21世紀(jì)高等繼續(xù)教育教材 大學(xué)英語教程 第四冊(cè)

1、21世紀(jì)高等繼續(xù)教育精品教材大學(xué)英語教程第四冊(cè)主編 何曉勤 廖根福中國人民大學(xué)出版社MENUUnit 1Unit 2Unit 3Unit 4Unit 5Unit 6Unit 7Unit 8Unit 9Unit 10Unit 11Unit 12Unit 1PART Communication SkillsExpressing Likes and DislikesPART Text ABeijing OperaPART Text BChinese WushuPART Writing WorkParagraph Writing: How to Make a Topic SentenceExpress

2、ing Likes and DislikesPART Communication SkillsWords to Knowdormitory 學(xué)生宿舍melodious 旋律優(yōu)美的Confucianism 儒學(xué)instructive 有教益的enlightening 有啟發(fā)作用的，使人領(lǐng)悟的appeal to 投所好be fed up with 對(duì)厭倦cater to 迎合in particular 特別是Short ConversationsUseful Sentences & ExpressionsWhats your favorite book?你最喜歡什么書？I like footbal

3、l best.我最喜歡足球。He likes collecting stamps.他喜歡集郵。I love traveling by myself.我喜歡單獨(dú)旅行。Some people enjoy skiing.有人喜歡滑雪。Id rather read than watch TV.我寧愿讀書而不愿看電視。Which do you prefer, fishing or mountainclimbing?釣魚和登山，你更喜歡哪一種？I prefer tea to coffee.和咖啡相比，我更喜歡茶。Hes crazy/mad about Yao Ming.他瘋狂喜愛姚明。She has a

4、particular interest in painting.她特別愛好繪畫。He has a passion for Buddhism.他很熱衷于佛教。She is fond of teaching.她喜歡當(dāng)老師。Does his film appeal to you?你喜歡他的電影嗎？This magazine caters to her taste.她喜歡這本雜志。I find French movies more to my liking than American movies.我覺得法國電影比美國電影更合我胃口。I never grow tired of novels thoug

5、h I read them every day.我每天看小說，但從沒厭煩過。He is not keen on modern dancing.他不熱衷于現(xiàn)代舞。She hates boxing.她討厭拳擊。She is fed up with housework.她厭倦了做家務(wù)。She is sick of watching boxing.她厭惡觀看拳擊。What do you dislike most about this movie?這部電影里你最不喜歡什么？I cant bear/stand the traffic noise.我忍受不了交通噪音。Playing volleyball j

6、ust isnt my cup of tea.我不喜歡打排球。He doesnt care too much for classical music.他不太喜歡古典音樂。Useful Expressions and Phrases Relatedthe goal of education 教育目的university ( 綜合性) 大學(xué)attach importance to education 重視教育science student 理科學(xué)生quality-oriented education 素質(zhì)教育engineering student 工科學(xué)生exam-oriented educati

7、on 應(yīng)試教育campus 大學(xué)校園cheat in exams 考試作弊bachelors degree 學(xué)士學(xué)位creative thinking 創(chuàng)造性思維masters degree 碩士學(xué)位study load 學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)doctors degree 博士學(xué)位diploma 文憑educational reform 教育改革IQIntelligence Quotient 智商educational system 教育體制EQEmotional Quotient 情商adult education 成人教育the entrance exam 入學(xué)考試quality of teaching

8、 教學(xué)質(zhì)量poverty-stricken students 貧困學(xué)生private school 私立學(xué)校teenager drop-outs 失學(xué)少年grant 助學(xué)金the Hope Project 希望工程scholarship 獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金quit from school 輟學(xué)undergraduate 本科生be tired of school 厭學(xué)the cost of higher education 高等教育的費(fèi)用research and publication 科研與著述tuition 學(xué)費(fèi)elementary school 小學(xué)teaching assistant 助教midd

