材料導(dǎo)論課件1

1、劉可慰第一章 緒論第六章 金屬學(xué)基礎(chǔ)第二章 材料的性質(zhì)第七章 金屬材料第三章 聚合物材料第八章 材料與環(huán)境第四章聚合物復(fù)合材料第五章 陶瓷材料 第九章 材料的比較與選擇共45學(xué)時(shí)教材：勵(lì)杭泉編 “材料導(dǎo)論”, 輕工業(yè)出版社, 2000參考書：馮端編“材料科學(xué)導(dǎo)論”化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2006考核方式 ：閉卷 平時(shí)10%+期中20%+期末70%第一章第一章緒論緒論一、什么是材料？一、什么是材料？ Materials are the matter of the universe. These substances have properties that make them useful in str

2、uctures, machines, devices, products, and systems. 材料是宇宙間可用于制造用品材料是宇宙間可用于制造用品的物質(zhì)。的物質(zhì)。鐵路二、材料發(fā)展史二、材料發(fā)展史材料的發(fā)展史材料的發(fā)展史=人類的文明史人類的文明史石器時(shí)代石器時(shí)代- N萬年前萬年前 2000BC青銅時(shí)代青銅時(shí)代- 2000BC 500BC 鐵器時(shí)代鐵器時(shí)代- 500BC 19世紀(jì)世紀(jì)高分子時(shí)代高分子時(shí)代 - 20世紀(jì)世紀(jì) 非理性階段（主要依靠工匠、藝人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)技術(shù)）人猿相揖別。 只幾個(gè)石頭磨過，小兒時(shí)節(jié)。石石器器陶 器 陶 器陶陶 器器銅鐵爐中翻火焰，為問何時(shí)猜得? 不過幾千寒熱。青青 銅銅

3、 器器越 王 寶 劍 編編 鐘鐘鐵鐵 器器非理性階段的“材料科學(xué)”鐵鐵 器器理性化階段 18世紀(jì)后，工業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，在物理學(xué)、化學(xué)、材料力學(xué)等學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)上，金屬學(xué)、陶瓷學(xué)、高分子材料學(xué)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。蒸汽機(jī)1839年，美國人Goodyear 發(fā)現(xiàn)天然橡膠與硫磺共熱后呈現(xiàn)奇特性能。1887 年，Count Hilaire de Chardonnet用硝化纖維素的溶液進(jìn)行紡絲，制得了第一種人造絲。 合成纖維合成纖維鋼筋混凝土鋼筋混凝土火箭噴嘴的制造過程火箭噴嘴的制造過程三維編織物三維編織物浸漬酚醛樹脂浸漬酚醛樹脂修整，燒修整，燒浸漬糠醇樹脂，浸漬糠醇樹脂，燒燒硅粉硅粉1650 C 生成碳化硅生成碳化硅用硅

4、酸四乙酯處理生成二氧化硅計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)期開發(fā)期發(fā)展期發(fā)展期成熟期成熟期穩(wěn)定期穩(wěn)定期過成熟期過成熟期不銹鋼超級(jí)合金通用塑料傳統(tǒng)工程塑料特殊金屬高性能工程塑料工程塑料合金光導(dǎo)纖維樹脂基復(fù)合材料金屬基復(fù)合材料結(jié)構(gòu)陶瓷鋁銅碳鋼三、材料家族三、材料家族金屬材料高分子材料鋼鐵塑料橡膠粘合劑涂料纖維復(fù)合材料陶瓷材料玻璃結(jié)晶陶瓷碳材料半導(dǎo)體good conductors of electricity and heatnot transparent to visible lightpolished metal surface has a lustrous appearancequite strong,

5、 yet deformable金屬金屬強(qiáng)度高、延展性好強(qiáng)度高、延展性好良導(dǎo)體良導(dǎo)體不透明不透明光滑表面有光澤光滑表面有光澤The elements inherently metallic in nature 103Lw97Bk95Am94Pu93Np92U91Pa67Ho65Tb1H3Li4Be11Na12Mg5B6C7N8O9F10Ne13Al14Si15P16S17Cl18Ar19K20Ca21Sc22Ti23V24Cr25Mn26Fe27Co28Ni29Cr30Zn102No101Md100Fm71Lu70Yb69Tm68Er66Dy90Th99Es96Cm98Cf31Ga32Ge33A

