北語《大學(xué)英語三》導(dǎo)學(xué)資料二(詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)和完形填空)

1、一、本階段學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容概述同學(xué)們，大家好，現(xiàn)在我們進(jìn)入第二階段的學(xué)習(xí)，這一階段我們會(huì)針對大學(xué)英語統(tǒng)考中的詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)、和完形填空兩個(gè)題型進(jìn)行講解和詳細(xì)地闡述。詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)這部分包括十個(gè)單元， 系統(tǒng)地復(fù)習(xí)了英語的基礎(chǔ)語法知識， 涉及到了詞匯的分類， 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)，形容詞、介詞的用法、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，虛擬語氣，非謂語動(dòng)詞，倒裝，定語從句，狀語從句，名詞性從句等語法知識。 完形填空這部分針對十種情景介紹了完形填空的做題方法， 以及一些相關(guān)的語言知識點(diǎn)。 下面我將針對詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)、完形填空這兩部分的重難點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，諸如： 倒裝句、虛擬語氣的用法、完形填空解題技巧 等進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充和詳細(xì)的講解，以幫助大家更好的理解與運(yùn)用相關(guān)的

2、重難點(diǎn)知識。二、重難點(diǎn)講解(一) 、倒裝句， 倒裝句之全部倒裝全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞全部置于主語之前。 此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和 一般過去時(shí)。 常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：here, there, now, then, thus 等副詞置于句首, 謂語動(dòng)詞常用 be, come, go, lie, run 。There goes the bell.Then came the chairman.Here is your letter.表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語置于句首，謂語表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.Ahead sat a

3、n old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。Here he comes.Away they went.2，倒裝句之部分倒裝部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。 如果句中的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞， 則需添加助動(dòng)詞 do, does 或 did ，并將其置于主語之前。1) 句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。Never have I seen such a performan

4、ce.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.當(dāng) Not until 引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。I have never seen such a performance.The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.典型例題Why cant I smoke here?At no time_ in

5、the meeting-roomA. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permittedC. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit 答案 A. 這是一個(gè)倒裝問題。當(dāng)否定詞語置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些否定詞包括 no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until 等。 本題的正常語序是Smoking is permitted in the meeting-roomat no time.Not until the ear

6、ly years of the 19th century _ what heat is.A. man did know B. man know C. didnt man know D. did man know答案D. 看到Not until的句型，我們知道為一倒裝句，答案在 C, D中選一個(gè)。改寫為正常語序?yàn)椋?Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 現(xiàn)在將 not 提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否則意思就變了。3 以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝如 Not only but also, Hardly/Scarce

7、ly when, No sooner thanNot only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.典型例題No sooner_ than it began to rain heavily.A. the game beganB. has the game begunC. di

8、d the game begin D. had the game begun答案 D. 以具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時(shí)， 一般采用倒裝句 (謂語前置 ) 。 這類表示否定意義的詞有never, seldom,scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及 not only but (also), no sooner than, hardly when scarcely。when 注意：只有當(dāng) Not onlybut also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not onlybutalso 僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。Not only

9、you but also I am fond of music.4 so, neither, nor 作部分倒裝 表示 也 、 也不 的句子要部分倒裝。Tom can speak French. So can Jack.If you wont go, neither will I.典型例題-Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?-I dont know, .A. nor dont I care B. nor do I care C. I dont care neither D. I dont care also答案： B. nor 為增補(bǔ)意思也

10、不關(guān)心 ，因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。 A 錯(cuò)在用 dont 再次否定， C neither 用法不對且缺乏連詞。 D 缺乏連詞。注意： 當(dāng) so 引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為 的確如此 。Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.-Its raining hard. -So it is.only 在句首要倒裝的情況Only in this way, can you learn English well.Only after being asked three times did he come to the mee

11、ting.如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.as, though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句as /though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前（形容詞，副詞，分詞，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。一、/注息：1）句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。2）句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語和狀語，隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語之前。Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.一、/汪后：讓步狀語從句中，有

