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1、 各論第6章維生素類藥物分析Analysis of Vitamins 1.掌握維生素類藥物的結(jié)構(gòu)與性質(zhì)及分析方法之間的關(guān)系。2. 熟悉維生素類藥物的鑒別試驗(yàn)、雜質(zhì)檢查和含量測(cè)定的方法原理與結(jié)果計(jì)算。3.了解維生素類藥物分析方法的操作要點(diǎn)。Vitamins是維持人體正常代謝功能所必需的生物活性物質(zhì),是人們生活中必需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)要素。從其結(jié)構(gòu)來看,它們屬于非蛋白質(zhì),非脂肪,非糖類的有機(jī)化合物。有些是醇、酯、有些是胺、酸,還有些是酚和醛類,它們具有各不相同的理化性質(zhì)和生理活性。 按Vit在水中和油脂中的溶解度分為脂溶性和水溶性兩大類。 Lipid-soluble 脂溶性Vit:A、D、E、K Water-

2、soluble 水溶性Vit:B族、C、煙酸(niconacid)、冷酸(pantothen)、葉酸(Folic Acid)Vit類的分析離采用化學(xué)和物理化學(xué)方法。具有一個(gè)共軛多烯醇側(cè)鏈的環(huán)己烯 一、Vitamine ADEFINITIONVitamin A refers to a number of substances of very similar structure (including (Z)-isomers)found in animal tissues and possessing similar activity. The principal and biologically

3、mostactive substance is all-(E)-retinol (all-(E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona- 2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol; C20H30O). Vitamin A is generally used in the form of esters such as the acetate, propionate and palmitate.Synthetic retinol ester refers to an ester (acetate, propionate or pal

4、mitate) or a mixture of synthetic retinol esters.The activity of vitamin A is expressed in retinol equivalents (R.E.). 1 mg R.E. corresponds to the activity of 1 mg of all-(E)-retinol. The activity of the other retinol esters is calculated stoichiometrically, so that 1 mg R.E. of vitamin A correspon

5、ds to the activity of: 1.147 mg of all-(E)-retinol acetate; 1.195 mg of all-(E)-retinol propionate; 1.832 mg of all-(E)-retinol palmitate.International Units (IU) are also used to express the activity of vitamin A. 1 IU of vitamin A is equivalent to the activity of 0.300 g of all-(E)-retinol. The ac

6、tivity of the other retinol esters is calculated stoichiometrically, so that 1 IU of vitamin A is equivalent to the activity of: 0.344 g of all-(E)-retinol acetate; 0.359 g of all-(E)-retinol propionate; 0.550 g of all-(E)-retinol palmitate;1 mg of retinol equivalent is equivalent to 3333 IU.CHARACT

7、ERSAppearanceRetinol acetate: pale-yellow crystals (mp: about 60 C). Once melted retinol acetate tends to yield a supercooled melt.Retinol propionate: reddish-brown oily liquid.Retinol palmitate: a fat-like, light yellow solid or a yellow oily liquid, if melted (mp: about 26 C)SolubilityAll retinol

8、esters are practically insoluble in water, soluble or partly soluble in anhydrous ethanol and miscible with organic solvents.Vitamin A and its esters are very sensitive to the action of air, oxidising agents, acids, light and heat.Carry out the assay and all tests as rapidly as possible, avoiding ex

9、posure to actinic light and air, oxidising agents, oxidation catalysts (e.g. copper , iron), acids and heat; use freshly prepared solutions. VitA(部分A1)是魚肝油的主要成分,但目前主要來源是人二合成品。VA不溶于水,但易溶于ether(Et2O)、Chloroform(CHCl3)、isopropyl alcohol、cyclohexane、fat and oil。主要有油劑、丸劑。 VitA尚有許多異構(gòu)體,它們各具不同的理化性狀及生物效價(jià)。魚肝油

