòng)詞也常用作被動(dòng)語態(tài)后接不定式作主補(bǔ)。 he found the answer (to be) satisfactory. we considered him to have acted excellently.10. 當(dāng)名詞被first, last, second以及only等詞修飾時(shí)，其后可用不定式作定語。且充當(dāng)定語的不定式不含有將來意義或情態(tài)意義，卻經(jīng)常含有過去時(shí)意義。she was the first to come.11. 在下列固定詞組或短語之后要跟不帶to的不定式had betterhad bestwould rather(than)would soonerthancannot

9、 help butcannot butcannot choose but.may/might as welldo no more than12. wh-連接代詞、副詞后跟不定式構(gòu)成的短語，可在句子中做主語、賓語、表語，還可以做定語。（why和if后不能直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式）它的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞性從句，通常在某些動(dòng)詞(如tell, know, imagine, learn, decided, forget, remember, consider, understand等)后面做賓語，有時(shí)也用作主語、表語、同位語等。如：he didnt know how to answer her.when to

10、start has not been decided.i dont know who to ask advice from.would you please advise me which to buy?please explain (to me) where to begin and how to do it.they exchanged views on the question of whom to elect.注意：按英語習(xí)慣，疑問詞why后面通常不接不定式。但在以why或why not 開頭的省略型疑問句中，其后可跟不帶to 的不定式。如：why get upset just bec

11、ause you got a bad mark?you are looking tired. why not take a holiday?when to start has not been decided.13. like（would like）, love（would love）, hope, hate, need, try, want, wish, plan, mean等動(dòng)詞后used to, be going to結(jié)構(gòu)后 + to，代替整個(gè)不定式內(nèi)容。be glad, be willing, be happy等詞語后 - would you like to go to the cin

12、ema? - id love to.14. 在介詞but, except, besides, than, save等表示“除了”之意的詞前， 若有 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，常用無to的不定式作其介詞的賓語，若無實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do，則用帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。he was not able to do anything but/except wait.he had no choice but to give in.15. 評(píng)論性動(dòng)詞不定式 有些不定式常用來表示說話人對(duì)所談的內(nèi)容的態(tài)度和看法，即對(duì)句內(nèi)容的評(píng)論，故稱為評(píng)論性動(dòng)詞不定式，也稱獨(dú)立不定式。綜合：so to speak 可以說，可謂to be exact

13、精確地說to be sure 無可否認(rèn)，誠然to make things(matters) worsethe dog is, so to speak, a member of the family.hes in his mid-fifties; well, fifty-six to be exact.表真誠：to be fair to be (perfectly) frank to be honest to do sb justice to tell (you) the truth表總結(jié)：to be brief to conclude to cut/make a long story shor

14、t to sum up表讓步: not to mention to say nothing of to put it mildly to put it another way to say the least 不夸張的說表順序：to begin with to start with16. 不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1) 不定式作定語與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并且不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。 i have two letters to answer.2) 有些結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，卻用主動(dòng)形式，因?yàn)榭梢栽诰渥又姓业讲欢ㄊ竭@個(gè)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。 give her some books to

15、 read. would you bring me a bench to sit on? the morning air is so good to breathe. 注意： 用做定語的不定式為“動(dòng)詞+介詞”時(shí)，介詞不能省略。如： a piece of paper to write on a nice place to live in3) 某些動(dòng)詞的不定式與be連用時(shí)，常見的有to blame，to rent等。如：the house is to rent.he is to blame for not driving carefully.17.l 動(dòng)名詞的用法1. 動(dòng)名詞的否定式 not+動(dòng)名

16、詞2. 動(dòng)名詞的完成式完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。he was praised for having done a good deed.3. 動(dòng)詞+介詞構(gòu)成的短語，其后跟動(dòng)名詞做賓語be/get used tofeel likeinsist ondevotetoput offlook forward tosucceed inget down toset aboutgive up4. 只能用動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞口訣：考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想； 避免錯(cuò)過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞； 禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。 consider, suggest/advise, look f

17、orward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy; avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape5. 可置于名詞前作定語，表示被修飾的名詞的用途和性能a waiting cara waiting rooma sleeping boya sleeping bag6. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由形容詞性的物主代詞/名詞所有格+動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)=動(dòng)

18、名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句子中可作主語、賓語、表語等。物主代詞和名詞所有格是動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。do you mind my/me smoking here?i insisted on my husband/husbands paying the bill.1) 在口語和非正式英語中，這種結(jié)構(gòu)不用在句首，常用人稱代詞賓格代替物主代詞，用米歌詞普通格代指所有格。如:there are many reasons for animals dying out.2) 如果動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句首，就必須用形容詞性的物主代詞或名詞所有格。如：his smoking caused the fire in the fo

19、rest.3) there be的動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)為there being如：whats the chance of there being a rain tomorrow?7. 動(dòng)名詞做主語的句型 a waste (of)it is/was no(little) good /use + -ing hardly any good/use worthwhile /worth ones while no way no sense inthere is/was no point in + -ing no use/good (in) nothing worse than8. 動(dòng)詞+不定式或動(dòng)名詞后意義

20、差別大的：try to do doingremember/ forget/ regret to do doingmean to do doingcant help (to) docant help doingbe afraid to dobe afraid of doingbe sure to dobe sure of doing9. need, want, require做需要講的時(shí)候，用動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)意義，也可用不定式的被動(dòng)式the gate needs/wants/requires mending. = to be mended.l 分詞的用法1. 分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般說來，分詞在句中

21、都有其邏輯主語，分詞做狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語通常就是主句的主語或賓語。如果分詞的邏輯主語不在句中，則分詞前可加上其自己的邏輯主語，由名詞或代詞主格充當(dāng)，置于分詞前，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。它不是句子，因?yàn)闆]有實(shí)際的主語和謂語。它可以放于句首或句尾，做時(shí)間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語、方式狀語等。the meeting being over, they went home.there being no bus then, he had to walk home.1) 表示伴隨情況、原因等的分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)前有時(shí)可以加上without或with構(gòu)成“with/without+名詞（或代詞）+分詞”結(jié)

22、構(gòu)，如：with prices going up so fast, we cant afford luxuries.he kept the money without anyone knowing where it was.2) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)也可以由“名詞（或代詞）+不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語”構(gòu)成。here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.he came into the classroom, book in hand.2. 分詞做狀語 過去分詞常用作狀語，修飾謂語，大多說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情

23、況，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。 一般說來，這一結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是主句的主語。asked why he was late, he went red.given more time, we could have done it better.3. 分詞做狀語與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)）做狀語的區(qū)別 分詞與獨(dú)立主格均可作狀語。但分詞做狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語；而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語時(shí)，前面的名（代）詞就是這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯上的主語，它和句子的主語不保持一致性。如：seen from the sky, the mountain is very small.everything considered, i prefer the first plan.4. 英語中有一部分分詞短語，它獨(dú)立存在，沒有自己的邏輯主語。這些分詞短語已成為固定的習(xí)慣用語，常被看做句子的插入語，常見的有：generally speakingstrictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly) speakingconsideringjudging from/bytalking all/everything into