專業(yè)英語-人體解剖生理學(xué)

1、專業(yè)英語IV（人體解剖生理學(xué)）Human Anatomy and PhysiologyCourse Objectives1. To serve the bilingual teaching needs in an undergraduate course of Human Anatomy and Physiology (Human A&P).2. To acquire the vocabulary and expressions for Human A&P.3. To recognize word roots, prefixes, and suffixes commonly used in m

2、edical terminology.4. To enable you to use anatomical and physiological terminology confidently in your further studying.Human Anatomy and Physiology人體解剖生理學(xué)Anatomy /ntmi/ 解剖、解剖學(xué) gross anatomy 大體解剖學(xué)Physiology /fizild3i/ 生理學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)雙棲詞匯（舉例）單詞普通英語意義醫(yī)學(xué)英語意義threshold門檻、入口閾值colon冒號結(jié)腸receptor接受者受體、感受器valve閥門瓣膜sec

3、ondary第二位的繼發(fā)的醫(yī)學(xué)雙棲詞匯（舉例） 單 詞 普通英語 醫(yī)學(xué)英語threshold門檻、入口閾值colon冒號結(jié)腸receptor接受者受體、感受器valve閥門瓣膜stress壓力，緊張狀態(tài)應(yīng)激sympathetic同情的交感神經(jīng)的secondary第二位的繼發(fā)的Common English and Medical English Meaning CE MEe.g.心臟heartcardi-cardiologist 心臟病學(xué)家胃stomachgastr-gastritis 胃炎肝liverhepat-hepatitis 肝炎腎kidneynephr-nephritis 腎炎神經(jīng)ne

4、rveneur-neuropathy 神經(jīng)病細(xì)胞cellcyt-cytologic 細(xì)胞學(xué)的Introduction to medical termsMedical has a language of its own.Medical language, like the language of a people, has a historical development.Current medical vocabulary includes terms built from Greek and Latin word parts, some of which were used by Hippo

5、crates and Aristotle more than 2000 years ago.Medical vocabulary also includes terms not built from word parts, some of which are of Greek and Latin origin as well.醫(yī)學(xué)英語的歷史介紹現(xiàn)代英語受到多個民族語言的影響，這與歷史上多次歐陸民族的大遷徙有關(guān)。其中最重要的是發(fā)生于公元449年以后的日耳曼人大遷徙。在此期間先后有三支日耳曼部落：盎格魯人（Angles）、撒克遜人（Saxon）和朱特人（Jutes）入侵不列顛，構(gòu)成了英格蘭人。而盎

6、格魯-撒克遜（Anglo-Saxon）語言也成為現(xiàn)代英語的核心。醫(yī)學(xué)英語術(shù)語主要來源盎格魯-撒克遜語、古希臘語、古拉丁語，約占90%左右。現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)英語術(shù)語受希臘語和拉丁語的影響最大。早在拉丁文化興起的幾百年前，古希臘文明就已產(chǎn)生并蓬勃發(fā)展起來了。西方醫(yī)學(xué)之父希波克拉底（Hippocrates）早在公元前400年左右就將希臘語引入醫(yī)學(xué)的表達中，并對解剖學(xué)和生理學(xué)作出了較詳細(xì)和正確的認(rèn)識。古希臘醫(yī)學(xué)開啟了西方醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展的大門，它所創(chuàng)立的醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯也由于拼寫簡單、組合固定和意思明確的特點得以保留，并通過擅長醫(yī)學(xué)的羅馬人廣為傳播。公元前3世紀(jì)的羅馬帝國，橫跨歐亞非三大洲，是當(dāng)時西方的政治、經(jīng)濟和文化的中心

7、，它的官方語言就是拉丁語。在羅馬帝國不斷的擴張中，許多希臘語詞匯被引入拉丁語的各個領(lǐng)域，包括醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域。當(dāng)時通曉拉丁語和希臘語的羅馬醫(yī)生，就使用含有希臘語或含有拉丁化希臘語的拉丁文著書立傳，然后傳播到全世界。由于數(shù)量很多，所以這就造成了醫(yī)學(xué)文獻比其他任何學(xué)科更富有拉丁語和希臘語的成分。在歐洲文藝復(fù)興時期（公元1418世紀(jì)），拉丁語是歐洲學(xué)術(shù)、法律和外交的書面語言。英國的新興資產(chǎn)階級將希臘語和拉丁語詞素與盎格魯-撒克遜語結(jié)合，構(gòu)成了新的醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語，推動了醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展。1895年，國際公認(rèn)拉丁語為世界醫(yī)藥界的通用語言，處方和藥名必需用拉丁語書寫。各種新發(fā)現(xiàn)的疾病、發(fā)病機制、癥狀、體征、治療藥物等醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語