10、中還存在一些VitA2,其生物效價(jià)僅為VitA1的40%,去水VitA效價(jià)亦低于A1;鯨醇(系VitA醇的二聚物)則為非生物活性物質(zhì);但它們也有紫外吸收或可與顯色劑反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生與VitA相同的顏色。因此,測(cè)定VitA時(shí)須考慮這些因素。 VA的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)與性質(zhì): 1溶解度 維生素A與氯仿、乙醚、環(huán)己烷或石油醚能任意混合,在乙醇中微溶,在水中不溶。2.聚多烯結(jié)構(gòu),易氧化性 VA分子中含有共軛多烯醇側(cè)鏈,因此VA性質(zhì)活潑,不穩(wěn)定,(1)易被紫外光裂解,易被空氣中的氧氧化,尤其是在加熱和金屬離子存在時(shí)更容易氧化變質(zhì),生成無生物活性的環(huán)氧化物,進(jìn)一步氧化生成相應(yīng)的醛及酸。所以VA需避光保存,并且常上加入合適

11、的抗氧劑。 (2)無空氣時(shí),見光聚合成二聚體 (3)長(zhǎng)期放置發(fā)生異構(gòu)化3丙烯醇型結(jié)構(gòu) (1)遇酸易脫水(質(zhì)子酸HX,劉易斯酸SbCl3) (2)遇酸異構(gòu)化 3V最大吸收 共軛多烯醇側(cè)鏈結(jié)構(gòu),在325nm-328nm有最大吸收。共軛烯類化合物的V最在吸收,常用Woodward-Fieser規(guī)則計(jì)算,但這個(gè)規(guī)則僅適用于2-4個(gè)共軛雙鍵體系,對(duì)于較高程度的共軛體系不太理想。于是Fioeser-Kuhns規(guī)則應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,這個(gè)規(guī)則可用于多烯共軛體系。 max(已烷)=114+5M+n(48.0-1.7n)-16.5Rendo-10Rexo M:烷基取代數(shù)目; n:共軛雙鍵數(shù)目; Rendo:具有環(huán)內(nèi)雙鍵的

12、環(huán)數(shù)目; Rexo:具有環(huán)外雙鍵的環(huán)數(shù)目。例:max(已烷) VA=114+56+5(48.0-1.75)-16.51-100 =325 (實(shí)測(cè)值326.5nm環(huán)已烷)IDENTIFICATIONA. Thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27).Test solution Prepare a solution containing about 3.3 IU of vitamin A per microlitre in cyclohexane R containing 1 g/l of butylhydroxytoluene R.Reference solutionPr

13、epare a 10 mg/ml solution of retinol esters CRS (i.e. 3.3 IU of each ester per microlitre) in cyclohexane R containing 1 g/l of butylhydroxytoluene R. PlateTLC silica gel F254 plate R.Mobile phaseether R, cyclohexane R (20:80 V/V).Application 3 l.Development Over 2/3 of the plate.DryingIn air.Detect

14、ionExamine in ultravioletTLC System suitabilityReference solution: the chromatogram shows the individual spots of the corresponding esters. The elution order from bottom to top is: retinol acetate, retinol propionate and retinol palmitate.ResultsThe composition of esters is confirmed by the correspo

15、ndence of the principal spot or spots of the test solution with those obtained with the reference solution.B. It complies with the test for related substances. 一、Identificationn (一)Carr-Price反應(yīng)(SbCl3反應(yīng)) VA在飽和無水SbCl3的無醇CHCl3 Soln中呈現(xiàn)不穩(wěn)定藍(lán)色,逐漸變成紫紅色max620nm。To 1 mL of a chloroform solution of it containi

16、ng the equivalent of approximately 6 g of retinol, add 10 mL of antimony trichloride TS: a transient blue color appears at once. 藍(lán)色 紫紅色max620nm無醇CHCl3(二)V吸收光譜 植物油制成的油Soln,需檢查酸值,過氧化值,溶劑無水乙醇-鹽酸(100:1)max326 繼續(xù)在水溶上加熱30,迅速冷卻,這時(shí)VAabs-alc中,在微量礦酸的催化下,失去一分子水而形成去水VA,并增加一個(gè)共軛雙鍵,吸收峰長(zhǎng)移(red shift)。吸收波長(zhǎng)為348、367、38

17、9nm。Test solution for liquid form of vitamin a Dissolve a volume equivalent to about 15,000 USP Units in chloroform to obtain 10 mL of solution. for solid form of vitamin a Weigh a quantity equivalent to about 15,000 USP Units, place in a separator, add 75 mL of water, shake vigorously for 1 minute,