12、though, although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but,但是though和yet可連用。7其他部分倒裝sothat句型中的so位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.2）在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.3）在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if省略，把 were, had, should移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。Were I you, I would try it again.典型例題：Not until the ea

13、rly years of the 19th century what heat isA. man did know B. man knew C. didnt man know D. did man know答案為D.否定詞Not在句首，要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。Not until I began to work how much time I had wasted.A. didnt I realize B. did I realize C. I didnt realize D. I realize答案為BoDo you know Tom bought a new car?I dont know

14、,.A. nor dont I care B. nor do I careC. I dont care neither D. I dont care also解析：答案為B.句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示 也不。由so, neither, nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，表示前一情 況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中，so用于肯定句，而neither, nor用在否定句中。（二）、虛擬語氣的用法虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)，所說的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示。英語中的語氣分為陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣三類。虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句

15、中的用法1、真實(shí)條件狀語從句與非真實(shí)條件狀語從句eg .If he doesn t hurry up, he will miss the bu或口果他不快點(diǎn)，他將錯(cuò)過巴士。（真實(shí)條件狀語）（不是虛擬語氣）If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories.如果他是空閑的， 他會(huì)要求我講故事。（真實(shí)條件狀語）（不是虛擬語氣）（非真實(shí)條件狀語從句）If I were you, I would go at once.如果我是你，我馬上就會(huì)去。If there were no air, people would die.如果沒有空氣，人就會(huì)死亡。（非真實(shí)條件狀語

16、從句）2、用法及動(dòng)詞形式1、表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況：if+ 主語 + 過去時(shí) + 其他 + 主語 +should/would/could/might+do+其他例：1.If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我會(huì)帶把傘。（事實(shí)：我不可能是你）2.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you.如果我知道他的電話號碼，我就會(huì)告訴你。（事實(shí)：不知道）f there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth

17、.如果沒有水和空氣，地球上就不會(huì)有生物。（事實(shí)：地球上既有空氣也有水）4.If I had any money with me, I could lend you some.如果我?guī)уX了，我就會(huì)借給你些。（事實(shí)：沒帶錢）f he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通過考試了。（事實(shí)：沒有努力2、表示與過去事實(shí)相反的情況if+主語+had done +其他 +主語 +should/would/could/might+have done+ 其他 例：If I had got there earlier, I should/could

18、have met her. 如果我早到那兒，我就會(huì)見到她。（事實(shí)：去晚了）2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.如果他聽我的勸告的話，就不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤了。（事實(shí)：沒有聽我的話）3、表示對將來情況的主觀推測if+ 主語 +did/should/were to do+sth.+ 主語 +should/would/could/might+do+ 其他if+主語+did/be（were）+sth.+ 主語 +should/would/could/might+do+ 其他if+主語+should+do+st

19、h.+ 主語 +should/would/could/might+do+ 其他例：.If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him.如果他哪天來這兒的話，我就跟他談?wù)?。（事?shí)：來的可能性很小）2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating.如果下周日下大雪，我們就不能去滑冰了。（事實(shí)：不知能否下雪）3.If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter

20、.如果她下周一來這兒的話，我就會(huì)告訴她這件事的始末。在表示建議、命令、要求等含義的賓語從句，謂語動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語氣,should +動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，should可省略。4、有時(shí)，虛擬條件句中,結(jié)果主句和條件從句的謂語動(dòng)作若不是同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，虛擬語氣的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng) 的調(diào)整。從句的動(dòng)作與過去事實(shí)相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實(shí)不符。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.如果我在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)刻苦的話，我現(xiàn)在也會(huì)成為一個(gè)工程師了If they had informed us, we would not come h

21、ere now. 如果他們通知過我們的話，我們現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)來這里了。從句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與過去事實(shí)不符。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的話，我們會(huì)已經(jīng)派他去北京了。If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他認(rèn)識她的話，他肯定會(huì)去問候她了。從句的動(dòng)作與過去發(fā)生的情況相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況相反。如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be gro