8、的命名均由拉丁語及希臘語的詞根及詞綴所構(gòu)成，這種構(gòu)詞法一直沿用至今。醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語還受到其他國家語言的影響 法語（massage 按摩/disease/anatomy/hospital） 意大利語（influenza流感） 西班牙語（mosquito，蚊子） 德語（purine嘌呤/aspirin/malaria）現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語中，希臘語和拉丁語詞素已經(jīng)英語化，學(xué)習(xí)中無需懂得希臘語和拉丁語也應(yīng)記住該詞匯。Some terms are eponyms (人名) reflecting the name of an individual who made a discovery, while other t

9、erms incorporate modern language and technology.Acronyms (首字母縮略詞), words formed from the first letter of several words, can also become commonly recognized medical terms.Medical language changes with the advancement of medical knowledge, science, and technology. Words are discarded, meanings are alt

10、ered, and new words are created. Still, the majority of medical terms in current use are composed of Greek and Latin word parts.Learning Medical TermsMethodDescriptionExampleTerms built from word partsWord parts of Greek and Latin origin are put together to form wordsarthritis (關(guān)節(jié)炎)Terms not built f

11、rom word parts1. Words of Greek and Latin originfemur (Latin) (股骨)colon (Greek) (結(jié)腸)2. Names of individuals Parkinsons diseasePurkinjes fiber3. Modern and technology languagemagnetic resonance imaging (磁共振)4. First letter of several wordsSARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)Terms built from word

12、partsWord partDescriptionAbbreviationword root（詞根）Core of the word; fundamental meaningwrsuffix (后綴)Attached to the end of the word root and provides additional information; modifies meaning sprefix (前綴)Attached to the beginning of the word root and provides additional information; modifies meaningp

13、combining vowel(連接元音)Vowel placed between two word roots and between a word root and a suffix; eases pronunciationcv舉例一：endocrinology （內(nèi)分泌學(xué)）endo (prefix) within/innercrin (word root) secrete (分泌) logy (suffix) the study of o (combining vowel)舉例二：intravenous （靜脈內(nèi)的，靜脈注射的）intra (prefix) withinven (word

14、 root) vein (血管，靜脈)ous (suffix) pertaining to (從屬，附屬)舉例三：osteoarthritis （骨關(guān)節(jié)炎，骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎）oste (word root) bone (骨)arthr (word root) joint (關(guān)節(jié))itis (suffix) inflammation (炎癥)o (combining vowel) osteoblast 成骨細(xì)胞 osteocyte 骨細(xì)胞 osteoporosis 骨質(zhì)疏松舉例四：neuropsychopathy （神經(jīng)精神性疾?。﹏eur (word root) nerve (神經(jīng))psych (w

15、ord root) mental (精神)path (word root) disease (疾病)o (combining vowel)y (suffix) 的過程 舉例五：hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy（子宮輸卵管卵巢切除術(shù)）hyster (word root) uterus (子宮)salping (word root) uterine tube (輸卵管)oophor (word root) ovary (卵巢)ectomy (suffix) cut outo (combining vowel)構(gòu)詞成分的雙重性在一些特定的方面，拉丁語和希臘語都有一套完整的詞根

16、。結(jié)果：詞匯量擴大了 同義詞增多了舉例部位詞義希臘語詞根拉丁語詞根brain腦encephal-cerebr-kidney腎nephr-ren-joint關(guān)節(jié)arthr-articul-nervebodybowel神經(jīng)體腸neur-soma-enter-nerv-corpusintestine舉例方位詞義希臘語拉丁語inside在之內(nèi)endo-intra-together一起syn- sym-com- con-abovebelow在之上在之下hyper-hypo-super-sub-醫(yī)學(xué)英語術(shù)語單復(fù)數(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)化Plural Endings (復(fù)數(shù)末尾)In many English words,