9、le school 中學(xué)part-time student 非全日制學(xué)生junior high school 初中school of business 商學(xué)院senior high school 高中MBA program 工商管理碩士課程course/program 課程study abroad 留學(xué)liberal arts 文科brain drain 人才流失liberal education 人文教育transcript 成績單humanities 人文4-year path 四年制paper 論文cram ( 考前) 死記硬背thesis 畢業(yè)論文faculty ( 學(xué)校里的) 教職人

10、員Role-Play Oral PracticeBeijing OperaPART Text ANew Words and Expressionsreign 統(tǒng)治troupe 劇團(tuán)integration 綜合repertoire 劇目profound 深刻的，意義深遠(yuǎn)的incomparable 無與倫比的synthesis 綜合mime 啞劇，模擬表演acrobatic 雜技的，特技的treacherous 背叛的percussion 打擊樂器cymbal 鐃鈸embroidery 刺繡品aesthetic 美學(xué)的，審美的combine with 與結(jié)合engage in 從事，參與Langu

11、age Points of the Textnational treasure 國寶，國粹。with a history of 有年的歷史。除with 外，還可以用動(dòng)詞enjoy 表示享有悠久的歷史。China enjoys a history of five thousand years.中國享有五千年的歷史。Troupe 劇團(tuán)，指四處巡演的戲班子。combine with 與結(jié)合，與聯(lián)合。Some films combine education with recreation.有些電影把教育與娛樂結(jié)合起來。theatric circle 戲劇界。 circle 有圈子的意思，代表了有同一興

12、趣或活動(dòng)的一群人。I have a circle of friends here.在這里我有一群朋友。well-known in artistic circles 在藝術(shù)圈里聞名。3. Through a period of more than half a century of combination and integration of various kinds of opera there evolved the present Beijing Opera, the biggest kind of opera in China, whose richness of repertoire

13、, great number of artists of performance and of audiences, and profound influence are incomparable in China. 這個(gè)長句是一個(gè)狀語從句。從句首through a period of 到 kinds of opera 是句子的前置狀語局部，交代了京劇形成的歷史背景；從there evolved 到句末incomparable in China 是句子的主干局部，主語為the present Beijing Opera，主干中還包括了一個(gè)同位語the biggest kind of opera

14、 inChina，以及一個(gè)定語從句whose richness of repertoire, great number of artists of performance and of audiences, and profound influence。整句話講的是京劇在當(dāng)今中國的重要價(jià)值。combination and integration 融合和綜合。evolve 使開展：逐漸開展或完成。evolve a style of ones own 逐漸形成了自己的風(fēng)格。The British political system has evolved over several centuries

15、.英國政治體制是經(jīng)過幾個(gè)世紀(jì)逐步形成的。repertoire 常備劇目；又指某一個(gè)演員或劇團(tuán)隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備表演的全部歌曲、戲劇、歌劇、讀物或其他作品。incomparable 無比的，無雙的，無可匹敵的。This revised edition is incomparable with the earlier ones.這一修訂本不可與先前的版本同日而語。synthesis 綜合：把分別的元素或物質(zhì)連接成連貫的一個(gè)整體。與combination 和integration 意思相近。analysis by synthesis 綜合分析。stylized 程式化的， 按固定格式的。以-ize 結(jié)尾的單詞

16、常表示“ 化 的意思， 如：globalize 全球化，modernize 現(xiàn)代化，urbanize 城市化等。depict 描寫，描述，與represent 意思相近。The author is well-known for his depicting the horrors of war.這個(gè)作家因描述戰(zhàn)爭的恐怖而知名。treacherous 背叛的，不忠的(to)，奸詐的。treacherous action 背叛行為。He was cruel, treacherous and unscrupulous.他殘忍、奸詐、不擇手段。manifest 顯示：清楚地顯示或表示；顯現(xiàn)。He doe

17、snt manifest much interest in his studies.他表現(xiàn)出對(duì)學(xué)業(yè)沒有多大興趣。engage in 從事，參與。He has engaged in farming for 20 years.他從事耕作已有二十年。我們可以從此句中學(xué)習(xí)到很多中國傳統(tǒng)事物的英文說法，如：才子佳人geniuses and greatbeauties，春秋、戰(zhàn)國時(shí)代the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period。is that of 就是，可以說是。If I love you, what business is that o