18、 extract with 10 mL of chloroform by shaking for 1 minute, and centrifuge to clarify the chloroform extract. Standard solution Dissolve the contents of 1 ampul of USP Vitamin A RS in chloroform to obtain 25.0 mL. Developing solvent system: a mixture of cyclohexane and ether (4:1). Procedure Apply at

19、 the starting point of the chromatogram 0.015 mL of the Standard solution and 0.01 mL of the Test solution, and proceed as directed for Thin-Layer Chromatography under Chromatography 621 . Allow the solvent front to move a distance of 10 cm, remove the plate, and air-dry. Spray with phosphomolybdic

20、acid TS: the blue-green spot formed is indicative of the presence of retinol. The approximate RF values of the predominant spots, corresponding to the different forms of retinol, are 0.1 for the alcohol form, 0.45 for the acetate, and 0.7 for the palmitate. (三)TLC固定相同硅膠,展開劑;環(huán)已烷-Et2O(4:1);顯色劑:SbCl3液、

21、磷鉬酸. TLC 可分離醇式、乙酸酯、棕櫚酸酯。 (四)加活性甘油1,3-二氯丙醇,顯藍(lán)色max555nm; (五)與H2SO4反應(yīng)顯藍(lán)色TESTSRetinolThin-layer chromatography (2.2.27).Test solutionPrepare a solution in cyclohexane R, stabilised with a solution containing 1 g/l of butylhydroxytoluene R, containing about 330 IU of vitamin A per microlitre.Reference so

22、lutionShake 1 ml of the test solution with 20 ml of 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in 2-propanol for 2 min and dilute to 100 ml with cyclohexane R, stabilised with a solution containg 1 g/l of butylhydroxytoluene R.PlateTLC silica gel F254 plate R.Mobile phaseether R, cyclohexane R (20:80 V/V).A

23、pplication3 l. DevelopmentOver a path of 15 cm. DryingIn air.DetectionExamine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm.System suitability Reference solution: in the chromatogram obtained no or only traces of the retinol esters are seen.Limit Any spot corresponding to retinol in the chromatogram obtained with

24、the test solution is not more intense than the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution (1.0 per cent).Related substancesUltraviolet and visible absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.25).Test solutionThe solution described under Activity.Absorption maximumAt 325 nm to 327 nm.Absorba

25、nce ratios: A300/A326 = maximum 0.60; A350/A326 = maximum 0.54; A370/A326 = maximum 0.14.The thresholds indicated under Related substances (Table 2034.-1) in the general monograph Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034) do not apply.二、Assay1.計(jì)算V分光的度法 VA醇和其醋酸分子中具有五個(gè)雙鍵組成的色烯其軛體系因而,在325-328nm間呈現(xiàn)選擇性吸收峰,

26、故可用V分光的度法測(cè)VA的含量,Ch.P以及其他國(guó)家藥典都采用本法測(cè)定VA。 但由于不同品種的肝油及VA合成品中,常含有其他異物體、中間體、副產(chǎn)物、氧化產(chǎn)物等其他不相關(guān)物質(zhì)以及VA制劑中含有的稀釋用油在325-328nm處也有吸收,干擾測(cè)定,甚至經(jīng)過皂化,提取,精制,仍有雜質(zhì)存在,為了消除不相關(guān)物質(zhì)的干擾,Morton和Stubb等人經(jīng)過研究提出了一個(gè)校正公式,簡(jiǎn)稱M-S公式,用以消除雜質(zhì)的影響。 B. (3E,5E,7E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(1Z)-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enylidenenona-1,3,5,7-tetraene (anhydro

27、-vitamin A)C. (3E,5E,7E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(1Z)-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enylidenenona-3,5,7-trien-1-ol(retro-vitamin A)D. oxidation products of vitamin A.測(cè)定方法與計(jì)算方法: 合成VA和天然魚肝油中的VA是酯式VA。如供試品中干擾測(cè)定的雜質(zhì)較少,符合下列方法測(cè)定規(guī)定時(shí),可直接用溶媒溶解供試品后測(cè)定;否則應(yīng)按第二法,經(jīng)皂化提取,除去干擾后測(cè)定。含量以單位表示,每單位相當(dāng)于全反式VA醋酸酯0.344g或醇0.300g 第一法 取酯式VA,精密穩(wěn)定,