17、the plurals are formed by adding s or es, but in Greek and Latin, the plural may be designated by changing the ending. Singular EndingPlural EndingExamples-a-aeaortaaortae 主動脈-ax-acesthoraxthoraces 胸腔-en-inalumenlumina 內(nèi)腔-ex-icescortexcortices 皮質(zhì)-ix-icesappendixappendices 盲腸，附件-is-estestistestes 睪丸-

18、on-aganglionganglia 神經(jīng)節(jié)Singular EndingPlural EndingExamples-um-amediummedia 介質(zhì)、培養(yǎng)基 -ur-orafemurfemora 股骨-us-ibronchusbronchi 支氣管-x-cescalyxcalyces 腎盞-y-iesanomalyanomalies 異常、畸形-ma-mataadenomaadenomata 腺瘤, 腺癌Human Anatomy and PhysiologyA&P is the study of the human body.Anatomy is concerned with the

19、 structure of a part.Physiology is concerned with the function of a part. The structure of the human body falls into the following categories: cell（細(xì)胞） tissue（組織） organ（器官） system（系統(tǒng)）Each structure is a highly organized unit of smaller structures.Body StructureCell（細(xì)胞）: basic unit of all living thin

20、gsTissue（組織）: group of similar cells that perform a specific taskOrgan（器官）: two or more kinds of tissues that together perform special body functionsSystem（系統(tǒng)）: group of organs that work together to perform complex body functionsEleven Systems of the Human BodyIntegumentary system Skeletal system 骨骼

21、系統(tǒng)Muscular system 肌系統(tǒng)Nervous system 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Endocrine system 內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)Cardiovascular system 心血管系統(tǒng)Lymphatic and immune systems 淋巴和免疫系統(tǒng)Respiratory system 呼吸系統(tǒng)Digestive system 消化系統(tǒng)Urinary system 泌尿系統(tǒng)Reproductive system 生殖系統(tǒng)integju“mentri 皮膚的Integumentary systemskinaccessory organs such as hair and nailsSkeleta

22、l and Muscularbone 骨ligament 韌帶cartilage 軟骨skeletal muscle 骨骼肌tendon 腱、筋Cardiovascular SystemCirculatory Systemheart 心臟artery 動脈vein 靜脈Respiratory Systemnasal cavity 鼻腔pharynx 咽larynx 喉trachea 氣管bronchi 支氣管 lung 肺Digestive Systemmouthtongue 舌teeth 牙齒salivary gland 唾液腺pharynx 咽esophagus 食管stomach 胃li

23、ver 肝臟gallbladder 膽囊pancreas 胰臟small intestine 小腸large intestine 大腸Urinary Systemkidney 腎ureter 輸尿管Urinary bladder 膀胱urethra 尿道Nervous Systembrain 腦spinal cord 脊髓nerve 神經(jīng)Endocrine Systempituitary gland 垂體thyroid gland 甲狀腺parathyroid gland 甲狀旁腺adrenal gland 腎上腺pineal gland 松果腺pancreas 胰臟ovaries 卵巢tes

24、tes 睪丸thymus gland 胸腺Reproductive Systemmaletestes 睪丸penis 陰莖urethra 尿道epididymis 附睪ductus deferens 輸精管femaleovaries 卵巢uterine tubes 輸卵管uterus 子宮vagina 陰道Body SystemsEach system is made up of organs that work together to perform specific tasks. Although body systems play individual roles, they are i

25、nterrelated , working together to maintain life.Brief ContentsChapter 1 Organization of the Human BodyChapter 2 Homeostasis and Feedback ControlChapter 3 The Nervous SystemChapter 4 The Muscular SystemChapter 5 The BloodChapter 6 The Cardiovascular SystemChapter 7 The Respiratory SystemChapter 8 The

26、 Digestive SystemChapter 9 The Urinary SystemChapter 10 The Endocrine SystemChapter 11 Temperature RegulationChapter 1 Organization of the Human Bodyanatomy 解剖學(xué)celiotomy 剖腹術(shù)gastrectomy 胃切除術(shù)-tomy-ectomy cut, incision 切除physiology 生理學(xué)physiometry 生理功能測定pathophysiology 病理生理學(xué)histology 組織學(xué)、顯微解剖學(xué)embryology