22、wing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的話，莊稼會(huì) 長得更好。If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他一直努力工作的話， 他現(xiàn)在已進(jìn)了辦 公室了。5 、 當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語動(dòng)詞含有were, should, had 時(shí)， if 可以省略，這時(shí)條件從句要用倒裝語序，即將were, should, had 等詞置于句首，這種多用于書面語。 如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答應(yīng)去的話，我們就派他去。

23、Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在這兒的話，她會(huì)同意我們的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些電腦知識的話， 我們已經(jīng)聘 用他來這里工作了。6、非真實(shí)條件句中的條件從句有時(shí)不表達(dá)出來，只暗含在副詞、介詞短語、上下文或其他方式表示出來，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句，在多數(shù)情況下，條件會(huì)暗含在短語中，如 without ., but for 等But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他

24、的幫助，我們還會(huì)在工作呢。Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是沒有你的指導(dǎo)，我不會(huì)取得如此大的 進(jìn)步。We didn t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我們不知道他的電話號碼，否 則我們就會(huì)給他打電話。7 、 有時(shí)，虛擬條件句中，主、從句可以省略其中的一個(gè)，來表示說話人的一種強(qiáng)烈的感情。省略從句He would have finished it. 他本該完成了。You could hav

25、e passed this exam. 你應(yīng)該能通過這次考試了。省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我現(xiàn)在在家里該多好啊。If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了該多好啊。虛擬語氣（Subjunctive Mood） 的其他用法、虛擬語氣用在 wish 后的賓語從句a、表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式eg. I wish I had your brains. 我希望我有你那樣的頭腦。 （事實(shí)：我根本比不上你）b、表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞：had+done（動(dòng)詞過去分詞）eg:.I wish I had known the truth

26、of the matter. 我希望我原來知道這件事的真相。 （事實(shí)：原來不知道） c、表示將來難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 謂語動(dòng)詞： should/would + 動(dòng)詞原形eg. I wish I should have a chance again. 我希望我還能有一次這樣的機(jī)會(huì)。 （事實(shí)：很難再有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)了）（注：if only 和 as if/as though 也有相同用法）2、虛擬語氣用在目的狀語從句中should + 動(dòng)詞原形。并且should 不能.在 for fear that, in case, lest 引導(dǎo)的，若用虛擬語氣時(shí)，從句謂語為：省略She examined the do

27、or again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進(jìn)入。He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出發(fā)了以防遲到。、在 so that, in order that 所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，從句中的謂語為： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 動(dòng)詞原形。He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近說話的人以便

28、能挺得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信讀得很仔細(xì)以便不漏掉一個(gè)單詞。3、虛擬語氣的其他用法、一想要(desire)二寧愿(prefer)三命令(order. command)四建議(advice. suggest. propose)五要求(demand. require. request. desire.insist) 中，無論主句謂語動(dòng)詞為何種時(shí)態(tài)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都用：“ should + 動(dòng)詞原形”或只用“動(dòng)詞原形” 。如 He suggested that we (s

29、hould) take the teacher s adviceHe insisted that we (should) take the teacher s adviceHe demand that we (should) take the teacher s adviceHe ordered that we (should) take the teacher s advice注：insist 如果翻譯成堅(jiān)持某種動(dòng)作才用虛擬語氣翻譯成堅(jiān)持某種觀點(diǎn)就不用虛擬語氣。如：He insist he is a student. 他堅(jiān)持說他是個(gè)學(xué)生。這個(gè)語句表示的是事實(shí)，因此在這個(gè)語句中不能使用虛擬語氣