18、f yours?要是我愛你，那關(guān)你什么事？melody 旋律，曲調(diào)；rhythm 節(jié)奏。classify 分類。類似的詞還有g(shù)roup, categorize, sort 等。classify books by subjects 按學(xué)科將圖書分類。accompany 陪伴，伴奏。在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，當(dāng)指的是人時(shí)，用在accompany 后的介詞傳統(tǒng)上認(rèn)為只能是by，而在其他情況下那么用with。The candidate was accompanied by six burly bodyguards.六個(gè)魁梧的保鏢陪護(hù)著候選人。我們可以從此句中學(xué)習(xí)到很多樂器的英文說法，如：wind instrume

19、nts 管樂器，percussion instruments 打擊樂器，stringed instruments 弦樂器，horn 喇叭，flute 長笛，gong 鑼。graceful, magnificent, elegant and brilliant 都是形容華美的詞。graceful 優(yōu)美的， 雅致的；magnificent 華美的衣服，裝飾等，豪華的；elegant 風(fēng)雅的，雅致的；brilliant 鮮明的，鮮艷的。embroidery 刺繡；繡制品。be of 具有，到達(dá)某種水平。如：be of an age 到達(dá)做某事的年齡。aesthetic 美學(xué)的，審美的。如：the a

20、esthetic faculties 審美能力。facial make-up 臉譜。京劇里的臉譜有兩種，一種是用顏料畫在臉上的facial painting，另一種是面具mask，可以在瞬間“變臉。numerous 為數(shù)眾多的；許多的。修飾單數(shù)集合名詞，表示由多數(shù)人形成的，人數(shù)多的。修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，表示許多的, 無數(shù)的。Comprehension of the TextChinese WushuPART Text BNew Words and Expressionsmartial 尚武的component 成分punch 用拳頭猛擊cleave 劈thrust 插，戳，刺mobility 活動(dòng)性

21、，靈活性attain 到達(dá)，獲得combat 戰(zhàn)斗，搏斗sparring 拳擊exhibit 展出，陳列demonstration 示范shift 轉(zhuǎn)移，改變discipline 訓(xùn)練，修養(yǎng)recreational 休養(yǎng)的，娛樂的participate 參與，參加vie 競爭as such 照此，像這樣first and foremost 首先，首要地adopt as 采用，批準(zhǔn)Language Points of the Textcomponent 局部，成分，與element 意思相近。Blade and handle are the component parts of a knife.

22、刀身和刀柄是一把刀的組成局部。注意with 在這里引領(lǐng)的狀語，可以使句子變得清晰利落。在介紹人或物時(shí)，如遇到定語過長或較復(fù)雜的情況，就可以考慮用with 將要說明的東西補(bǔ)充在主句后。literally 照字面地，逐字地。反義詞：figuratively 比喻地，象征性地。punch 用拳頭打擊。I wanted to punch him for his betrayal.因?yàn)樗谋撑眩蚁牒莺葑崴活D。thrust 插，刺，戳；猛推。He thrusted the dagger into the guards side.他將匕首刺進(jìn)警衛(wèi)的腰部。Related to each style are

23、 basic forms, or sequences, which may involve defense strategies, offense, retreat, mobility and immobility, speed and slowness, hard or soft postures, emptiness and fullness, with or without weapons. 本句使用了倒裝的語序，強(qiáng)調(diào)basic forms, or sequences。正常的語序應(yīng)該為basic forms, or sequences are related to each style.

