山大醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)雙語(yǔ)課件第3章 心理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

1、第3章 心理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)Understanding PsychologyMedical PsychologyUnderstanding Psychology心理的神經(jīng)生理機(jī)制認(rèn)知過(guò)程 (The Cognition Process)動(dòng)機(jī)與情緒 (Motivation & Emotion)人格 (Personality)心理的神經(jīng)生理基礎(chǔ)心理是腦的功能大腦皮層(Cerebral cortex)的分區(qū)及功能Brodmann,1909 感覺(jué)區(qū) (Sensory area) 運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū) (Motor area) 言語(yǔ)區(qū) (Speech area) 聯(lián)合區(qū) (Association area)大腦兩半球的一側(cè)優(yōu)

2、勢(shì)(Cerebral Lateralization) 速視法 雙耳分聽(tīng)試驗(yàn) 一側(cè)腦麻痹法 對(duì)割裂腦病人的臨床觀察和有控制的測(cè)驗(yàn) 根據(jù)上述不同方法的研究,一般認(rèn)為:大多數(shù)右利手者大腦左側(cè)半球的優(yōu)勢(shì)在語(yǔ)音、順序、時(shí)間、節(jié)奏以及命題的邏輯分析等方面；右半球的優(yōu)勢(shì)在非語(yǔ)言的、整體的形狀和空間的知覺(jué)方面；此外左、右兩半球在情緒反應(yīng)方面似乎也有差別。右半球的反應(yīng)較強(qiáng)烈或較不樂(lè)觀。 人的面部表情也是左右不對(duì)稱的,有人做過(guò)試驗(yàn):將演員表演喜、怒、哀、懼各種表情的照片，從臉的正中線切成兩半，再把反著面洗印的兩半照片拼接成一個(gè)左右兩側(cè)都是原來(lái)的左邊臉或右邊臉的臉部照片。將這兩種拼接的照片混在一起，請(qǐng)被試者從中挑選

3、出他們認(rèn)為表情更豐富的照片。結(jié)果挑選出的用左邊臉拼成的照片要多得多。這結(jié)果也同解剖的知識(shí)相吻合。左邊臉，特別是其下部,接受來(lái)自右腦投射來(lái)的神經(jīng)纖維?？磥?lái),右側(cè)腦在臉部表情中起更多的作用。 The Cognition Process感覺(jué)與知覺(jué) (Sensation & Perception)學(xué)習(xí) (Learning)記憶 (Memory)思維 (Thinking)Sensation 的概念與作用 感覺(jué)剝奪 Sensory Deprivation 感受性(Sensitivity)及其變化規(guī)律 感覺(jué)閾限(Sensory Threshold) 感覺(jué)適應(yīng)(Sensory Adaptation) 感覺(jué)對(duì)比

4、 感覺(jué)的相互作用 感覺(jué)代償Key WordsSensation The process in which the sense organs receptor cells are stimulated and reply initial information to higher brain centers for further processingPerception 的概念Perception的一般特性 知覺(jué)的選擇性Perceptual Selectiveness 知覺(jué)定勢(shì)Perceptual Set 知覺(jué)的整體性Perceptual Organization 知覺(jué)的理解性Perceptu

5、al Interpretation 知覺(jué)的恒常性 (Perceptual Constancy)Key WordsPerception The process by which an organism selects and interprets sensory input so that it acquires meaning.Absolute threshold The minimum amount of physical energy needed for an observer to perceive a stimulus is called an absolute threshold.

6、Different threshold (JND) The lowest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred.Sensory adaptation The tendency of sensory systems to respond less to stimuli that continue without change.Perceptual constancy The organization of changing sensations into percepts

7、that are relatively stable in size, shape, and color.Learning的概念 行為或行為潛能的改變 行為變化是相對(duì)持久的 由練習(xí)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)引起的Learning的理論 Classical condition Operant condition Observational learning Cognitive Learning Key WordsLearning Relative permanent change in an organism that occurs as a result of experiences in the environ

8、mentClassical conditionding Conditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus,by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response; also know as Pavlovian conditioningOperant conditioning Conditioning in which an increa

9、se or decrease in the probability that a behavior will recur is affected by the delivery of reinforcement of punishment as a consequence of the behavior; also known as instrumental conditioning.Observational learning Organisms learn new responses by observing the behavior of a model and then imitati

10、ng it.格式塔的學(xué)習(xí)理論頓悟?qū)W習(xí) Insight 知覺(jué)重組內(nèi)隱學(xué)習(xí) (Latent learning)Memory概述Memory 的過(guò)程 識(shí)記 (Memorization) 保持 (Retention) 再認(rèn) (Recognition) 再現(xiàn) (Repruduction)Key WordsMemory The ability to recall past events, images, ideas, or skills; the storage system that allows for retention and retrieval of previously learned inf

11、ormation.感覺(jué)記憶 (Sensory memory)短時(shí)記憶 (STM, Short-term memory)長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶 (LTM, Long-term memory)Sensory memory無(wú)限量存貯存貯時(shí)間短 0.25-2s “一瞥之見(jiàn)”感覺(jué)后像，即按刺激的物理特征原樣直接加以編碼和儲(chǔ)存的模式識(shí)別 (pattern recognition) 即從sensory memory 向short-term memory傳遞信息并賦予它意義的過(guò)程。確定選擇哪些信息傳輸?shù)蕉虝r(shí)記憶，而讓哪些信息從感覺(jué)記憶中衰退，是注意 (attention)的作用。Short-term memory 編碼形式