6、s34Se35Br36Kr37Rb38Sr39Y40Zr41Nb42Mo43Tc44Ru45Rb46Pd47Ag48Cd49In50Sn51Sb52Te53I54Xe55Cs56Ba57La72Hf73Ta74W75Re76Os77Ir78Pt79Au80Hg81Tl82Pb83Bi84Po85At86Rn87Fr88Ra89Ac58Ce59Pr60Nd61Pm62Sm63Eu64Gd1AIIAIIIA IVA VA VIA VIIAOVIIIBIIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB2Hecompounds between metallic and nonmetallic el

7、ements金屬與非金屬元素的化合物金屬與非金屬元素的化合物typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat不良導(dǎo)體不良導(dǎo)體more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments耐高溫、耐嚴(yán)酷環(huán)境耐高溫、耐嚴(yán)酷環(huán)境hard but very brittle硬而脆硬而脆陶瓷陶瓷Ceramic compounds indicated by a combination of metallic elements with nonmetallic elements 103L

8、w97Bk95Am94Pu93Np92U91Pa67Ho65Tb1H3Li4Be11Na12Mg5B6C7N8O9F10Ne13Al14Si15P16S17Cl18Ar19K20Ca21Sc22Ti23V24Cr25Mn26Fe27Co28Ni29Cr30Zn102No101Md100Fm71Lu70Yb69Tm68Er66Dy90Th99Es96Cm98Cf31Ga32Ge33As34Se35Br36Kr37Rb38Sr39Y40Zr41Nb42Mo43Tc44Ru45Rb46Pd47Ag48Cd49In50Sn51Sb52Te53I54Xe55Cs56Ba57La72Hf73Ta74W75

9、Re76Os77Ir78Pt79Au80Hg81Tl82Pb83Bi84Po85At86Rn87Fr88Ra89Ac58Ce59Pr60Nd61Pm62Sm63Eu64Gd1AIIAIIIA IVA VA VIA VIIAOVIIIBIIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB2HeElectrical insulationThermal insulationChemical resistanceMagnetic inertnessExtremely light weightToughnessTransparencyColorability電絕緣電絕緣熱絕緣熱絕緣磁惰性磁惰性化學(xué)惰性

10、化學(xué)惰性重量輕重量輕透明透明韌性好韌性好可染色可染色 The elements associated with commercial polymers 103Lw97Bk95Am94Pu93Np92U91Pa67Ho65Tb1H3Li4Be11Na12Mg5B6C7N8O9F10Ne13Al14Si15P16S17Cl18Ar19K20Ca21Sc22Ti23V24Cr25Mn26Fe27Co28Ni29Cr30Zn102No101Md100Fm71Lu70Yb69Tm68Er66Dy90Th99Es96Cm98Cf31Ga32Ge33As34Se35Br36Kr37Rb38Sr39Y40Zr

11、41Nb42Mo43Tc44Ru45Rb46Pd47Ag48Cd49In50Sn51Sb52Te53I54Xe55Cs56Ba57La72Hf73Ta74W75Re76Os77Ir78Pt79Au80Hg81Tl82Pb83Bi84Po85At86Rn87Fr88Ra89Ac58Ce59Pr60Nd61Pm62Sm63Eu64Gd1AIIAIIIA IVA VA VIA VIIAOVIIIBIIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB2HeA composite material is a combination of two or more chemically different

12、 materials, having a distinct interface between them, which act together to produce a desired (tailored) set of properties. 不同材料的組合不同材料的組合EXAMPLES OF COMPOSITESSemiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators. 電性能介于導(dǎo)體與絕緣體之間電性能介于導(dǎo)體與絕緣體之間

13、Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms.電性能對(duì)雜質(zhì)含量極為敏感電性能對(duì)雜質(zhì)含量極為敏感半導(dǎo)體半導(dǎo)體 The elements involved in semiconductors 103Lw97Bk95Am94Pu93Np92U91Pa67Ho65Tb1H3Li4Be11Na12Mg5B6C7N8O9F10Ne13Al14Si15P16S17C