30、。suggest 意為“建議”才用虛擬語氣，意為“暗示”則不用虛擬語氣。如： His face suggests that he looks worried . 他的表情暗含著他很擔(dān)心。這個(gè)句子本身是事實(shí)，因此它就沒有用到虛擬語氣。表情緒.觀點(diǎn)的形容詞或名詞也要用虛擬語氣.如 :necessary. important. impossible. natural. strange. surprising.funny. right. wrong. better. a pity 等。句型：It is.that結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都要用should+原型或只用動(dòng)詞原型。虛擬語氣在方式狀語從

31、句的應(yīng)用。詳百度百科之方式狀語從句詞條。、 在 even if, even though 所引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，可用虛擬語氣，主句、從句的結(jié)構(gòu)與if 所引導(dǎo)的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他親自來也不知該怎么辦。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使華佗在世也救不了他。、 在 whatever， whichever ， whenever， whoever, wherever ， howeve

32、r, no matter wh-word 等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為：may +動(dòng)詞原形(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管發(fā)生什么事，我們都要按時(shí)完成。We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 無論他在哪里，我們都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他來的多么晚，我都會(huì)等他。may +完成式(指過去) ，主句結(jié)構(gòu)

33、不限。如：You mustn t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的進(jìn) 步，你也不能驕傲We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯過什么錯(cuò)誤，我們必須尊敬他。4 、一般would rather, had rather, would sooner 等之后的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實(shí)不相符的一種愿望，故使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：表示所發(fā)生的時(shí)間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)過去

34、 had + 過去分詞；現(xiàn)在過去時(shí)(be 用 were )將來過去時(shí)(be 用 were ) 如： I d rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看過了這場電影。 Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你現(xiàn)在在這兒。 We d rather you went here tomorrow. 我們倒想你明天去那兒5 、虛擬語氣還可用在定語從句中，表示：“早該做某事了”時(shí)，定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞須用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為： It is (high / about) time that + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞的過去式/ s

35、hould + 動(dòng)詞原形，即從句用虛擬過去式。如 It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我該去學(xué)校接我的女兒了。It is high time you should go to work. 你早該上班了。6 、 簡單句中的虛擬語氣說話時(shí)，為了表示客氣、謙虛、委婉而有禮貌，言語常使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)形式常為：would / could / might / should + 原形動(dòng)詞。如：Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把門關(guān)起來你介意嗎？You should alwa

36、ys learn this lesson by heart. 你要把這個(gè)教訓(xùn)牢記于心。I should agree with you. 我應(yīng)該同意你的觀點(diǎn)。表示“祝愿”時(shí)，常用“ may + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞原形 + 其他” 。如：May you have a good journey! 祝你一路順風(fēng)。May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永駐。( 3)表示強(qiáng)烈的“愿望”、 “祝愿”時(shí)，常用動(dòng)詞原形。如：Long live the Communist Party of China. 中國共產(chǎn)黨萬歲。God bless us. 上帝保佑。習(xí)慣表達(dá)中常用的虛擬語氣。提出

37、請求或邀請。如：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上來跟我們聊天好嗎？Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的單車嗎？陳述自己的觀點(diǎn)或看法。如：I should glad to meet you. 見到你我會(huì)很高興。I would try my best to help you. 我會(huì)盡力幫助你。提出勸告或建議。如：You d better ask your father first. 你最好先問一問你的父親。You should make a full investigation of

38、it first. 你應(yīng)該先全面調(diào)查一番。提出問題。如：Do you think he could get here on time? 你認(rèn)為他能按時(shí)來嗎？Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他會(huì)告訴我們真相嗎？+ have + 過去分詞” 。如：表示對過去情況的責(zé)備時(shí)，常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：You should have got here earlier. 你應(yīng)該早就到這里了。You should have returned it to him. 你應(yīng)該把它還給他了。（三） 、完形填空解題技巧完形填空又稱綜合填空，完形填空是一