27、 胚胎學(xué)physi- nature 自然、本性、身體的 -logy study of 研究endocrine endo- within -crine secreteneuroendocrine 神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌endocytosis 入胞paracrine 旁分泌 endocrine 內(nèi)分泌Cardiovascularcardi- heartvascular blood vesselselectrocardiogram （ECG）心電圖 cardiology 心臟學(xué)、心臟病學(xué)cardiotherapy 心臟病療法cardiovascular 心血管的adip- fat, lipid 脂肪adipos

28、e tissue 脂肪組織adipofibroma 脂肪纖維瘤adiponecrosis 脂肪壞死 blast- bud, growing thing 產(chǎn)生neuroblast 成神經(jīng)細(xì)胞osteoblast 成骨細(xì)胞epi- upon, above 在之上epidermis 表皮epicardium 心外膜de- down 除，去，脫depolarization 去極化decerebrate rigidity 去大腦僵直deactivation 失活dehydration 脫水defecation 排便deformation 變形Anatomical positionStanding ere

29、ct, with face forward, arms at the sides, and palms and toes directed forward.Directional Term 方位術(shù)語Superior 上的，上部的Inferior 下的，下部的Anterior 前的Posterior 后的Medial 近中的，內(nèi)側(cè)的Lateral 外側(cè)的，旁邊的Intermediate 居中的，中間的Ipsilateral 同側(cè)的Contralateral 對側(cè)的Proximal 近位的Distal 遠側(cè)的Superficial 淺的，淺表的Deep 深的 Body planes 解剖面Sagi

30、ttal plane矢狀面: down middle so you have equal right and leftFrontal/Coronal plane 冠狀面，額狀面: cut down side so you have a front and backTransverse plane橫切面，水平面: Top and bottom, perpendicular to long axisBody CavitiesCavity（腔）organscranial cavity (顱腔)brainvertebral cavity (脊髓腔)spinal cordthoracic cavity

31、(胸腔)heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, and tracheaabdominal cavity (腹腔)stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen pelvic cavity (盆腔)urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, a part of the large intestine, and rectum膈肌(髂骨)CellsThe human body is composed of trillions (百萬的立

32、方、萬億) of cells that vary in size and shape according to function.Body tissuesEpithelial tissue 上皮組織Connective tissue 結(jié)締組織Muscle tissue 肌組織 Nervous tissue 神經(jīng)組織Epithelial tissue: the major covering of the external surface of body; forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tis

33、sue in glandsConnective tissue: connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures; forms bones, fat, cartilage, and bloodMuscle tissue: composed of cells that have a special ability to contract, usually producing movementNervous tissue: found in the nerves, spinal cord, and brain;

34、responsible for coordinating and controlling body activitiesChapter 2 Homeostasis and Feedback Controlhome- sameness-stasis remain Homeostasis 穩(wěn)態(tài)feedback 反饋 negative feedback 負(fù)反饋 positive feedback 正反饋 feed-forward 前饋 feedback control system 反饋控制系統(tǒng) feedback loop 反饋環(huán)home-homeothermic animal 恒溫動物homeot

35、ransplantation 同種移植homeochromatic 同色的homo- same, alike 同一，同Homotonic 等滲的，等張的homolog(ue) 同系物iso- same, equal 相等，均等isometric 等長的 isometric contraction 等長收縮 isotonic contraction 等張收縮isotonic 等張的，等滲的 isotonic solution 等滲溶液 hypertonic solution 高滲溶液 hypotonic solution 低滲溶液isovolumetric 等容的 isovolumetric c

36、ontraction 等容收縮 isovolumetric relaxation 等容舒張Tonicity (the arrows indicate the movement of water)hemostasis 止血metastasis 轉(zhuǎn)移，轉(zhuǎn)移灶-stasis 保持hemo- haemo- hem- hemato-blood 血hemoglobin 血紅蛋白hemolysis 溶血，血細(xì)胞溶解hematopoiesis 血細(xì)胞生成，造血hemorrhage 出血 hemridhematocrit 血細(xì)胞比容 himtkrithemology 血液學(xué)hi:muglubinintra- w