24、defense 防守。構(gòu)詞：前綴de- 來自拉丁語，意為“away from，所以這個(gè)前綴的意義之一就是“離開，“別離。deport 驅(qū)逐出境；deduce 推斷； derail 脫軌。Delete his name from the list of members.把他的名字從成員名單上除去。mobility and immobility 動(dòng)與靜。構(gòu)詞：im- 是表示否認(rèn)的前綴，表示“不、“無、“非等否認(rèn)意義。imbalance 不平衡的；immoral 不道德的；impossible 不可能的。表示否認(rèn)的前綴除了im- 還有in-，il- 及ir-。區(qū)別如下：以字母b，m，p 開頭的單詞，

25、其否認(rèn)前綴用im-。以字母l 開頭的單詞否認(rèn)前綴用il-。如：illegal 不合法的；illogical 不合邏輯的。以字母r 開頭的單詞否認(rèn)前綴用ir-。如：irrelative 無關(guān)系的；irregular 不規(guī)那么的。以其他字母開頭的單詞否認(rèn)前綴用in-。如：inhuman 不人道的；incorrect 不正確的。attain 到達(dá)，獲得。attain high office 獲得高級(jí)職位；eventually attain wisdom 最終獲取智慧。integral 構(gòu)成整體所必需的；固有的。The kitchen is an integral part of a house.廚房

26、是房子不可缺的局部。as such 照此，像這樣，就這一點(diǎn)而論。A name, as such, means nothing.姓名本身并無意義。first and foremost 首先，首要地。Hes written many different kinds of things, but hes first and foremost a novelist.他寫過許多不同性質(zhì)的東西，但他首先是位小說家。bear 關(guān)系，關(guān)聯(lián)；相關(guān)的關(guān)系或內(nèi)部聯(lián)系。Those issues have no bearing on our situation.那些問題與我們的情況無關(guān)。combat 搏斗，搏斗。The

27、 combat between good and evil will continue forever.善與惡的斗爭將永遠(yuǎn)繼續(xù)下去。exhibit 呈現(xiàn)；呈現(xiàn)給他人看。意思與display, show 相近。He rolled up his sleeve to exhibit the scar.他卷起袖子露出傷疤。classify into 分類，分等。People who work in libraries spend a lot of time classifying books.在圖書館工作的人花大量的時(shí)間為書籍分類。armed (with) 武裝了的，有準(zhǔn)備的。The new batt

28、leship shall be armed with 16-inch guns.新戰(zhàn)艦將以16 英寸口徑的大炮武裝起來。weaponry 總稱武器，兵器，相當(dāng)于weapons collectively。in terms of 按照，依據(jù)，用詞句，從說來。He often talks about his girlfriend in terms of love.他經(jīng)常用充滿愛意的語言談?wù)撍呐笥?。offensive and defensive 攻防兼具的。consist of 由組成。A week consists of seven days.一周由七天組成。demonstration 示范，實(shí)

29、證。She gave us a demonstration of the machine to show how it worked.她給我們作示范，說明怎樣操作這臺(tái)機(jī)器。shift 改變，轉(zhuǎn)變。His eyes shifted to the telephone.他的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了 機(jī)。discipline 訓(xùn)練；修養(yǎng)；磨煉：為具有某一特定性格或行為方式而進(jìn)行的訓(xùn)練，尤指為在道德和智力上的進(jìn)步改善而進(jìn)行的訓(xùn)練。She never disciplines her children and they are uncontrollable.她從不管教自己的孩子，導(dǎo)致他們無法無天。recreational

30、 消遣的：屬于或與娛樂有關(guān)的。There are few recreational facilities in our school.我們學(xué)校里幾乎沒有什么娛樂設(shè)施。adopt as 采用，批準(zhǔn)。adopt a new idea 采納新意見；adopt a constitutional amendment 通過一項(xiàng)憲法修正案。vie 競爭，與compete 的意思相近。They are old rivals vying with each other for first place.他們是彼此爭奪第一名的老對(duì)手。Comprehension of the TextParagraph Writin

31、g: How toMake a Topic SentencePART Writing Work1. 主題句的構(gòu)成和支配思想段落特別是論述文的段落大多由三局部組成：主題句、擴(kuò)展句和結(jié)尾句。主題句或說明作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度，或概括本段的主題思想，是段落開展的依據(jù)。主題句寫得好壞與否，將直接決定一段文章的成敗。主題句通常由主題Topic和主導(dǎo)內(nèi)容Controlling Idea兩局部組成。因此，我們?cè)谡归_段落時(shí)，必須緊扣主題句中的主題，即寫“什么或“誰，以及主導(dǎo)內(nèi)容，即“怎么樣這兩個(gè)核心。2. 如何寫好主題句首先，主題句要寫得清楚明了。由于主題句是對(duì)本段落的中心思想和內(nèi)容的概括，因此必須清楚，不能模糊其