14、l18Ar19K20Ca21Sc22Ti23V24Cr25Mn26Fe27Co28Ni29Cr30Zn102No101Md100Fm71Lu70Yb69Tm68Er66Dy90Th99Es96Cm98Cf31Ga32Ge33As34Se35Br36Kr37Rb38Sr39Y40Zr41Nb42Mo43Tc44Ru45Rb46Pd47Ag48Cd49In50Sn51Sb52Te53I54Xe55Cs56Ba57La72Hf73Ta74W75Re76Os77Ir78Pt79Au80Hg81Tl82Pb83Bi84Po85At86Rn87Fr88Ra89Ac58Ce59Pr60Nd61Pm62Sm6

15、3Eu64Gd1AIIAIIIA IVA VA VIA VIIAOVIIIBIIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB2HeBiomaterials arc employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts. 生物材料生物材料用于制造人體植入物以取代染病或壞損部件的材料用于制造人體植入物以取代染病或壞損部件的材料ADVANCED MATERIALS先進(jìn)材料先進(jìn)材料Materials that are utilized in hi

16、gh-technology applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.在高技術(shù)中應(yīng)用的材料在高技術(shù)中應(yīng)用的材料Lasers, integrated circuits, magnetic information storage, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), fiber optics, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry and the thermal protection system for the space shuttle orbiter.

17、Examples of High-tech 高技術(shù)示例高技術(shù)示例激光、集成電路、磁記錄、液晶顯示、激光、集成電路、磁記錄、液晶顯示、光導(dǎo)纖維、宇宙飛船、導(dǎo)彈、航天飛機(jī)光導(dǎo)纖維、宇宙飛船、導(dǎo)彈、航天飛機(jī)The properties of materials can be engineered by controlling the sizes of these building blocks in the 1-100 nm size range and their assembly. 納米材料納米材料The building blocks of these materials, be it met

18、al, ceramic or polymers, are nanometer size particles.制藥：大表面提高可溶性信息儲(chǔ)存：顆粒小解離吸附：消毒太陽能電池：水解離納米冰箱：絕熱去磁 involves the generation and application of knowledge relating the composition, structure, and the processing of materials to their properties and uses.材料組成、結(jié)構(gòu)、加工與材料材料組成、結(jié)構(gòu)、加工與材料性質(zhì)、使用之間關(guān)系的發(fā)現(xiàn)與應(yīng)用性質(zhì)、使用之間關(guān)系

19、的發(fā)現(xiàn)與應(yīng)用1960年起，不少大學(xué)建立了材料科學(xué)系或材料科學(xué)與工程系各類材料統(tǒng)一考慮的開始材料科學(xué)發(fā)展的一次質(zhì)變1961年4月12日加加林材料是科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的先導(dǎo)和基礎(chǔ)阿姆斯特朗登月1969年7月21日11時(shí)56分20秒材料科學(xué)與工程是在金屬學(xué)、陶瓷學(xué)和高分子科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的綜合性學(xué)科綜合性學(xué)科不論什么材料，盡管種類不同，各有特點(diǎn)，但卻具有很多相通的原理、共性和相似的研究、生產(chǎn)方法材料科學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)共性，強(qiáng)調(diào)各種材料之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系和相互借鑒。材料科學(xué)與工程的學(xué)科性質(zhì)有別于物理學(xué)、化學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)和力學(xué)等基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)，是一門應(yīng)用科學(xué)WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGIN

20、EERING學(xué)習(xí)的目的學(xué)習(xí)的目的研究材料研究材料設(shè)計(jì)材料設(shè)計(jì)材料選擇材料選擇材料Does the material possess the necessary mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties?是否具有所需的物理機(jī)械性能？Can the material be formed to the desired shape?能否加工成型？Will the properties of the material alter with time during service?性能是否隨時(shí)間變化？Will the material be advers

21、ely affected by the environmental conditions and resist corrosion and other forms of attack?環(huán)境對(duì)材料是否有不利影響？Will the material be acceptable on aesthetic grounds?是否符合風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣？Will the material give sufficient degree of reliability and quality?質(zhì)量是否可靠？Can the product be made at an acceptable cost?價(jià)格是否合適？Can the product be recycled?能否回收利用？Processing加工加工 Structure結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu) Properties性質(zhì)性質(zhì) Performance性能性能StructureSubatomic structureAtomic level structureMic