28、加環(huán)已烷制成1ml含9-15單位的溶液,照分光光度法,測(cè)定其吸收峰的波入,并在下列各波長(zhǎng)處測(cè)定吸光度,計(jì)算測(cè)得的吸收度與波長(zhǎng)328nm處的吸光度的比值和波長(zhǎng)328nm處的 值。 nm 吸光度比值 300 0.555 316 0.907 328 1.000 340 0.811 360 0.299(1)如果吸收峰波長(zhǎng)max在326-9nm之間,且所測(cè)得各波長(zhǎng)的吸光度比值不超過表中規(guī)定的比值0.02??捎孟率接?jì)算含量: 每1g供試品中含有VA的單位= (328nm)1900(2)如果吸收峰波長(zhǎng)在326329nm之間,但所測(cè)得的各波長(zhǎng)吸光度比值有的超過表中規(guī)定的0.02,則按下式求出校正后的吸光度,

29、A328(校正)=3.52(2A3282A316A340)(a)如果校正吸光度與未校正吸光度相差不超過3.0%,則不用校正吸收度,仍發(fā)來經(jīng)校正的吸光度計(jì)算含量。 (b)如果校正吸光度與未校正吸光度相差在-15%-30%之間,則以校正吸光度計(jì)算含量。 (c)如果校正吸光度超過未校正吸光度的-15%或+3%,或吸收峰波長(zhǎng)不在326-9nm之間,則供試品須按下述第二法測(cè)定。 例題:將某廠生產(chǎn)的維生素A醋酸酯,以環(huán)已烷為溶劑,配成10U/ml,然后按照Ch.P方法測(cè)定,其結(jié)果如下試計(jì)算該樣品中的VitA醋酸的百分含量。 300 0.252 0.586 解:1. max位于326-9nm, 316 0.

30、385 0.907 2. A-A規(guī)定=0.586-0.555=0.0310.02 328 0.430 1.000 3. A328(校正)=3.52(20.43-0.385-0.35)=0.440 340 0.350 0.811 4. 100% = 100%=2.3% 360 0.129 0.299 在3%以內(nèi)不用校正值。 5. VA%= 100%=81.7%max(nm) Ratio of A/A328nm Calculation 326-329 0.02 A328(correct)=3.52(2A328-A316-A340) 326-9 Method (A correctA)/A 計(jì)算IU/

31、g 3.0% E (328nm)1900 -15%-3.0% E (校正)1900 +3.0% Method 第二法 按Ch.P附錄規(guī)定,精密稱取500單位以上(2g)VA經(jīng)皂化,提取后,制成含VA9-15單位的異丙醇Soln,在300,310,325,334nm處測(cè)定吸光度,并測(cè)定吸收峰波長(zhǎng)。max323-327nm,且A300/A3250.73,則采用VD測(cè)定法第二法項(xiàng)下的純化用色譜系統(tǒng),準(zhǔn)確收集流出的VA,N2吹干,再加異丙醇溶解,依法操作。 本法是用紫外分光光度法測(cè)定VA在特定波長(zhǎng)處的吸光度來計(jì)算含量,以國(guó)際單位表示,每國(guó)際單位相當(dāng)于0.344g的全反式VA醋酸酯或0.300g的全反式

32、VA醇。換算因數(shù):換算因數(shù)=效價(jià)(IU/g)/E max所以 VA醋酸酯效價(jià)(IU/g)=106/0.344=2907000(IU/g) 換算因數(shù)=2907000/1530=1900VA醇效價(jià)(IU/g)=106/0.300=3330000(IU/g) 換算因數(shù)=3330000/1820=1830Note:本法校正公式系采用三點(diǎn)法,除其中一點(diǎn)是在吸收峰波長(zhǎng)處測(cè)得外,其他兩點(diǎn)分別在吸收峰兩側(cè)波長(zhǎng)處測(cè)定,因此,儀器波長(zhǎng)若不夠準(zhǔn)確時(shí),即會(huì)有較大誤差,故重測(cè)定前應(yīng)校正儀器波長(zhǎng)。 測(cè)定應(yīng)在半暗室中盡快進(jìn)行。ACTIVITYThe activity of the substance is determin