37、ithin, inside 在之內(nèi)intracellular 細(xì)胞內(nèi)的intraocular 眼球內(nèi)的extra- outside 在之外 extracellular 細(xì)胞外的extrapyramidal system 錐體外系extradural 硬膜外的re- again 再，復(fù)，反，回reabsorption 重吸收repolarization 復(fù)極化recurrent 再發(fā)的，復(fù)發(fā)的，(神經(jīng)/血管等)返的 recurrent connection 環(huán)狀聯(lián)系 recurrent inhibition 回返性抑制 counter-current multiplication 逆流倍增reu

38、ptake 重攝取reaction 反應(yīng)CellStructure of the cell Cell membrane 細(xì)胞膜 Cytoplasm 細(xì)胞質(zhì)，細(xì)胞漿 Nucleus 細(xì)胞核(plasma membrane) 質(zhì)膜(unit membrane) 單位膜The fluid mosaic model （液態(tài)鑲嵌模型）Organelle 細(xì)胞器ribosome 核糖體endoplasmic reticulum 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)Golgi apparatus 高爾基器mitochondria 線粒體lysosome 溶酶體Body fluidIntracellular fluid (2/3)extr

39、acellular fluid (1/3)plasma 血漿interstitial fluid 組織液lymph 淋巴cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 腦脊液aqueous humor 房水internal environment 內(nèi)環(huán)境regulation 調(diào)節(jié)nervous regulation 神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)humoral regulation 體液調(diào)節(jié)autoregulation 自身調(diào)節(jié)1. Nervous regulationBasic processBasic structures:Characteristics:ReflexReflex arc: receptor

40、 afferent N.f reflex center efferent N.f effectorrapid, accurate, temporal, local.Regular responds of human body to stimuliwith the involvement of the C.N.S 2. Humoral regulationBasic ways:Characteristic: slow, mild, permanent, abroad.endocrine cells Hormone target cellsTelecrine：Hormone blood circu

41、lation target cellParacrine：Hormone diffuse nearby target cellAutocrine: Hormone hormone-secreting cell itselfNeurocrine: Nervous cell hormoneParacrineTarget cellTelecrineAutocrineParacrinefeedback systembaroreceptor reflex 減壓反射 micturition reflex 排尿反射Chapter 3 The Nervous System neuro- (希臘語詞根) nerv

42、o- (拉丁語詞根) nerve 神經(jīng)neuron 神經(jīng)元neurofibril 神經(jīng)原纖維neuroglia 神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)neurotransmitter 神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)neuromuscular junction 神經(jīng)-肌接頭neuropeptide 神經(jīng)肽neuroendocrinology 神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌學(xué)neurotransmitter 神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)acetylcholine (ACh) 乙酰膽堿epinephrine (E) 腎上腺素norepinephrine (NE) 去甲腎上腺素adrenalin (A) 腎上腺素noradrenalin (NA) 去甲腎上腺素dopamine (DA) 多巴

43、胺serotonin (5-HT) 5-羥色胺glutamate (Glu) 谷氨酸aspartate (Asp) 天冬氨酸gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) -氨基丁酸glycine (Gly) 甘氨酸neurotransmitter 神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)auto- self 自己的autonomic nervous system 自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)autoregulation 自身調(diào)節(jié)autorhythmicity 自動節(jié)律性，自律性autocrine 自分泌automatic 自動的para- next to 旁、周、類、副、擬parasympathetic nerve 副交感神

44、經(jīng)parathyroid 甲狀旁腺paracrine 旁分泌paraplegia 截癱、下身麻痹paralysis agitans 震顫麻痹 (Parkinsons disease)post- after 在之后postsynaptic potential 突觸后電位 -excitatory postsynaptic potential 興奮性 -inhibitory postsynaptic potential 抑制性postsynaptic neuron 突觸后神經(jīng)元postganglionic neuron 節(jié)后神經(jīng)元pre- before 在之前presynaptic inhibiti

45、on 突觸前抑制presynaptic neuron 突觸前神經(jīng)元preganglionic neuron 節(jié)前神經(jīng)元preload 前負(fù)荷nerve impulse (action potential) resting potential 靜息電位action potential 動作電位polarization 極化depolarization 去極化，除極化repolarization 復(fù)極化hyperpolarization 超極化Nervous systemNervous tissueastrocyte 星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞microglial cell microglia 小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞oli

46、godendroglial celloligodendrocyte 少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞ependymal cell 室管膜細(xì)胞Neuron (nerve cell)神經(jīng)元軸突胞體樹突神經(jīng)原纖維Neuron structuresynapse 突觸神經(jīng)膜鞘髓鞘Synapse structuresynaptic vesicle(突觸小泡)neurotransmitter (神經(jīng)遞質(zhì))Nerve神經(jīng)外膜神經(jīng)束膜神經(jīng)束神經(jīng)內(nèi)膜髓鞘Brain腦干小腦間腦大腦brainbrain stem 腦干diencephalon 間腦cerebellum 小腦cerebrum 大腦 ： right and left hem

47、ispheres thalamus 丘腦hypothalamus 下丘腦medulla oblongata 延髓pons 腦橋midbrain 中腦額葉頂葉顳葉枕葉Reflex arc（反射?。㎞ervous system structureChapter 4 The Muscular Systemexcitability 興奮性osmotic fragility 滲透脆性suspension stability 懸浮穩(wěn)定性adaptability 適應(yīng)性extensibility 伸展性contractility 收縮性-ility （名詞后綴）表可能性myo- muscle 肌myofib

48、ril 肌原纖維myofilament 肌原纖維細(xì)絲，肌絲myosin 肌球蛋白myocardium 心?。▽樱﹎yoatrophy 肌萎縮myoma 肌瘤sarco- flesh, muscle 肌，肉sarcomere 肌節(jié)，肌小節(jié)sarcolemma 肌膜，肉膜sarcoplasm 肌漿，肌質(zhì)sarcoma 肉瘤inter- between 在之間intercellular fluid 細(xì)胞間液interneuron 中間神經(jīng)元intercalated disc (disk) 閏盤intercostal 肋間的 -internal intercostals 肋間內(nèi)肌 -external

49、intercostals 肋間外肌intervertebral disc (disk) 椎間盤Skeletal muscle tissueCardiac muscle tissueSmooth muscle tissueCardiac Muscle StructurenucleusCardiac muscle fibersIntercalated disks（閏盤）Anatomy of a skeletal muscleTendon腱Fascia筋膜Fascicle 肌束Muscle fiber 肌纖維Myofibril 肌原纖維Thick filament粗肌絲myofilament(fil

50、ament)肌絲Thin filament細(xì)肌絲myosin肌球蛋白actin 肌動蛋白tropomyosin 原肌球蛋白troponin 肌鈣蛋白Chapter 5 The Bloodtransverse tubule (T tubule) 橫管（T管）transmembrane protein 跨膜蛋白transfusion 輸血transmitter 遞質(zhì)transverse plane 橫切面transduction 轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)trans- across 經(jīng)(由), 橫過, 反hemo- haemo- hem- hemato-blood 血hemoglobin 血紅蛋白hemolysis 溶

51、血，血細(xì)胞溶解hematopoiesis 血細(xì)胞生成，造血hemorrhage 出血 hemridhematocrit 血細(xì)胞比容 himtkrithemology 血液學(xué)hi:muglubinerythro- red 紅erythrocyte 紅細(xì)胞erythroblast 成紅細(xì)胞erythroderma 紅皮病erythromycin 紅霉素leuko- white 白leucocyte 白細(xì)胞leucocytosis 白細(xì)胞增多-cyte cell 細(xì)胞(后綴)monocyte 單核細(xì)胞lymphocyte 淋巴細(xì)胞thrombocyte 血小板cyto- cell 細(xì)胞(前綴)cyt

52、oplasm 細(xì)胞質(zhì)，細(xì)胞漿cytotoxicity 細(xì)胞毒性cytophysiology 細(xì)胞生理學(xué)hepat- liver 肝heparin 肝素hepatocyte 肝細(xì)胞hepatitis 肝炎hepatoenteric circulation 腸肝循環(huán)-gen produce 產(chǎn)生、原antigen 抗原glycogen 糖原agglutinogen 凝集原fibrinogen 纖維蛋白原 fibrin 纖維蛋白 angiotensinogen 血管緊張素原angiotensinpepsinogen 胃蛋白酶原pepsin 胃蛋白酶trypsinogen 胰蛋白酶原trypsin 胰