32、辭。例如：To play any kind of musical instrument, one needs to know something about it.這個(gè)主題句范圍寫得太寬、太模糊其辭了?？筛臑椋篢o play any kind of drum requires a good sense of rhythm.其次，主題句要恰如其分地概括本段文章的內(nèi)容，既不宜太籠統(tǒng)， 亦不宜太過具體。如果概括的面太寬，那么不是一段話就能說清楚。反之，假設(shè)概括的面太窄，那么沒有展開討論的余地。例如：We bought a TV set yesterday.3. 主題句的位置主題句可以出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)段落的

33、任何地方，可以在段落的開始，也可以在段落的結(jié)尾，還可以在段落的中間，甚至可以隱含在段落中。但以西方人的線性思維方式，主題句大多位于段首。它開門見山地點(diǎn)出問題，便于作者緊扣主題；同時(shí)也方便讀者迅速而有效地了解主旨，看清作者的意圖。BACKUnit 2PART Communication SkillsExpressing Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction and ComplaintPART Text ATaj Mahal to Resume Night VisitsPART Text BSpotlight on CopenhagenPART Writing WorkPara

34、graph Writing: How to Develop a Paragraph(Description & Definition)Expressing Satisfaction/Dissatisfactionand ComplaintPART Communication SkillsWords to Knowresponsible 負(fù)責(zé)任的dependable 可依賴的，可依靠的bake 烘焙，烤panel 面板，嵌板，儀表板unreliable 不可靠的identification 身份recommend 推薦abridged 削減的，刪節(jié)的unavailable得不到的，沒有的fuss

35、 忙亂，大驚小怪Short ConversationsUseful Sentences & ExpressionsThatll be fine/ OK.可以的/ 行的。Its fine/ very nice/great/ perfect/ excellent.很好/ 棒極了。Its just what I wanted/ was looking for.這正是我想要找的。Yes, this seems to be just what I want.是的，這正是我想要的。This really isnt too bad.這還挺不錯(cuò)的。It couldnt be better.好極了。I woul

36、dnt want it more.我就要定它了。Im glad you liked / enjoyed it.我很快樂你喜歡。To tell the truth, I wasnt very satisfied with it.說實(shí)話，我不是很滿意。Frankly, it is not as as I thought it would be.坦率地說，沒我想像的那么。Its too boring/tiring/dry.太令人生厭了。Its so annoying.煩死人了。Its a bore doing做真煩人。I was a little disappointed.我有點(diǎn)失望。I wasnt

37、 very happy with it.我不太滿意。It was quite disappointing.很令人失望。I hoped it would/could be better.我希望能更好些。He/she is always doing that!他/ 她總是這么做。What horrible luck!運(yùn)氣糟透了。I cant stand it when people 當(dāng)人們時(shí)，我無法忍受。I do wish you wouldnt我真的希望你沒就好了。Do you think you could?你看你能不能？Useful Expressions and Phrases Relat

38、edsatisfied 滿意的 be wild about 對(duì)瘋狂dissatisfied 不滿意的be satisfied with 對(duì)滿意perfect 完美的be pleased with 對(duì)感到快樂excellent 極好的 be keen on 對(duì)特別喜愛terrific 極好的be crazy about 對(duì)著迷pleasing 令人快樂的 be content with 對(duì)感到滿意pleased 快樂的 disappointing 令人失望的superb 極致的disappointed 失望的magnificent 意義重大的boring 令人生厭的fantastic 絕妙的re

39、luctant 不情愿的splendid 美妙的 irritating 令人憤怒的marvelous 十分美好的 annoying 令人煩躁的fabulous 絕好的be dissatisfied with 對(duì)不滿意love 喜愛be tired of 對(duì)厭煩enjoy 喜愛be fed up with 對(duì)煩透了satisfy 令滿意complain about 抱怨dissatisfy 令不滿意 be bored with 對(duì)感到厭煩Role-Play Oral PracticeTaj Mahal to Resume Night VisitsPART Text ANew Words and