33、ed in order to be taken into account for the production of concentrates.Dissolve 25-100 mg, weighed with an accuracy of 0.1 per cent, in 5 ml of pentane R and dilute with 2-propanol R1 to a presumed concentration of 10 IU/ml to 15 IU/ml. Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) at the absorption maximum at 3

34、26 nm. Calculate the activity of vitamin A in International Units per gram from the expression:A326=absorbance at 326 nmm=mass of the substance to be examined, in gramsV=total volume to which the substance to be examined is diluted to give 10 IU/ml to 15 IU/ml1900=factor to convert the specific abso

35、rbance of esters of retinol into International Units per gramCHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD Mobile PhaseUse n-hexane. System Suitability PreparationDissolve an accurately weighed quantity of retinyl palmitate and USP Vitamin A RS in n-hexane to obtain a solution containing about 7.5 g per mL of each. Standa

36、rd PreparationDissolve an accurately weighed quantity of USP Vitamin A RS in n-hexane, and dilute quantitatively, and stepwise if necessary, to obtain a solution having a known concentration of about 15 g of retinyl acetate per mL. Assay PreparationTransfer about 15 mg of ester (retinyl acetate or r

37、etinyl palmitate), accurately weighed, to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dissolve in and dilute with n-hexane to volume, and mix. Pipet 5.0 mL of this solution into a 50-mL volumetric flask, dilute with n-hexane to volume, and mix. Chromatographic System (see Chromatography 621 )The liquid chromatograph

38、 is equipped with a 325-nm detector and a 4.6-mm 15-cm column that contains packing L8. The flow rate is about 1 mL per minute. Chromatograph the System Suitability Preparation, and record the peak responses as directed for Procedure: the resolution, R, between retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate

39、is not less than 10; and the relative standard deviation for replicate injections is not more than 3.0%. ProcedureSeparately inject equal volumes (about 40 L) of the Standard Preparation and the Assay Preparation into the chromatograph, record the chromatograms, and measure the responses for retinyl

40、 acetate obtained from the Standard Preparation and the peak area for retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate in the chromatogram of the Assay Preparation. Calculate the quantity, in mg, of vitamin A as the retinol equivalent (C20H30O) in the portion of vitamin A taken by the formula: 0.872CD(rU / rS)i

41、n which 0.872 is the factor used to convert retinyl acetate, obtained from USP Vitamin A RS to its retinol equivalent; C is the concentration, in mg per mL, of USP Vitamin A RS in the Standard Preparation; D is the dilution factor, in mL, for the Assay Preparation; and rU and rS are the peak respons

42、es of the retinyl ester obtained from the Assay Preparation and the Standard Preparation, respectively. noteThe molar responses of retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate are equivalent. 。SbCl3比色法 VA與SbCl3的無水CHCl3 Soln作用,呈現(xiàn)藍(lán)色,在618-620nm有最大吸收,在一定范圍內(nèi)符合Beer定律。 注意:操作必須迅速;這是由于形成的藍(lán)色穩(wěn)定時(shí)間很短; 所用器皿必須干燥,若反應(yīng)有痕量水分

43、存在,可使溶液變渾濁(系水解形成SbOCl所致); 嚴(yán)格控制溫度,呈現(xiàn)的藍(lán)色與溫度關(guān)系甚大,溫度超過1,需要重作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。 測(cè)定天然VA,結(jié)果往往偏高,這個(gè)反應(yīng)對(duì)VA不是專屬反應(yīng),其他物質(zhì)如新VA、去水VA及胡蘿卜素等,均能與SbCl3顯色。因此,藥物分析中已被基本不用。但本法比較簡(jiǎn)便,目前,仍用于食品或飼料中VA的測(cè)定。 。共他方法(1)熒光法: 利用VA的環(huán)已烷Soln,在V光照射下發(fā)生綠色熒光,可用熒光分光光度法測(cè)定VA。 ()HPLC 近年來國(guó)外相繼有人用HPLC測(cè)定VA,stationary phase:C18; mobile phase:0.4%正戊醇的正已烷Soln,F(xiàn)low R

