對(duì)肥育豬飼喂高纖維日糧的隱含成本(幻燈片)

1、The Hidden Costs of Feeding High-Fiber Finishing Pig Diets對(duì)肥育豬飼喂高纖維日糧的隱含成本Developed for the American Soybean Associations September 2004 Chinese Swine Seminars美國(guó)大豆協(xié)會(huì)2004年9月中國(guó)養(yǎng)豬技術(shù)座談會(huì)作者：Dr. Bob Thaler博士SDSU Extension Swine Specialist美國(guó)南達(dá)科達(dá)大學(xué)養(yǎng)豬推廣專家Success = Balancing Act成功是一項(xiàng)平衡藝術(shù)$Output產(chǎn)出Value of the p

2、ig豬的價(jià)值Inputs投入Feed飼料Building房舍Young pig仔豬Interest利息Labor勞力Utilities設(shè)備Producers are paid more money for leaner pigs 豬長(zhǎng)得瘦，養(yǎng)豬者就可多賺錢Do they want more lean meat or less fat?他們究竟是要多些瘦肉呢還是要少些脂肪呢？Technologies to get leaner pigs:生產(chǎn)瘦豬的技術(shù)Genetics 遺傳Nutrition 營(yíng)養(yǎng)Feed additives 飼料添加劑Slaughter weight 屠宰體重Feed low

3、energy diets 飼喂低能量飼料Gross Energy 總能Digestible energy 消化能Fecal Energy糞能Metabolizable Energy 代謝能Urine & Gas Energy尿能和呼出氣能量Net Energy 凈能Heat Increment熱增耗Maintenance Energy維持能量Productive Energy生產(chǎn)能量Productive Energy生產(chǎn)能量Productive energy used to make lean tissue as long as all other essential nutrients ar

4、e available在所有其它必需養(yǎng)分都得到了滿足的情況下，生產(chǎn)能被用來(lái)制造瘦肉組織Once any of the essential nutrients are gone, lean deposition stops and the excess energy/nutrients are deposited as fat 缺乏任何其它必需養(yǎng)分，瘦肉生長(zhǎng)就會(huì)停止，多余的能量和養(yǎng)分就會(huì)沉積為脂肪By decreasing energy fed, decrease the amount of energy available to make fat 減少能量的飼喂量，就可減少用于制造脂肪的能量A

5、lso decrease amount of energy available to make lean tissue 也會(huì)減少用于制造瘦肉的能量Times Have CHANGED !時(shí)代已經(jīng)變了!Cant use 30+ year old technology in todays swine production and be successful long-term in a world market在當(dāng)今的養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)中不可能再使用30多年前的陳舊技術(shù)而在世界市場(chǎng)上取得長(zhǎng)期的成功Methods to Evaluate Inputs對(duì)投入進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)的方法Feed represents 65-7

6、5% cost of production minimize that cost! 飼料代表了生產(chǎn)總成本的6575%，要盡可能地降低這一成本Traditional Diet cost/ton 傳統(tǒng)方法每噸產(chǎn)品的飼料成本Low quality ingredients 低質(zhì)量飼料原料Marginal nutrient levels 養(yǎng)分含量剛剛夠No evaluation of pig performance不測(cè)定豬的性能Feed cost/kg of gain單位增重的飼料成本Considers diet cost/ton & feed efficiency考慮每噸產(chǎn)品的飼料成本和飼料利用率Do

7、esnt consider days to market, carcass quality, etc不考慮達(dá)到上市體重的天數(shù)、胴體質(zhì)量，等等Effects of Feeding High-Fiber Diets飼喂高纖維日糧的后果Lowers daily gain降低日增重Less product produced/facility so fixed costs (building, labor, interest, utilities, etc) must be spread over fewer pigs單位設(shè)施產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)品較少，所以固定成本只能分?jǐn)偟奖容^少的豬頭上Higher fixed

8、cost/pig每頭豬分?jǐn)偟墓潭ǔ杀据^高What does it do to carcass quality:對(duì)胴體質(zhì)量有什么影響？Reduces fat thickness 降低脂肪量Reduces muscle deposition? 減少瘦肉沉積Effect of Energy Level on Fat Thickness能量水平對(duì)脂肪厚度的影響Stein & Easter, 1997厘米最高 高 中 低 最低能量水平Effect of Energy on Loin Eye Area能量對(duì)眼肌面積的影響Stein & Easter, 1997平方厘米最高 高 中 低 最低能量水平Effe