40、Expressionssecurity 平安monument 紀(jì)念碑initially 最初，開頭emperor 皇帝，君主announcement 宣告，發(fā)表official 官員，公務(wù)員celebrate 慶祝，祝賀，舉行anniversary 周年紀(jì)念tourism 觀光事業(yè)，游覽minister 部長，大臣ensure 保證，擔(dān)保，使平安，保證得到romantic 傳奇式的，浪漫的highlight 精彩場面，最顯著局部ban 禁止，取締書刊等authority 權(quán)威，權(quán)威人士，權(quán)力，職權(quán)reluctant 不情愿的，勉強(qiáng)的，難得到的，難處理的expression 表達(dá)reflect

41、反射，反映，表現(xiàn)impact 對(duì)發(fā)生影響across the globe 全世界terror attack 恐怖襲擊blow up 爆炸，炸毀Language Points of the Textbe to do sth. 表示按方案或安排要做的事。When are you to leave for home?你什么時(shí)候回家？這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用于過去。was / were to do sth. 表示曾經(jīng)方案要做的事，但不說明方案是否被執(zhí)行，或表示“命運(yùn)即命中注定要發(fā)生的事，而非方案；was / were to have done sth. 表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的方案。four nights a month

42、 一個(gè)月四晚。一個(gè)月n 次是n times a month, 但要注意的是一個(gè)月一次是once a month, 一個(gè)月兩次是twice a month。此句中built which was built, 是過去分詞作非限制性定語，前后要用逗號(hào)隔開。The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.這些書是魯迅寫的，受到了許多中國人民的喜愛。each night 可用every night 代替。each 和every 兩者都有“每個(gè)的意思，但用法不同。1 each 指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或事物中的“每個(gè)；eve

43、ry 是指三個(gè)以上的人或事物的“全體，與all 的意思相近。He gave a book to each of his parents.他給他父母各送了一本書。2 each 作為形容詞時(shí)，修飾單數(shù)名詞，接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞；作為代詞時(shí)，單獨(dú)使用，接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞；放在復(fù)數(shù)名詞和代詞后作同位語時(shí)，接復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。each of them 后可接單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。every 總是修飾單數(shù)名詞，后接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。Each man carries his own bag. 修飾單數(shù)名詞各人背自己的包。as 作“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候解，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或某事一發(fā)生時(shí)另一事立即發(fā)生。Did anybody notice

44、 him as he went into the meeting room?當(dāng)他走進(jìn)會(huì)議室的時(shí)候，有沒有人留意到他？describe sth. as 把描述為。I should describe the attempt as a failure/as unsuccessful.這項(xiàng)嘗試我視為失敗/ 沒成功。reopen 重開，再開始，再開。reopen 由前綴re- 和動(dòng)詞open 構(gòu)成。前綴re- 表示“再一次，重新，如：retell, rewrite。ensure 確保，擔(dān)保。ensure 由前綴en- 和形容詞sure 構(gòu)成。en- 加在一些名詞前面，能夠使該名詞變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的動(dòng)詞，意思是“

45、使處于狀態(tài)，使成為，如：enslavev. 使成為奴隸，奴役，endangerv. 使處于危險(xiǎn)之中，危害等。en- 也可以與形容詞結(jié)合，使該形容詞變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞，如 ：enlargev. 放大，擴(kuò)大， endearv. 使受喜愛， enrichv. 使富裕， enablev. 使能夠)等。attack 攻擊，進(jìn)攻。The commander decided to attack the enemy on both flanks.指揮官?zèng)Q定從兩側(cè)對(duì)敵人發(fā)起進(jìn)攻。highlight 最突出的局部，最精彩的局部。The ball was the highlight of the London season.