44、ate 1ml/min,Detect wavelength;254nm以鄰苯二甲酸二甲酯為內(nèi)標(biāo),方法測(cè)定了VAD乳劑中全反式VA的含量,VD沒有干擾。 1。維生素A具有易被紫外光裂解、易被空氣中氧或氧化劑氧化的性質(zhì),是由于分子中含( )A、環(huán)己烯基 B、2,6,6-三甲基環(huán)己烯基 C、伯醇基 D、乙醇基 E、共軛多烯醇側(cè)鏈2。稱取標(biāo)示量為1g含維生素A100萬單位的供試品0.1750g,用環(huán)己烷配成100ml溶液,精密量取此溶液1ml,用環(huán)己烷稀釋至200ml。按藥典規(guī)定測(cè)定300、316、328、340、和360nm波長(zhǎng)處的吸光度,并計(jì)算與328nm處吸光度的比值,發(fā)現(xiàn)吸收峰波長(zhǎng)在326-3

45、29nm之間,各波長(zhǎng)吸光度比值超過藥典規(guī)定的0.02,在波長(zhǎng)316,328和340nm處的吸光度分別為0.4396,0.4737和0.3795,求該供試品含占標(biāo)示量的百分含量。3按上題所述內(nèi)容,當(dāng)波長(zhǎng)316,328和340nm波長(zhǎng)處的吸光度分別為0.4396,0.4737和0.3750時(shí),是否需要校正后的吸光度計(jì)算含量?求該供試品含占標(biāo)示量的百分含量。 二、VitD族: R=-CH=CH=-CH(CH3)2 VitD2 R=-CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)2 VitD3VD族都是甾醇衍生物,一般多用VitD2、D3。Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble se

46、costeroids, the two major physiologically relevant forms of which are vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D2 or D3 or both. Vitamin D is produced in the skin of vertebrates after exposure to ultraviolet B light, and occurs natu

47、rally in a small range of foods. 1性狀 維生素D2, D3均為無色針狀結(jié)晶或者白色結(jié)晶性粉末;無臭、無味;遇光或者空氣均易變質(zhì)。2溶解性 維生素D2在氯仿中極易溶解,在乙醇,丙酮或者乙醚中易溶;維生素D3在乙醇,丙酮或者乙醚中極易溶解;二者均在植物油中略溶,在水中不溶。3不穩(wěn)定性 維生素D2、D3因含有多個(gè)烯鍵,所以極不穩(wěn)定,遇光或者空氣及其他氧化劑均發(fā)生氧化而變質(zhì),使效價(jià)變低,毒性增強(qiáng)。本品對(duì)酸也不穩(wěn)定。4旋光性 維生素D2具有六個(gè)手性碳原子,而維生素D3有5個(gè)手性碳原子,所以二者均具有旋光性。5甾類顯色反應(yīng) 本品的氯仿溶液,加醋酐與硫酸,顯黃色,漸變紅色,

48、迅速變?yōu)樽仙?,最后變?yōu)榫G色。本反應(yīng)為甾類化合物的共有反應(yīng)。6紫外吸收特性 取本品,加無水乙醇溶解并定量稀釋至每2ml中約含10g的溶液。照分光光度法,在265nm的波長(zhǎng)處測(cè)定吸光度,維生素D2的吸收系數(shù)為460-490;維生素D3的吸收系數(shù)為465-495。Identifaction Tests(一)顯色反應(yīng)1. Conc. H2SO4-Ac2O反應(yīng):將VitD2、D3溶于CHCl3,加Ac2O和con.H2SO4強(qiáng)列振搖,維生素D2初顯黃色,漸變紅色,迅速變?yōu)樽仙詈蟪删G色。維生素D3初顯黃色,逐漸變?yōu)榧t色,迅速變?yōu)樽仙?,藍(lán)綠色,最后變?yōu)榫G色。2.與三氯化銻反應(yīng) 取本品適量(約1000單位

49、),加1,2-二氯乙烷1ml溶解,加三氯化銻4ml,溶液即顯橙紅色,逐漸變?yōu)榉奂t色。Detection of Impurities麥角甾醇的檢查 ChP規(guī)定維生素D2檢查麥角甾醇,而維生素D3則不作要求。 取本品10mg,加90%乙醇2ml溶解后,加洋地黃皂苷溶液(取洋地黃皂苷20mg,加90%乙醇2ml,加熱溶解制成)2ml,混合放置18h,不得發(fā)生渾濁或沉淀。 Assay維生素D的含量測(cè)定方法各國(guó)藥典各異。USP關(guān)于維生素D的測(cè)定方法有化學(xué)法、色譜法和微生物法;BP有化學(xué)法、光譜法和色譜法;而ChP采用NP-HPLC測(cè)定。維生素D(包括維生素D2和D3)及其制劑、維生素AD制劑或者魚肝油中