53、蛋白酶chymotrypsinogen 糜蛋白酶原 chymotrypsin 糜蛋白酶-in protein 蛋白, 酶, 素myosin 肌球蛋白actin 肌動蛋白albumin 白蛋白globulin 球蛋白agglutinin 凝集素renin 腎素angiotensin 血管緊張素vasopressin 血管升壓素gastrin 胃泌素，促胃液素Blood coagulation or clotting血液凝固prothrombin 凝血素，凝血酶原thrombin 凝血酶prothrombinase 凝血酶原酶fibrinogen 纖維蛋白原fibrin 纖維蛋白fibrinoly

54、sis 纖維蛋白溶解，纖溶plasminogen 纖溶酶原plasmin 纖維蛋白溶解酶，纖溶酶-philic love 嗜, 親hydrophilic 親水的lipophilic 親脂的neutrophilic 嗜中性的basophilic 嗜堿的eosinophilic 嗜酸的plasma 血漿WBC and platelet 白細(xì)胞和血小板RBC 紅細(xì)胞Osmotic pressureChapter 6 The Cardiovascular Systemcardiovascular center 心血管中樞cardiac cycle 心動周期 -systole 收縮期 sistli -d

55、iastole 舒張期 daistlicardiac output 心輸出量cardiac reserve 心力儲備cardi- heart 心臟vaso- vessel 血管，管vasoconstriction 血管收縮veizuknstrikSnvasodilation 血管舒張vasopressin （血管）升壓素vasoreflex 血管反射angi- vessel 血管angiotensin 血管緊張素angiotensinogen 血管緊張素原angioma 血管瘤semi- half 半semilunar valve 半月瓣semifinal 半決賽Semilunar valve

56、s closed(Aortic valve andPulmonary valve)Atrial systoleTricuspid and bicuspid(mitral) valves openVentricular systoleSemilunar valves open(Aortic valve andPulmonary valve)Tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves closedbi- two 二bicuspid 二尖瓣biconcave 雙凹的bicycle 自行車biceps 雙頭肌 baisepsbilingual teaching 雙語教

57、學(xué)tri- three 三tricuspid 三尖瓣triad 三聯(lián)triglyceride 甘油三酯triceps 三頭肌心尖心底Chapter 7 The Respiratory Systempulmonary ventilation 肺通氣pulmoaortic 肺與主動脈的pulmogram 肺部X線照片pulmonectomy 肺切除術(shù)pulmo- lung 肺bronchus (s.) bronchi (pl.) 支氣管bronchiole 細(xì)支氣管terminal bronchiole 終末細(xì)支氣管bronch- windpipe 支氣管subatmospheric 大氣壓下的s

58、ubepithelial 上皮下的submucous 粘膜下的subcutaneous 皮下的sub- under 在之下，次，亞malfunction 機能失常，機能障礙malformation 畸形，變形malnutrition 營養(yǎng)不良maladjustment 失調(diào)mal- bad 壞、惡、不良肺通氣肺換氣氣體在血液中運輸細(xì)胞呼吸Chapter 8 The Digestive Systemgastr- stomach 胃gastric gland 胃腺gastric mucosa 胃黏膜gastrointestinal tract 胃腸道gastrin 胃泌素，促胃液素gastriti

59、s 胃炎gastroduodenectomy 胃十二指腸切除術(shù)enter- intestine 腸 enterogastrone 腸抑胃素enterogastritis 腸胃炎enterohepatic circulation 腸肝循環(huán)enteroendocrine cell 腸內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞amylase 淀粉酶proteinase 蛋白酶lipase 脂肪酶carbonic anhydrase 碳酸苷酶ka:bnik nhaidreis-ase enzyme 酶 microcirculation 微循環(huán)microvilli 微絨毛microbiology 微生物學(xué)microorganism 微

60、生物microscopic anatomy 顯微解剖學(xué)micro- small 小、細(xì)、微 poly- many, much 多，聚 polysaccharide 多糖 pliskraidpolypeptide 多肽polyuria 多尿Peristalsis in EsophagusBolus offoodMuscles relax,allowingpassagewayto openStomachMusclescontract,constrictingpassagewayand pushingbolus downMusclesrelaxMuscles contractMuscles rela