46、那次舞會(huì)是倫敦社交活動(dòng)時(shí)期的高潮。be reluctant to 勉強(qiáng)，不情愿。This is a soil reluctant to the plough.這土地很難耕作。draw up 草擬。I was assigned to draw up the first draft of the report.我被指派草擬報(bào)告初稿。air attack 空襲。The air bases were subjected to intense air attack.這些空軍基地曾遭受猛烈空襲。blow up 爆炸，炸毀。Blow the bridge up.炸毀這座橋。expression 表達(dá)，表示。

47、Let this plaque serve as an expression of our esteem.讓此碑來表達(dá)我們的敬意。be made of 用造成。be made from 也有“由構(gòu)成的意思。二者的區(qū)別是：be madeof 表示由成品能看出原材料，也就是物理變化；be made from 那么表示由成品看不出原材料，也就是化學(xué)變化。The table is made of wood.桌子是由木頭制成的。likely 是“可能，也許的意思，與possible, probable 意思相近，但用法上有區(qū)別。1 likely 強(qiáng)調(diào)外表上看來有可能，與probable 意思接近，有時(shí)可

48、以互換，但likely 常暗示從外表跡象來判斷，probable 那么經(jīng)過權(quán)衡正反兩方面的理由后而相信某事是真實(shí)的或大概會(huì)發(fā)生。常用結(jié)構(gòu)有：Sb. is likely to do sth. 和 It is likely that.。2 possible 表示客觀上潛在的可能性，也許實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性并不大。possible 一般不用表示人的詞作主語，但假設(shè)要用表示人的詞作主語，possible 后接不定式，這個(gè)不定式動(dòng)作的邏輯賓語應(yīng)是句子的主語，但此時(shí)的possible 已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)意為“容易的。常用結(jié)構(gòu)有： Itis possiblefor sb.to do sth. 和 It is possibl

49、e that.。3 probable 表示有幾分根據(jù)的推測，比possible 表示的可能性大。換句話說，probable 的“有可能，是指有實(shí)際的依據(jù)或邏輯上符合情理。一般不用表示人的詞作主語。常用結(jié)構(gòu)有：Sth. is probable. 和It is probable that.。Comprehension of the TextSpotlight on CopenhagenPART Text BNew Words and Expressionsharbor 海港fantasy 夢想，白日夢attractive /吸引人的，有魅力的castle 城堡atmosphere 大氣，空氣，氣氛

50、scale 刻度，尺度explore 探險(xiǎn)，探測，探究declare 斷言，宣稱，宣布，宣告，聲明pollution 污染，玷污palace 宮，宮殿however 無論如何，可是，仍然，究竟invade 侵略，侵襲，擁入aim 對(duì)瞄準(zhǔn)surrender 投降，自首o(hù)rigin 起源，由來destroy 破壞，毀壞，消滅structure 結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)造，建筑物concert 音樂會(huì)comedy 喜劇，喜劇性的事情in search of 尋找step into 進(jìn)入watercolor painting 水彩畫take in 順便觀看電影或參觀博物館等Language Points of the

51、 Textchange ones mind 改變決定或意見。Nothing will make me change my mind.任何事情都不能使我改變主意。sit 是“坐落的意思。表示位置的詞還有situate, locate, stand 等。When does the court of law sit?法庭在哪里？in search of 尋找。They came here in search of new markets for their products.他們來此為他們的產(chǎn)品尋找新市場。habor 海港，港口。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中的珍珠港是Pearl Harbor。The storm

52、-beaten ship at length attained the harbor.那艘受到暴風(fēng)雨襲擊的船終于抵港。attractive 有吸引力的，引起注意的，引起興趣的，有迷惑力的。The store disposed the jewellery in an attractive display.那間商店把珠寶首飾陳列得琳瑯滿目。dream-like 意為“夢一般的，夢幻的，是由“名詞+ 形容詞構(gòu)成新的復(fù)合形容詞。英語中有很多這樣的復(fù)合形容詞，如：fat-free 不含脂肪的，toll-free 不交費(fèi)的，maintenance-free 無須維修的，dust-free 無塵的，inte