50、所含維生素D及前維生素D經(jīng)折算成維生素的總量,以單位表示,每單位相當(dāng)于維生素D0.025g。無維生素A醇及其他雜質(zhì)干擾的供試品可用第一法測(cè)定,否則應(yīng)按第二法處理后測(cè)定;如果按第二法處理后,前維生素D峰仍受雜質(zhì)干擾,僅有維生素D峰可以分離時(shí),則應(yīng)按第三法測(cè)定。 (一)第一法 色譜條件與系統(tǒng)適用性實(shí)驗(yàn):用硅膠為填充劑,正己烷-正戊烷(9973)為流動(dòng)相,檢測(cè)波長(zhǎng)為254nm。(二)第二法1.皂化提取 2. 色譜柱系統(tǒng)分離凈化維生素D3.含量測(cè)定 三、VE(dl-Tocopheryl Acetate,消旋-生育酸醋酸酯) VE是與生殖功能有關(guān)的一類維生素的總稱,在苯環(huán)上有一個(gè)酚羥基,故又稱作業(yè)生育酚

51、,維生素E類已知有八種之多,主要有: 天然VE為右旋體,合成的為消旋體,一般藥用為合成品。all-rac-2,5,7,8-Tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol.CHARACTERSAppearanceClear, colourless or yellowish-brown, viscous, oily liquid.SolubilityPractically insoluble in water, freely soluble in acetone, in anhydrous etha

52、nol, in methylene chloride and in fatty oils.維生素E為苯并二氫吡喃醇衍生物,苯環(huán)上有一個(gè)乙?;姆恿u基,故又稱生育酚(tocopherols)。化學(xué)名稱為()-2, 5, 7, 8-四甲基-2-(4, 8, 12-三甲基十二烷基)-6-苯并二氫吡喃醇醋酸酯。 物理性質(zhì)VE為黃色或金黃粘稠透明液體,不溶于水,易溶于absolute alcohol, 丙酮,CHCl3,Et2O和石油醚?;瘜W(xué)性質(zhì)1.水解性:VE是苯駢二氫吡喃衍生物,苯環(huán)上有一個(gè)乙酰化的酚羥基具有水解性;。氧化性:本品在無氧或其他氧化劑存在時(shí),在酸性或其他氧化劑存在時(shí),則進(jìn)一步氧化成醌式

53、化合物,在堿性條件下,加熱時(shí),這種氧化作用更易發(fā)生。光敏性:游離-生育酚,后暴露于空氣和光線下,極易被氧化,其酯較穩(wěn)定。4.紫外吸收特性 本品結(jié)構(gòu)中苯環(huán)上有酚羥基,故有紫外吸收,其無水乙醇液在284nm的波長(zhǎng)處有最大吸收,其吸收系數(shù)(E)為41.0-45.0。 (一)Identification Tests 1維生素E在硝酸酸性條件下,水解生成生育酚,生育酚被硝酸氧化為鄰醌結(jié)構(gòu)的生育紅而顯橙紅色。 2VE遇弱氧化劑,如:FeCl3或O2,苯駢氫化吡喃環(huán)可被化開裂生成黃色的-生育酸對(duì)苯醌。生成的Fe2+與2,2-聯(lián)吡啶反應(yīng)生成深紅色配位離子。 橙紅色 紅色3V 0.01%(W/V)abs-alc

54、. Soln. max284nm;min254nm 4硅膠G,環(huán)已烷-Et2O(4:1);濃H2SO4,105-5min;可分離-生育醌。-生育酚、-生育酚醋酸酯和-生育醌的 Rf=0.5、0.7、0.9。. GC, IRIDENTIFICATIONFirst identification A, B.Second identification A, C.A. Optical rotation (2.2.7) : - 0.01 to + 0.01. Dissolve 2.50 g in anhydrous ethanol R and dilute to 25.0 ml with the same

55、 solvent.B. Infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24) . Comparison a-tocopherol CRS .C. Thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27) .Test solution Dissolve 10 mg of the substance to be examined in 2 ml of cyclohexane R .Reference solution Dissolve 10 mg of a-tocopherol CRS in 2 ml of cyclohexane R .Plat