9、ct of Energy on Lean Gain/Day能量對(duì)瘦肉日增重的影響Stein & Easter, 1997瘦肉日增重(千克)最高 高 中 低 最低能量水平Less Fat vs More lean & Fewer Days要較少的脂肪還是要用較少的天數(shù)多長(zhǎng)瘦肉Lowest energy pigs took 8 days longer to reach market weight采食最低能量日糧的豬多用8天時(shí)間達(dá)到上市體重The more your barns are utilized, the more economically important days become豬舍的利

10、用率越高，那么每一天的成本就越低Using 1997 US Prices for feed, pigs, barns:按照美國(guó)1997年飼料、豬和豬舍的價(jià)格：Highest energy pigs returned Y144/pig采食最高能量日糧的豬，每頭收入144元Lowest energy pigs returned Y66/pig采食最低能量日糧的豬，每頭收入66元Results will vary according to economic importance of all traits on each operation具體結(jié)果根據(jù)每個(gè)豬場(chǎng)中各個(gè)性狀的經(jīng)濟(jì)重要性而有所不同Effe

11、ct of Fat Additions on Economics(Tokach et al, 2002)添加脂肪對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響Looked at cost/benefit ratio of adding 0, 2, 4, or 6% fat to grow-finish diets在生長(zhǎng)肥育日糧中添加0、2、4或6%脂肪對(duì)成本-效益比的影響Constant lysine:calorie ratio (36-120 kg BW)恒定的賴氨酸:能量比(36120千克體重的豬)Every 1% fat addition:每添加1%的脂肪Improved gain by 1%日增重改善1%Improve

12、d feed efficiency by 2%飼料利用率改善2%Greatest effect in the earlier growth phases對(duì)生長(zhǎng)早期的作用最大Effect of Fat Additions on Economics(Tokach et al, 2002)添加脂肪對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響Feed cost/kg gain not improved with fat additions添加脂肪未改善每千克增重的飼料成本However, when added the economic benefit of fewer days to market, the high fat die

13、ts returned an extra Y16.9/pig 然而，考慮到減少了達(dá)到上市體重所需的天數(shù)，則高脂肪日糧可使每頭豬多賺16.9元Do Low Energy Feeds Really Lower Diet Costs?采用低能日糧真的能降低日糧成本？Using the following prices for finishing diets:采用下列的肥育豬日糧原料價(jià)格：Soy hulls Y1000/ton 豆皮 每噸1000元Corn Y1230/ton 玉米 每噸1230元SBM (44%) Y2180 豆粕(44%) 每噸2180元Complete diet cost/ton

14、: 全價(jià)日糧價(jià)格(元/噸)0% hulls 0%豆皮Y12757.5% hulls 7.5%豆皮Y126415% hulls 15%豆皮Y1249Difference of Y26/ton, but would be gone if pigs eat more low energy feed to meet energy requirement每噸差價(jià)26元，但如果豬要吃較多的低成本日糧來(lái)滿足能量需要量，那么就會(huì)失去該得的好處Increased transportation & storage costs with bulkier feeds (per ton basis)大體積飼料的運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)

15、存費(fèi)用也比較高(以每噸為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行計(jì)算)Effect of Fiber Level on Nutrient Digestibility (Dilger et al., 2001)纖維水平對(duì)養(yǎng)分消化率的影響 Added 0, 3, 6, or 9% soy hulls添加0、3、6或9%的豆皮As soy hull level increased, observed a strong linear decrease in digestibilities of:隨著豆皮水平增高，可見(jiàn)下列養(yǎng)分的消化率急劇地呈直線下降Dry matter 干物質(zhì)Energy 能量Nitrogen 氮Amino acid

16、s 氨基酸For every 1% fiber added, these digestibilities decreased by at least 1%每添加1%纖維，這些養(yǎng)分的消化率至少降低1%Effect of Fiber Level on Nutrient Digestibility (Dilger et al., 2001)纖維水平對(duì)養(yǎng)分消化率的影響 High fiber = high rate of passage日糧纖維含量高，則通過(guò)消化道的速度也就快Less time nutrients are in the digestive tract養(yǎng)分在消化道中的逗留時(shí)間也就較少M(fèi)or

17、e nutrients excreted: 養(yǎng)分的排泄量就比較高M(jìn)ore total manure volume糞便總量較多More nitrogen in the manure 糞中的含氮量較高M(jìn)ore phosphorus in the manure糞中的含磷量較高Increasing environmental cost 增加對(duì)環(huán)境的污染Summary 結(jié) 語(yǔ)Feeding High fiber diets will decrease fat thickness 飼喂高纖維日糧，可減少脂肪厚度However, it negatively affects days to market, protein deposition, and environmental integrity然而，要