53、rest-free 無息的，care-free 無憂無慮的，nuclear-weapon-free無核武器的，line-dry 一晾就干的，world-famous 聞名世界的，stone-deaf 完全聾的，life-long終生的，grass-green 草綠色的，bloodthirsty 嗜血成性的，dog-tired 累極了的，homesick 想家的，threadbare 穿舊的，heartsick 沮喪的。step into 進(jìn)入。She got early promotion by stepping into dead mens shoes.她因補(bǔ)缺而得以提早晉升。waterco

54、lor painting 是水彩畫。油畫是oil painting。He attained perfection in watercolor painting.他的水彩畫到達(dá)了爐火純青的地步。human scale 人類尺度，人性化。It is a company on a human scale.那是一家很人性化的公司。explore 勘探，探測；探究，探索。Caving means exploring the passages underneath the hills.洞穴探險(xiǎn)是指探察山中的通道而進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)。declare 斷言，宣稱；宣布，宣告，聲明；申報(bào)。The Prime Minis

55、ter declared his intention in the speech.首相在講話中聲明了自己的意圖。stroll 閑逛，漫步。The newly married couple strolled hand in hand in the park.這對(duì)新婚夫婦手牽手在公園漫步。away from 遠(yuǎn)離，離開。Music washes away from the soul the dust of everyday life.音樂從靈魂上洗去日常生活的灰塵。on duty 上班，值班。There were over 100 police on duty at the demonstrati

56、on.游行期間有100 多名警察值勤。however 是英語中常用的轉(zhuǎn)折詞，意為“可是，仍然，無論如何，不管怎樣，可放在句首、句中和句尾。That hotel is undoubtedly a well-furnished hotel, however, they serve a poor apology for decentmeals.那家飯店裝飾得確實(shí)夠水平, 不過其飯菜的質(zhì)量卻有名無實(shí)。for show 為了炫耀，為了裝門面。This antique tea service is just for show.這套古董茶具只是用來炫耀的。invade 侵入，侵略，侵襲，擁入。The gen

57、erals decision to invade was a costly mistake.將軍作出的入侵決定是個(gè)代價(jià)沉重的錯(cuò)誤。aim 瞄準(zhǔn)，對(duì)準(zhǔn)。He aimed his gun at the target, fired and missed it.他用槍瞄準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)開火，卻沒有打中。both sides 兩面，兩邊。Both sides offered statistics to bolster their arguments.雙方都拿出統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字來支持各自的論點(diǎn)。surrender 投降，自首。The enemy were forced to make an unconditional su

58、rrender.敵軍被迫無條件投降。almost 幾乎，差不多。The school was attended almost entirely by local children.上這個(gè)學(xué)校讀書的幾乎全是當(dāng)?shù)氐暮⒆印estroy 破壞，毀壞；消滅；打破，使失敗。The ancient town was literally destroyed by a big fire.這座古老的城市完完全全毀于大火。date from 始于，起源于，可以追溯到，與date back to 同義。When did this mistake date from/ back to?這段錯(cuò)誤要追溯至何時(shí)?have

59、fun 玩得開心。The party is really neat. We have good fun.這次聚會(huì)真是美妙極了。我們玩得非常開心。take in 有“順便觀看電影或參觀博物館等之意。His little sister wanted to go with him to take in a film.他的小妹妹想跟他一起去看電影。fairy tale 神話故事，童話，謊話。The child devours fairy tales.這孩子專心地聽著童話故事。Comprehension of the TextParagraph Writing: How to Develop aPara

60、graphPART Writing Work一、描述法Description1. 按程序或步驟描述用于描述制作程序、操作步驟或?qū)嶒?yàn)過程等。描述程序應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按程序發(fā)生的先后來組句和開展段落。描述程序時(shí)使用的承接詞與列舉法相同，如：first, second/then, third/next, finally 等，但順序不可顛倒。2. 按時(shí)間順序描述主要用于講故事、表達(dá)某人的一生或某段經(jīng)歷以及事物的發(fā)生、開展和變化等。像程序描述法一樣，它實(shí)際上也是列舉法的一種特殊形式，是一系列事件按照時(shí)間順序的排列。其表達(dá)方式可用順序承接詞，如：first，second 及the next thing，the ne