12、：聽(tīng)覺(jué)代碼R.Conrad, 1964 視覺(jué)代碼 語(yǔ)義代碼 存貯容量: 72 組塊 (chunk) 存貯持久性L.R.Perterson, 1959 影片：記憶碎片 康拉德(R.Conrad,1964)的經(jīng)典性研究：選用B、C、P、T、V、F、M、N、S、X等10個(gè)字母為材料,從中隨機(jī)取出6個(gè)組成字母序列,用視覺(jué)方式一個(gè)個(gè)地呈現(xiàn)給被試,要求他們記住。然后讓被試嚴(yán)格地按字母呈現(xiàn)的順序進(jìn)行回憶,并對(duì)回憶中出現(xiàn)的差錯(cuò)進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明,回憶時(shí)出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)為聲音混淆。即發(fā)音近似的字母混淆程度較高,如將B誤為P,將V誤為B,而發(fā)音不相似的字母之間則較少發(fā)生混淆。 在彼德森等人(L.R.Peters

13、on&M.J.PeterSOIl,1959)的實(shí)驗(yàn)：被試的任務(wù)是記住3個(gè)輔音字母組成的無(wú)意義音節(jié),18秒鐘后再進(jìn)行回憶。在正常情況下,被試正確完成這個(gè)任務(wù)是輕而易舉的事。然而,在剌激呈現(xiàn)以后,立即呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)三位數(shù)的數(shù)字,要求被試以這個(gè)數(shù)字為起點(diǎn),進(jìn)行連續(xù)減3的倒數(shù)數(shù),持續(xù)到18秒為止。這時(shí)再讓被試回憶字母,回憶成績(jī)不足20%,即回憶的平均數(shù)還達(dá)不到一個(gè)字母。是倒數(shù)數(shù)的任務(wù)阻止了被試對(duì)識(shí)記材料的復(fù)述。Long-term memory 編碼形式： 語(yǔ)義代碼 視覺(jué)代碼（遺覺(jué)像實(shí)驗(yàn)/照片式記憶）遺 忘 (Forgetting) 干擾理論 衰退理論 動(dòng)機(jī)性遺忘理論 提取失敗理論 “提筆忘字”“舌尖現(xiàn)象”有

14、關(guān)虛假記憶Thinking概述 概括性 間接性 對(duì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的改組Thinking的過(guò)程問(wèn)題解決 (Problem solving) 影響問(wèn)題解決的因素Key WordsThinking The higher mental process which is the manipulation of mental respresentations of informationProblem solving The process of transforming one situation into another that meets a goalMotivation & EmotionMotivati

15、onEmotionMotivation的涵義與功能動(dòng)機(jī)與需要 Motivation & Need動(dòng)機(jī)理論 Motivation Theory動(dòng)機(jī)沖突與挫折 Motivation Conflict & FrustrationKey WordsMotivation Any internal condition, although usually an internal one, that initiates, activates, or maintailns an organisms goal-directed behavior.本能理論 (Instinct theory)驅(qū)力理論 (Drive

16、theory)喚醒理論 (Arousal theory)誘因理論 (Incentive theory)認(rèn)知理論 (Cognitive theory) 期待價(jià)值理論 (Expectancy-value theory) 自我效能論 (Self-efficacy theory)Motivation conflict雙趨沖突 (Approach-approach conflict)雙避沖突 (Avoidance-avoidance conflict)趨避沖突 (Approach-avoidance conflict)多重趨避沖突 (Multiple approach-avoidance conflic

17、t)Frustration的涵義 挫折情境 挫折認(rèn)知 挫折行為Frustration反應(yīng) 情緒性反應(yīng)攻擊/冷漠/退化/固執(zhí)等 理智性反應(yīng) 個(gè)性變化（如：文革迫害）Emotion概述 情緒、情感與感情 主觀體驗(yàn) (Subjective experience) 外部表現(xiàn)/表情 (Emotional expression) 生理喚醒 (Physical arousal)Key WordsEmotion An evaluative response (a positive or negative feeling state) that typically includes subjective exp

18、erience, physiological arousal, and emotional expressionEmotion 的分類 基本情緒 (Basic emotion) 快樂(lè)(Happiness) 悲哀(Sadness) 憤怒(Anger) 恐懼(Fear) 情緒狀態(tài)的分類 心境(Mood) 激情(Affective impluse) 應(yīng)激(Stress)Emotion 與腦 Emotion的腦中樞機(jī)制 Emotion的外周神經(jīng)機(jī)制 Emotion Theory James-Lange theroy 情緒是植物神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)活動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物， 外界刺激生理反應(yīng)情緒體驗(yàn) Cannon-Bard theory 情緒的中心不在外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)， 而在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的丘腦 Cognition & Emotion Arnold的評(píng)定-興奮說(shuō) 情緒的產(chǎn)生是大腦皮層和皮下組織協(xié)同活動(dòng)的結(jié)果，大腦皮層的興奮是情緒產(chǎn)生最重要的條件。 Schachters two-factor theory of emotion 對(duì)特定情緒而言，生理喚醒與對(duì)生理變化的認(rèn)知性喚醒兩大因素必不可少。情緒狀態(tài)是由認(rèn)知過(guò)程、生理狀態(tài)和環(huán)境因素在大腦皮層中整合的結(jié)果。動(dòng)機(jī)- 分化理論