56、e TLC silica gel F254 plate R.Mobile phase ether R, cyclohexane R (20:80 V/V).Application 10 l.Development Over 2/3 of the plate.Drying In a current of air.Detection Examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm.Results The principal spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution is similar in po

57、sition and size to the principal spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.(二)Detection1.鈰量法檢查制備過程中未酯化的游離生育酚 由于游離VE在堿性條件下易被空氣中的氧氧化,另一方面鈰量法也要求在酸性Soln中進(jìn)行,所以,用硫酸較為合適。 游離生育酚檢查:0.1g +0.01mol/L Ce(SO4)21.0ml 計(jì)算L2.15%Ch.P ; BP(93)2,內(nèi)標(biāo)正三十二烷.VE原料、片、注射液、膠片、粉。 (二)HPLC(外標(biāo)法)1色譜條件 十八烷基硅烷鍵合硅膠為固

58、定相,流動(dòng)相為甲醇-水(491);UV檢測(cè)波長(zhǎng)為292nm。生育酚和醋酸生育酚兩峰的分離度應(yīng)大于2.6,生育酚先出峰。峰高的RSD應(yīng)小于0.8%。2分別測(cè)定維生素E的峰高Hx和Hr,按下列公式計(jì)算含量: 供試品中生育酚的量(mg)=mr式中mr為生育酚對(duì)照品的量(mg); Hx 和Hr分別為供試品和對(duì)照品中生育酚的峰高。3FeCl3-聯(lián)吡啶比色法 原理利用堿性水解產(chǎn)生游離VE,再用Et2O提取,除盡Et2O,殘?jiān)苡赼bs. alc,加FeCl3無水a(chǎn)lc.試液和2、2-聯(lián)吡啶 T.S,于520nm處測(cè)定吸光度。 本法適用于復(fù)合V制劑中VE的測(cè)定,還原性物質(zhì)如抗氧劑和VA干擾測(cè)定。VA可預(yù)先經(jīng)

59、氫化除去。4羥胺酸鐵比色法 VE醋酸酯與鹽酸羥胺、FeCl3,生成羥胺酸鐵絡(luò)合物,在480及510nm處有最大吸收,可用于比色測(cè)定。 5V、熒光法 Water Soluble(水溶性維生素) 一、VB1(Thiamine hydrochloride,鹽酸硫胺) 維生素B1亦稱鹽酸硫胺是由氨基嘧啶環(huán)和噻唑環(huán)通過亞甲基連接而成的季氨類化合物,噻唑環(huán)上季氨及嘧啶環(huán)上上氨基,為兩個(gè)堿性基團(tuán),可于酸成鹽。 化學(xué)名為氯化4-甲基-3(2-甲基-4氨基-5-嘧啶基)甲基-5-(2-羥基乙基)噻唑翁離子酸鹽。 本品是由氨基嘧啶和噻唑環(huán)通過次甲基連接而成季銨化合物,理化性質(zhì):1. 水溶性,水溶液pH3;2. 具

60、特殊的臭,味苦,3. 在中性或堿鹽性環(huán)境中不穩(wěn)定,易氧化;4. 氨基和雜環(huán)反應(yīng):生物堿沉淀試劑;5. 硫元素反應(yīng);6. Cl- 各國(guó)藥曲收載有鹽酸鹽、硝酸鹽、氫溴酸鹽。(一)Identn. 1硫色素反應(yīng)(Thiochrome) VB1在堿性SolN中可被鐵氯化鉀(或Hg Cl2,HgO等)氧化劑氧化形成硫色素。Thiochrome溶于正丁醇中顯藍(lán)色熒光,加酸熒光消失,再加堿,則熒光又會(huì)復(fù)現(xiàn)。 其原理是:噻唑環(huán)在堿性介質(zhì)中被氧化,然后與嘧啶環(huán)上的氨基縮合生成硫色素。由于形成了雜環(huán)的積聚,閉合共軛體系伸長(zhǎng),最高吸收波長(zhǎng)向波方向移動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生熒光。 本反應(yīng)為VB1所特有,各國(guó)藥典以此作為鑒別和含量測(cè)定依

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