39、項(xiàng)考查詞匯、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、語法及語篇理解等能力的綜合題型。完形填空中所填的詞是與文章的上下文緊密聯(lián)系的。因此，要做好完形填空，必須要在通讀全文、把握結(jié)構(gòu)與大意的前提下，根據(jù)所提供的選項(xiàng)及句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、語法、語篇等信息，通過邏輯推理、對比等手段最后確定答案。根據(jù)完形填空這一測試特點(diǎn)，做題時(shí)，應(yīng)采取以下五個(gè)步驟逐一進(jìn)行。步驟一，了解大意所謂了解大意即通讀整篇文章， 弄清文章的大意和結(jié)構(gòu)， 確立正確的背景知識， 為正式的填空做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。我們需要掌握以下內(nèi)容：、文章體裁。不同體裁的文章往往有不同特點(diǎn)，我們可以通過首句對文章體裁進(jìn)行推測，這將有利于我們更好從整體上理解和把握全文。2、全文主旨。把握文章的主

40、旨，有助于摸清文章的線索，有利于更好地理解和把握全文。3、下文內(nèi)容。分析首句有利于順著作者思路預(yù)測下文內(nèi)容，因?yàn)橹挥泻虾踹壿嫷姆治龊皖A(yù)測，才能做好完形填空題。4、作者的態(tài)度。完形填空的語篇中常常滲透作者對敘述的人或事件的態(tài)度，而作者的態(tài)度有助于我們決定應(yīng)該選擇哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)。很多學(xué)生擔(dān)心自己的閱讀水平差， 有的甚至碰到空格的地方就莫名的緊張了， 認(rèn)為閱讀一篇滿是空格的文章必然無功而返，與其這樣浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，倒不如看一句，填一空。其實(shí)，這就陷入了一個(gè)誤區(qū)。所以，在正式填空前，大可不必為理解上的障礙而省略了這至關(guān)重要的一步。此外，學(xué)生在第一遍閱讀中，要善于從文章開頭的幾句話中把握短文的背景、 主題或結(jié)構(gòu)，

41、并結(jié)合常識判斷構(gòu)建一定的預(yù)期， 并在隨后的閱讀中，不斷修正，以求與原文一致。通常情況下，文章開頭的一、兩句話都是完整的信息，這些句子揭示文章的背景知識或主題思想，大家在閱讀中一定要仔細(xì)研讀，為后面的閱讀掃清障礙。步驟二，初選答案文章讀完了，了解大意后，學(xué)生便可以開始填空了。在填每個(gè)空格時(shí)，可以從出題者的出題思路著手，初步作出每個(gè)題的答案。總的來說，出題人有以下四種出思路。（一）詞義與詞形的辨析選項(xiàng)與選項(xiàng)之間構(gòu)成同義詞、反義詞、形近詞的關(guān)系。有時(shí)出題者也借助選項(xiàng)，考察考生對某些單詞詞義的精確理解。舉例：Geographers compare and contrast 71 places on t

42、he earth.A） similar B） various C） distant D） famous譯文：地理學(xué)家比較和對照地球上的“什么”地方。很明顯要求填一個(gè)形容詞來修飾places. 如果單從語法的角度而言， A 、 B 、 C、 D 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都能入選，出題者精心設(shè)計(jì)只為考察compare 和 contrast 的精確含義。 compare 意為“ to exam for similarities and differences ” ，contrast意為to compare in order to show differences。綜合兩個(gè)詞的含義，應(yīng)為“找出其相似之處與不同之處”這

43、樣一來，答案不言自明。 B ） various “各種各樣”為正確答案（二）邏輯關(guān)系所填空格的句子，與上下文構(gòu)成指代、列舉、因果、比較、對比、讓步、 補(bǔ)充、遞進(jìn)等邏輯關(guān)系。上下文邏輯關(guān)系的考察， 是完形填空區(qū)別于單純的句子與結(jié)構(gòu)測試中最重要的一點(diǎn)。 不僅在國內(nèi)考試中， 在美國研究生 入學(xué)考試（ GRE ）中，也常?？嫉娇忌\(yùn)用邏輯關(guān)系解題的能力。試舉一例：The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection; 77 , what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university sys