SCI英文論文寫作課件

1、Secrets to Writing Better Scientific ArticlesTom LangTom Lang Communications and TrainingFor More InformationHow To Report Statistics in Medicine Annotated Guidelines for Authors, Editors, and Reviewers, 2nd EditionThomas A Lang & Michelle SecicAmerican College of Physicians, 2006For More Informatio

2、nHow to Write, Publish, and Present in the Health Sciences A Guide for Physicians and Laboratory ResearchersTom LangAmerican College of Physicians, 2009Science cannot exist without writing!Speech and pictures are not enough!Publishing is the final stage of researchEvidence-based medicine is literatu

3、re- based medicine The truth no one told you . . .If you have chosen to become a researcher, you have chosen to become a writer!What is the most important part of a scientific article?The Title The part most often read Often the only part read The key link between the research and the readerWhich pa

4、rt usually has the most errors? TitleResults AbstractDiscussion IntroductionReferences MethodsFigures & TablesWhich part is usually the weakest? TitleResults AbstractDiscussion IntroductionReferences MethodsFigures & TablesWhich part is usually the weakest?The DiscussionYou have to decide what your

5、results mean You have to tell how your results support or differ from other resultsWhat Journal Editors WantManuscripts that follow the Instructions for Authors!Editors want to publish research that is: NewTrueImportantClearly ReportedTopics of this LectureHow to write better:TitlesIntroductionsTabl

6、es and GraphsDiscussionsRemember: “SPICED”Setting (location)Patients (what was studied)Intervention (treatment)Comparator (control group)Endpoint (outcome of interest)Design (study design)OriginalA Randomized Trial of Low-Air-Loss Beds for Treatment of Pressure Ulcers72 characters and spacesRevisedL

7、ow-Air-Loss Beds vs. Foam Mattresses for Treating Pressure Ulcers in Nursing Home Patients: A Randomized Trial111 characters and spacesHow to Write Better IntroductionsBiomedical scientists are:Researchers Writers These roles require different skills Scientific Communication System ScientistResearch

8、InputsActivitiesOutputsWritingActivitiesOthers in the Same FieldIn an area of science . . .Scientists find a problem Study the problem as researchers And, as writers, report their results in articlesScientific Communication SystemDiscovery orAssignmentScientist1. Background3. Technical Information A

9、ctivities2. Problem4. Writing Statement ActivitiesOthers in the Same FieldThe 4-Part Introduction 3. Action statement: gives the research question, hypothesis, approach, or activities undertaken to investigate the problem4. Forecasting statement: tells readers what they will find if they continue to

10、 read Part 1: Background Statement“In patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease, aspirin is recommended to prevent myocardial infarction and graft occlusion.” Part 3: Action Statement“Thus, we wanted to determine whether aspirin increases the risk of bleeding after bronchoscopy.” Part 4: Foreca

11、sting Statement“Here, we describe our study in which we compared the number and severity of bleeding events in patients taking aspirin with those who were not and determined that aspirin does not increase the risk of bleeding.” Problems with IntroductionsWeak background and problem statements Many a

12、uthors assume readers will know:1) What problem was studied 2) Why the problem is important How to Write Better Results SectionsSummarize the study in a diagramPut your results in tables and figuresTake the time to make good tables and figures Making Good Tables and GraphsWhat level of detail do you

13、 need to show?Will readers want analytical or reference information?Will readers want to see exact values or patterns in the values? 1. What level of detail do you need to show?Focusing readers attention on: Individual values Groups of values Comparisons between values or groups Comparisons between

14、GroupsMaking Good Tables and Graphs2. Will readers want analytical or reference information?Analytical: organize the dataReference: organize the headingsType of CancerDeathsn/yLung 160,000 Colorectal 57,000Breast 44,000Prostate 39,000Cervical 5,000An Analytical TableType of CancerDeathsn/yBreast 44,

15、000Cervical 5,000Colorectal 57,000Lung 160,000Prostate 39,000A Reference TableMaking Good Tables and Graphs3. Will readers want to see exact values or patterns in the values?Readers see values faster and more accurately in tablesReaders see patterns of values faster and more accurately in graphsWeek

16、WeekVAS40 3 6 9VAS ScoreExact Values or Patterns in the ValuesMaking Good Tables and GraphsWhat level of detail do you need to show?Will readers want analytical or reference information?Will readers want to see exact values or patterns in the values? Tables and How to Des

17、ign ThemPrinciples of Table DesignTables used to record data may not be good for communicating data Place values to be compared side-by-side, if possibleMedian Surgical Simulation Score (0 = low; 100 = high)ExperienceCuttingSuturingAblatingResidents(n = 12)796380Fellows(n = 8)888791Staff (n = 15)969

18、297P0.030.0040.05Median Surgical Simulation Scores (0 = low; 100 = high)TaskResidents(n = 12)Fellows(n = 8)Staff (n = 15)PCutting796380 0.03Suturing888791 0.04Ablating969297 0.0546Principles of Table DesignRound numbers to 2 significant digits, unless more precision is necessary19.6815.22891.387.438

19、7.072.347.6103.593.2046.62015891878772481049347Principles of Table DesignKeep the data consistent with column and row headings TraitGroup An (%)Group Bn (%)Men29 (63)35 (64)Age22 (9)25 (11)Principles of Table DesignKeep the data consistent with column and row headings TraitGroup AGroup BMen, n (%) 2

20、9 (63) 35 (64)Mean (SD) Age, y 22 (9) 25 (11)Principles of Table DesignDo not leave cells empty: indicate that the cell contains no value with an ellipsis (. . .)13456798778365431Principles of Table DesignConsider highlighting important valuesTestControlTreatmentP24553 0.1212496 0.001Principles of T

21、able DesignAlign data, symbols, and text consistently within columns. 23.4 23.4 0.234 0.234 234234 2.34 2.34Consider Giving TotalsSent on:Letter1/122/143/12#1646066#2514861#3465359Consider Giving TotalsSent on:Letter1/122/143/12Total#1646066190#2514861160#3465359158Total161161186344Graphs and How to

22、 Design Them 5432100 5 10 15 20 5432100 5 10 15 20Principles of Graph DesignIndicate the zero-zero pointBreak scale lines and the data field when the scale does not start at zeroPrinciples of Graph DesignEmphasize the data over other elements in the graph Emphasize the data! Principles of Graph Desi

23、gnWhen possible, present comparisons of length against a common baseline Length on a Common BaselineFrom Bar Charts to Dot or Box ChartsBar ChartABDot ChartA.B.Box ChartA -=|=-B -=|=-How to Make a Dot Chart Female rats -Male rats - % of Diet 0 5 10 15 20 Problems with GraphsDo not use a 3-dimensiona

24、l graph to show 2-dimensional data How to Write Better Discussions Summarize the study and the main results.Interpret and explain the results Tell how your results support or differ from other results: review the literatureSuggest how the results might be generalizedDiscuss the implications of the r

25、esults State the limitations of the studyList the conclusionsConclusionsWe conclude that Tamoxifen reduced the incidence of DMH-induced colon cancer in rats. We also showed that DMH induced the expression of estrogen receptors in colonic mucosa, but that the number of estrogen receptors in the colonic